高性能纤维增强树脂基复合材料湿热老化研究进展

高性能纤维增强树脂基复合材料具有卓越的结构整体性及抗分层等特性,在诸多工业领域中具有广泛适用性。在其储藏及使用时,制件强度会不可避免地因湿热老化造成降解和退化。探讨和揭示高性能纤维增强树脂基复合材料在不同湿热老化环境下的力学响应,对其结构件的耐久性、安全服役性能和寿命预估具有至关重要的意义。综述了国内外高性能纤维增强树脂基复合材料湿热老化方面的研究进展,介绍了其吸湿机理以及在湿热环境下的老化机理。梳理了湿热老化环境对于高性能纤维增强树脂基复合材料力学性能的影响,寿命预测模型等。最后指出了高性能纤维增强树脂基复合材料老化研究存在的问题、面临的挑战,对未来研究发展方向提出了展望。     

不同环境因素作用下玻纤/环氧乙烯基酯复合材料的冲蚀行为

为探究环境因素对玻璃纤维增强环氧乙烯基酯树脂基(GF/EVE)复合材料性能的影响,对其进行了湿热和碱腐蚀老化试验,通过对不同老化时间下GF/EVE复合材料吸湿率、微观形貌、表面元素含量、表面化学结构及冲蚀失重率变化的分析,探讨了GF/EVE复合材料在湿热环境和碱腐蚀介质中的老化机理以及不同老化时间下的抗冲蚀性能变化.结果表明:随着老化时间延长,吸湿率增大,且碱性介质中的吸湿率较湿热环境大;在水分子及腐蚀介质的扩散作用下,树脂基体发生塑化、水解,纤维/基体界面出现脱黏,纤维表面腐蚀降解;同时老化造成树脂分子链断裂,交联密度降低,导致树脂初始分解温度下降;湿热和碱腐蚀老化初期冲蚀失重率分别下降了3. 2%和1. 8% ,老化结束后分别增加了17. 6%和20. 8% .     

老化环境对T800碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料性能的影响

不同老化环境(湿热、热水、热氧)对复合材料的性能有着重要的影响。文中分析了同一温度不同老化环境下T800碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料的吸湿(湿热、热水)和失重(热氧)特性,并对比了老化前后的表面形貌、物理化学特性、动态力学性能及层间剪切性能。结果表明,在相同温度下,热氧环境下的失重率要大于湿热和热水环境下的吸湿率;随着老化时间延长,热氧环境下材料表面形貌变化相比湿热和热水环境变化较大;在70℃不同老化环境下,热氧环境下材料的玻璃化转变温度变化值要大于湿热和热水环境下的玻璃化转变温度变化值,说明热氧对T800碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料基体的后固化作用大于吸湿对树脂基体的塑化作用,但材料化学官能团没有明显变化。与未老化相比,试样的最大破坏载荷和剪切强度在湿热和热水环境下降低,在热氧环境下升高,但差值不大。研究对T800碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料结构件在更复杂环境下的使用和贮存具有重要的工程实际意义。     

湿热环境下碳纤维增强乙烯基树脂复合材料长期力学性能

碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料(CFRP)因其耐腐蚀、轻质高强等特点被广泛应用于海洋环境,进而长期遭受湿热环境的考验。为了解湿热环境和极端温度对碳纤维增强乙烯基树脂复合材料的影响,测试了湿热老化前后和不同温度下CFRP的压缩性能、面内剪切性能和层间剪切强度变化。FTIR和SEM结果表明：纯树脂试样在湿热环境中发生了水解,使试样表面的微裂纹和孔隙不断扩展并向试样内部渗透;碳纤维的埋入抑制了水的扩散和水解,因而CFRP的吸湿曲线与Fickian模型高度吻合;纯树脂由于水解反应影响了吸湿通道使吸湿曲线偏离Fickian模型。力学性能表明：湿热老化90天后压缩强度和层间剪切强度分别降低7.6%、12.3%;试样在高温(70℃)下的压缩强度、面内剪切强度、层间剪切强度分别急剧降低36.2%、26.9%、37.4%,且高温对试样力学性能的影响具有部分可逆性。     

湿热老化对玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料性能的影响

为研究玻璃纤维(GF)/环氧树脂复合材料湿热老化机制, 首先, 利用称重法、动态热机械分析仪(DMA)、SEM和矢量网络介电分析仪研究了湿热老化对GF/环氧树脂608(EP608)复合材料性能的影响;然后, 分析了复合材料的吸湿率、力学性能、介电性能与老化时间的关系, 并对其老化机制进行了探讨。结果表明:随老化时间延长, GF/EP608复合材料的力学性能和介电性能均有不同程度的下降;湿热老化对GF/EP608复合材料吸湿率的影响符合Fickian扩散定律;树脂基体的塑化、水解和基体-纤维界面的破坏是造成GF/EP608复合材料力学性能和介电性能下降的主要因素。所得结论可为GF增强环氧树脂基复合材料的应用提供科学依据。      

不同湿热条件下碳纤维/环氧复合材料湿热性能实验研究

对比研究了环氧5228A树脂及碳纤维/环氧5228A树脂复合材料层合板在3种湿热环境(水煮、70℃水浸,70℃85%相对湿度)下的湿热性能,考察了湿热条件对复合材料层间剪切性能的影响规律,并从吸湿特性、物理化学特性、树脂力学性能、湿应力等方面分析了不同湿热环境下复合材料性能衰减的机制。研究表明,碳纤维/高温固化环氧树脂复合材料层间剪切性能主要是由吸湿率决定,相同吸湿率不同湿热条件下性能的下降幅度基本相同;3种湿热条件下该树脂及其复合材料未发生化学反应、微裂纹等不可逆变化,复合材料层合板湿热老化机制主要是吸入水分后基体增塑和树脂、纤维湿应变不一致导致的湿应力对复合材料性能的负面作用。     

纤维增强聚合物基复合材料老化研究进展

对于纤维增强聚合物基复合材料而言,湿热、光照等环境条件对其力学性能的影响明显,会导致其强度和刚度下降.本文阐述了国内外聚合物基复合材料的人工气候老化、湿热老化、热氧老化等方面的研究现状,人工加速老化和自然老化相关性方面的研究结果,聚合物基复合材料老化性能评定和寿命预测研究情况等.指出了纤维增强聚合物基复合材料老化研究存...     

RTM用低粘度乙烯基树脂性能研究

对RTM用乙烯基树脂的工艺特性、树脂及其复合材料的力学性能进行了研究。该树脂具有较低的黏度,25℃时约为240 mPa·s。分析了树脂的凝胶时间,得出凝胶时间与温度的函数,其表观活化能较大,成型时应严格控制树脂温度。结合DSC曲线,分析了该乙烯基树脂在不同升温速率下的固化放热行为,得出树脂理论的凝胶温度、固化温度和后固化温度。该树脂及其复合材料均具有良好的力学性能。      

尼龙无纺布结构化增韧层增韧碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的湿热力学性能

采用尼龙无纺布(PNF)作为结构化增韧层,制备了PNF层间增韧改性的U3160碳纤维增强3266环氧树脂(U3160-PNF/3266)复合材料,研究了U3160-PNF/3266复合材料的面内力学性能及湿热老化后的力学性能变化,并分析了复合材料湿热老化前后的层间形貌。结果表明:PNF增韧层的引入并未导致复合材料面内力学性能的下降,与未增韧的U3160碳纤维增强3266环氧树脂(U3160/3266)复合材料相比,增韧复合材料U3160-PNF/3266的90°拉伸性能有所提高。而湿热老化处理对U3160-PNF/3266复合材料的基体和界面性能影响相对明显,尤其是尼龙纤维与树脂基体之间的界面结合性能,湿热老化处理后增韧复合材料的90°压缩和层间剪切性能保持率均明显低于未增韧复合材料的。     

阻燃型玻纤增强尼龙10T复合材料的热氧老化行为及热降解动力学

研究了不同热氧老化温度(160℃、200℃和240℃)和时间(0~50d)对溴化环氧树脂/Sb2O3协效阻燃短玻纤增强尼龙10T复合材料(PA10T/GF/FR)的热氧老化行为以及热降解动力学的影响。采用力学性能测试、SEM、DMA和TGA分析对老化前后复合材料的动静态力学、微观形貌以及热降解行为进行研究,并使用Kissinger和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa两种方法计算了复合材料的热降解活化能。结果表明:老化过程中基体树脂降解分子量降低,纤维与基体界面性能恶化,复合材料力学性能下降;160℃老化过程部分PA10T分子链发生交联反应,储能模量和玻璃化转变温度(Tg)增加,200℃和240℃下Tg先上升后下降,老化后期树脂分子链以降解为主;活化能计算表明160℃老化50d后复合材料热稳定性提升,200℃老化50d以及240℃老化30d后,复合材料结构破坏严重,热降解行为变化显著。此外,阻燃剂的添加能够提升老化试样的热稳定性。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...