荷兰:利益主体参与的地方水管理

几个世纪以来，荷兰的水利董事会在水管理中起着关键作用。这些水利董事会的基本任务是防洪和排水。最近几十年里，水利董事会增加了水质管理和污水处理的职能。荷兰的水利董事会是政府机构，是省级权力机构下属的一般政府职能部门。水利董事会具有法定权力和自己的税收制度。水利董事会的基本原则是在水利服务中谁受益（称为利益主体）谁付费，而且水利董事会成员是这些利益主体通过大会选举的代表。在过去50年里，水利董事会经过了多次大的合并过程，使得全国水利董事会的数目从2500个锐减到27个。在合并的过程中，水利董事会的规模扩大了，而且专业水平也有了很大提高。但是，利益主体和管理机构之间的距离加大了，使得利益主体参与水利管理活动的机会少了。本文主要研究荷兰水利董事会的模式和进展情况，使得利益主体与水利董事会更密切地联系起来。     

欧共体委员会的欧洲水管理框架

水污染产生的原因是多方面的 ,尤其是跨界河流水污染。它的产生受到各有关国家工农业生产活动的影响 ,对于这类水污染问题 ,其解决需要各有关国家的密切合作。在这方面 ,欧共体委员会建立了一个“欧洲水管理框架”,以对各国的生产行为进行约束 ,进而达到控制水污染的目的。本文简要介绍了欧共体委员会欧洲水管理框架的具体内容和适用方面 ,指出了该管理框架所具有的一些主要特点 ,并对其在欧洲水污染控制 ,尤其是跨界河流水污染控制方面将要发挥的作用进行了评价     

Spain's Ebro river transfers: Test case for water policy in the European Union

The USA's 20th-century experience with major subsidized water development left a plethora of problems. Another generation now struggles with how to correct them. Today there is consensus among experts that water policy should be the result of broad public participation and should consider the social, economic and environmental effects of water use and development. Yet, formal institutions in the USA have been slow to incorporate innovations reflecting this consensus. The European Community's (EC's) Water Framework Directive and Spanish water law, however, appear to embody a progressive approach to water policy. Criticisms of Spain's proposed Ebro River transfers cast doubt on whether they would conform to Spanish or EC policy. The paper concludes that before the Ebro proposal proceeds it should be judged rigorously, according to policies expressed in Spanish law and the Directive.     

Towards transition management of European water resources

Global change fundamentally changes the nature of water-related problems. We will illustrate this by showing how perceptions of the water-problems in the Netherlands have shifted in the past four decades. The nature of water-related problems changed from a technical problem to a so-called ‘persistent’ problem, characterized by plurality, uncertainty and complexity. Although integrated water resource management (IWRM) has been advocated to cope with this type of problem, the complexity of the transition process towards such a water management regime is often underestimated. Therefore, transition management is needed in the water sector. Transition management theory is presented and applied to the Dutch case. Transition management strategies are suggested that would reinforce this transition. Comparison between the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and transition management indicates that the Common Implementation Strategy (CIS) in its current form is not sufficiently stimulating an innovation climate.     

Drainage basin management, local action plans and national policy: the perspective of the European Framework Directive.

The EC Water Framework Directive requires that all Member States achieve "good water status" by 2015 for both surface water and groundwater. The procedures by which Sweden intends to implement the Framework Directive are described and involve the establishment of five water districts, each with a water authority; local cooperative bodies based on the main river basin areas; cooperative associations for water conservation; introduction of a system of charges for water conservation; and assigning responsibility for supervision of contingency measures to the water authorities.     

Ecological economics for water policy and management: a need for major shifts in thinking

Economics cannot be separated from values and ideology. Attempts to influence the political agenda by raising the fundamental issues of paradigm, ideology and institutions in various arenas are crucial. is recognized that problems related to water quality and availability are linked with all kinds of activities and sectors in society.     

Towards a policy network approach to integrated water management

A systems approach to the management of water resources has recently been applied in the Netherlands. As this entails integrated management, scientists at the University of Utrecht have developed an aid to the formulation of policy: the policy network approach. As an analytical framework, this helps define policy measures to enhance effective management. This article discusses the elements of the systems approach to water resource management and presents cases of its application in the Netherlands that illustrate the use of the policy network approach.     

完善中水利用管理政策的探讨

针对我国再生水回用行业在管理中存在的问题,提出相应的对策和建议.制定和完善污水回用的政策法规体系;完善技术规范标准;确定合理的价格体系,政府应给予污水处理行业优惠的政策,建立奖惩激励制度;改变运营机制,使污水处理行业由事业型向经营型转变;建立统一协调的管理机制.     

乐山市从传统水利向现代水利发展的对策探讨

随着我国市场经济的高速发展，全社会对水利的要求已大大提高，传统水利无法适应形势需要，必须立足实际，实现从传统水利向现代水利的转变。本文根据全市建国以来水利发展的经验，以及水利部有关领导的讲话，结合乐山实际，探讨建设现代水利的对策。     

完善流域水法规体系建设保障流域水资源统一管理

依法治国,建立社会主义法治国家,已被<宪法>确定为治理国家的基本方略.作为国民经济、社会发展的基础产业和基础设施的水利,必须通过依法治水才能实现其改革和发展的目标.水利法制建设作为依法治水的核心,已成为发展我国水利事业的重要基础性工作.     

我国流域水环境管理手段的发展趋势及政策建议

流域内水环境的管理有很多手段,正确认识各种手段各自的优缺点和发展趋势,对于制定流域水环境管理政策具有重要意义。对现行水环境管理手段的种类、主要管理手段优缺点、选择水环境管理手段的标准、水环境管理手段的发展趋势进行了分析,并提出相关政策建议。     

Roles and perspectives of the policy‐maker,affected water sector and scientist in integrated water resources management: a case study from South Africa

Following a definition of integrated water resources management (IWRM) and who the various stakeholders are in IWRM, the roles and views of three different stakeholders are discussed from a South African perspective. The role of national policy‐maker is that of enabling/facilitating IWRM in light of principles and provisions enshrined in South Africa's National Water Act of 1998. Commercial agriculture is selected as one sector markedly affected by new legislation related to IWRM. Positives of the legislation are first outlined, but perceived ‘threats’ by the commercial agriculture sector of legislation then come under the spotlight. These are categorized into questions on water allocation, water conservation and water management. The role of the scientist, more specifically the hydrologist, in enabling/facilitating IWRM is viewed from perspectives of the scientist's being the ‘objective broker’ between stakeholders with their own agendas, to information provider, of being model developer, of pre‐empting future questions on IWRM, as communicator and as a capacity builder.     

Risk management in waste water treatment.

With the continuous restructuring of the water market due to liberalisation, privatisation and internationalisation processes, the requirements on waste water disposal companies have grown. Increasing competition requires a target-oriented and clearly structured procedure. At the same time it is necessary to meet the environment-relevant legal requirements and to design the processes to be environment-oriented. The implementation of risk management and the integration of such a management instrument in an existing system in addition to the use of modern technologies and procedures can help to make the operation of the waste water treatment safer and consequently strengthen market position. The risk management process consists of three phases, risk identification, risk analysis/risk assessment and risk handling, which are based on each other, as well as of the risk managing. To achieve an identification of the risks as complete as possible, a subdivision of the kind of risks (e.g. legal, financial, market, operational) is suggested. One possibility to assess risks is the portfolio method which offers clear representation. It allows a division of the risks into classes showing which areas need handling. The determination of the appropriate measures to handle a risk (e.g. avoidance, reduction, shift) is included in the concluding third phase. Different strategies can be applied here. On the one hand, the cause-oriented strategy, aiming at preventive measures which aim to reduce the probability of occurrence of a risk (e.g. creation of redundancy, systems with low susceptibility to malfunction). On the other hand, the effect-oriented strategy, aiming to minimise the level of damage in case of an undesired occurrence (e.g. use of alarm systems, insurance cover).     

Climate adaptive urban planning and design with water in Dutch polders

The existing water management in Dutch polders is based on independent water systems for each polder. These are featuring artificial stabilized ground and surface water levels. As a result of the local climate the water levels in the polders are not continuously at a constant level. To maintain a stable water table in the polders, the surplus of relatively clean rainwater has to be pumped away during the cold seasons into canals or rivers, which are located on a higher level. During the summer relatively polluted water from these waterways is led into the polders to top up the declining water levels. This procedure leads to various problems regarding water quantity and water quality. The described existing system is not adaptable to climate change and includes the risk of flooding, particularly from torrential rain. Therefore it is crucial to develop, preferably self-sufficient, rainwater management systems in the polders. They should allow the fluctuation of the water levels inside the polders for seasonal storage and flood control. The described concept is adopted in the present water policy in the Netherlands as well as in research and recent urban development projects in Dutch polders.     

Comprehensive policy planning for water systems: The administration of complex policy networks

This article focuses on the Dutch experience with integrated water management. In order to promote integrated water management, a particular administrative format is employed in the Netherlands. This facilitates comprehensive policy planning in a project organization that has been set up for this specific purpose. This article treats the results of an evaluation of the application of this approach. This evaluation study generated policy recommendations that can be applied elsewhere.     

Linking integrated water resources management and integrated coastal zone management.

Some of the world's most valuable aquatic ecosystems such as deltas, lagoons and estuaries are located in the coastal zone. However, the coastal zone and its aquatic ecosystems are in many places under environmental stress from human activities. About 50% of the human population lives within 200 km of the coastline, and the population density is increasing every day. In addition, the majority of urban centres are located in the coastal zone. It is commonly known that there are important linkages between the activities in the upstream river basins and the environment conditions in the downstream coastal zones. Changes in river flows, e.g. caused by irrigation, hydropower and water supply, have changed salinity in estuaries and lagoons. Land use changes, such as intensified agricultural activities and urban and industrial development, cause increasing loads of nutrients and a variety of chemicals resulting in considerable adverse impacts in the coastal zones. It is recognised that the solution to such problems calls for an integrated approach. Therefore, the terms Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) are increasingly in focus on the international agenda. Unfortunately, the concepts of IWRM and ICZM are mostly being developed independently from each other by separate management bodies using their own individual approaches and tools. The present paper describes how modelling tools can be used to link IWRM and ICZM. It draws a line from the traditional sectoral use of models for the Istanbul Master Planning and assessment of the water quality and ecological impact in the Bosphorus Strait and the Black Sea 10 years ago, to the most recent use of models in a Water Framework Directive (WFD) context for one of the selected Pilot River Basins in Denmark used for testing of the WFD Guidance Documents.     

秦皇岛市城市供水调度与水资源统一管理的实践

秦皇岛市水利局通过对城市供水的调度和配置,不断强化了对水资源的行政管理力度,逐步提高了水行政主管部门的知名度和权威形象,实现了真正意义上的水资源统一管理。从而为实现秦皇岛市的水务一体化建设打下了坚实的基础。     

Adaptation for river basins: connecting policy goals to the water resources system.

This paper focuses on a methodology called 'generic adaptation methodology for river basins' (AMR) that provides guidance to water managers seeking: (1) potential adaptation measures to climate change and climate variability, (2) measuring impacts, and (3) evaluating adaptations. The methodology uses basic elements addressed in existing adaptation research and is designed for a participatory setting involving various stakeholders. In AMR, the water resources system is seen as an economic asset that provides 'goods and services' for both humans and ecosystems. The innovative aspect of AMR is that it distinguishes impacts to water management objectives and impacts to the physical state of water resources in a river basin in a relatively simple iterative approach. Both impact types are quantified using indicators. The framework and results are demonstrated for a case study in the Walawe basin (Sri Lanka). It is explained that actually implementing adaptations in policy making can be difficult in trans-boundary river basins as each riparian country has its own policy objectives and hence ways of dealing with adaptation.     

流域管理机构水管单位水政监察工作存在问题及其对策

新《水法》进一步强化了流域管理机构水行政执法的法律地位和法律责任。以海委引滦工程管理局为例,论述了流域管理机构水利工程管理单位,只有通过抓紧贯彻实施新《水法》,解决好水政监察工作中客观存在的问题,才能进一步提高水管单位的水行政管理和水行政执法工作的水平。