智慧城市发展与参与式规划研究

在城镇化的后半程,城市规划开始从宏伟蓝图的物质设计,向以人为本、全面创新发展的模式转变。城市开发运营的主体越来越多元,开放、跨界、众包成为城市创新发展的重要特征。城市问题逐渐成为社会大众关心的议题,公众参与城市公共政策的热情高涨。城市规划也开始走出小圈子,面向更广阔的社会公众,参与式规划开始成为规划转型的发展方向。与此同时,信息技术驱动的城市变革过程中,城市快速演进,复杂性不断增强。在这样的形势下,ICT(信息通信技术)支持的公众参与平台,将在公众参与城市规划过程中发挥重要作用。本文基于国内外多个公众参与的信息平台的案例研究,讨论了不同形势、不同内容的公众参与信息平台的重要作用和价值。在信息时代,ICT技术支持的公众参与平台,将极大推动规划模式的变革,通过利用群体智慧更加科学、合理、精细化地解决城市问题,并推动城市治理模式的转型和公民社会的构建。     

新媒体与城市规划公众参与

随着新媒体技术的发展,社交网络、位置服务、移动终端等新媒体工具逐渐应用到城市规划实践。新媒体及其产生的“大数据”作为研究“人”的新工具,一方面形成了新的城市规划公众参与方式,另一方面为城市规划研究提供了新的分析工具。结合近年来的若干案例,初步分析了新媒体技术在城市规划公众参与,尤其是第三方参与中的应用,并提出了公众教育、舆论参与、信息分享、数据分析等应用模式。本文还以笔者参与的“钟鼓楼片儿区关注团队”、“梅州围龙屋关注团队”的实践为例,阐述了相关技术的实际应用方式。     

行为经济学视角下公众参与城市规划的动力机制优化CSSCI

本文在行为经济学视角下探讨公众参与的动力机制,寻求相关行为经济学的理论支撑,意在研究公众的非理性思维,进一步了解人们参与的真实需求和动力,从而加强参与的积极性和可能性。笔者基于互联网信息时代迅速发展的时代背景,通过提出构建互联网+参与社区网络信息共享平台,以行为经济学作为理论支持,保证公众更好的参与城市规划的工作过程中,推动城市规划工作的顺利进行和落实。     

增强现实技术在城市规划公众参与中的应用初探

增强现实(AR)技术作为新兴技术,具有虚拟与现实结合、沉浸可视化、趣味性强等特点,结合其他手段能够改善目前我国城市规划中公众参与水平低、参与程度不足以及被动式参与等问题。本文通过介绍当前AR技术及其在国外应用于城市规划公众参与的典型案例,探讨AR技术主要用于提升公众参与水平、公众参与城市设计、提升公众对规划方案的认可度三个方面。最后,结合我国规划实践,借鉴国外经验提出将AR技术运用于城市规划公众参与不同阶段的建议,具体包括初期提供信息获取反馈、中期居民参与设计游戏化、最终方案展示获取公众认可三个阶段。     

浅析城市规划公众参与“一师两员”新机制的创新应用——以北京市顺义区城市规划公众参与创新研究为例

城市规划公众参与作为一种利益协调的公共政策,它强调公众对规划编制、实施过程的参与、决策和管理,旨在力求实现规划项目的经济效益、社会效益、环境效益的“三效统一”,是落实科学发展观,促进社会可持续发展的客观要求和必然趋势,也是衡量城市、社会进步的重要标准之。本文重点通过研究北京市顺义区城市规划公众参与的现状,分析创新城市规划公众参与机制的研究与应用。     

城乡规划公众参与的网络技术研究与应用

随着"互联网+"时代新技术的不断创新发展,城乡规划编制的方式更加开放,城乡规划公众参与和新技术的融合越来越紧密,促进了政府、规划师和公众在信息、技术等层面的对话。文章以服务北京城乡规划公众参与为目标,利用新技术构建了面向网络的规划公众参与信息服务平台,并通过应用实践探索了规划云平台核心技术建设思路,以实现对公众参与规划技术和规划信息资源的整合、共享与互动,支撑规划师与政府、市场及社会的沟通协作,实现多专业协同规划。     

国外城市规划中公众参与的经验及启示

分析提炼了国外城市规划公众参与的经验:公众参与具有法律保障;城市规划相关信息透明公开;制订了详细的公众参与程序;公众参与方式多样,并因规划阶段而异;社区组织和居民团体在公众参与中发挥了主体作用;提高公众参与能力。在分析的基础上,结合我国的具体国情,提出了促进我国城市规划中公众参与进一步发展的几点启示。     

城市规划科学性源于科学的规划实践

“城市规划”这四个字是一个比较含混的概念 ,按照比较通行的说法 ,城市规划是一项政府职能 ,也是一种职业实践 ,又是一项社会运动。在我们日常的工作中 ,当我们提到城市规划时 ,我们既可能是指城市规划的原则或方案 ,比如“一切建设活动应该符合城市规划” ,这里实际上是指法定的规划方案或规划原则 ;也可能是指从事城市规划专业工作 ,比如“做好城市规划” ,实际上是指做好规划编制、规划管理等具体工作 ;还可能是指一种过程或社会活动 ,比如“公众参与城市规划” ,实际上是指公众参与规划的全部过程和不同的领域。所以 ,广义上的城市规划…     

浅议信息技术与城市规划之公众参与

当前，城市规划的公众参与成为规划界的热门话题之一，本文在介绍信息技术应用于城市规划的公众参与基础上，提出利用CIS、Internet、VR等各项技术实现城市规划之公众参与的可能。     

文思空间:一种凝聚前人哲思而振励后人的规划手段

基于利益相关者视角,以《南京市玄武大道两侧城市设计》引发公众事件为例,采用文本分析、访谈、问卷等方法探讨自媒体在城市规划公众参与中的积极和消极影响。研究指出:一,自媒体拓展了信息扩散的渠道,降低了公众参与过程中自下而上的反馈成本,但其承载信息的完整性和客观性是影响公众参与效能的关键;二,间接利益者的缺失是当前自媒体平台无法助推有效参与的关键。基于此,提出:一,建构自媒体从单一反馈申诉工具走向复合媒介的公众参与平台,全过程参与城市规划各环节;二,规划编制需研究适配不同规划类型、阶段、问题等的公众参与手段,从物质空间规划为主体向综合性空间规划转型;三,政府部门应建立规范化的应对突发公共事件的处理范式。     

Mapping Stakeholders’ Relating Pathways in Collaborative Planning Processes; A Longitudinal Case Study of an Urban Regeneration Partnership

ABSTRACT

This article reports on a longitudinal case study of stakeholders’ relating dynamics in the collaborative planning process concerning the urban regeneration of Katendrecht, an area located in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Findings challenge the focus – typical for collaborative planning literature – on an ‘ideal’ relational setting, characterized by consensus and joint-ness, as a necessary precursor for collaborative success. Analysis reveals the relevance of a ‘hybrid’ relational setting and the potential functionality of relational settings, which emphasize organizational autonomy. Also, analysis shows that relations change through the accumulation of different events, i.e. scaffolding, rather than by single, specific events. Finally, findings point out how in particular group composition/dynamics events impact on stakeholder relations.     

Trust and Collaborative Planning Theory: The Case of the Scottish Planning System

The chief objective of this paper is to introduce trust as a new component of the collaborative planning theory and discuss its significance in respect of the newly introduced joint structure plan-making system in Scotland. To achieve this, we briefly discuss the main components of collaborative planning theory in the second section as its main protagonists have comprehensively discussed these aspects of collaborative planning theory elsewhere. Then we develop the indicators of trust in the third section. The fourth section outlines the newly introduced system of joint structure plan making in Scotland. It is in the fifth section that the trust indicators are applied to the system of joint structure plan making in Glasgow and the Clyde Valley, Scotland. The last section sums up the main conclusions. A new system of joint structure plan making was introduced in Scotland after the reorganization of local government in 1995. While this system exhibits some traces of collaborative planning, indications are that this joint arrangement could develop into a high trust partnership among the stakeholders involved jointly in the production of structure plans. Most of the trust indicators developed in this paper show positive results when applied to the case study. The stakeholders expect that high trust will result in better understanding among them leading to sustained collaboration. It is expected that as collaboration matures, trust will further develop. We have thus argued that both trust and collaboration reinforce each other. Collaboration is understood as willingness to work together to attain shared objectives through formalized horizontal organizational arrangements.     

The Problem is the Solution: Testing Agonistic Theory's Potential to Recast Intractable Planning Disputes

Healthy community engagement must acknowledge conflict as a permanent and necessary part of collaborative planning. Using agonistic conflict in debating and deciding about site-specific projects and strategies offers new ways of reviewing and practising community engagement. Agonistic planning is conceived as a mechanism whereby interested parties might engage with planning decision-making that promotes on-going trust and buy-in for contested site-specific decisions and strategic directions. Disputes may produce opportunities for meaningful disagreement that may, if harnessed productively, avoid unproductive or even intractable disputes. Specifically, an agonistic approach offers an ability to modify and recast the initial ‘problems’ that urban projects are intended to address, and facilitates ‘better’ solutions sensitive to locally particular processes and contexts. The article tests key elements of agonistic theory using a high-profile planning dispute in Victoria, Australia. We show how an agonistic recasting of problems within legitimate planning processes is integral to meaningful engagement and progressive outcomes.     

New Socio-ecological Imperatives for Cities: Possibilities and Dilemmas for Australian Metropolitan Governance

This review examines two new socio-ecological imperatives that have the potential to reshape planning practice and policy: urban climate governance and governance for resilience. The roots of the new imperatives lie in international city collaborative networks funded by philanthropy organisations that operate at city scale. City networks operating at the metropolitan scale raise issues for Australian cities with distributed governance. This practice review considers the early manifestation of both imperatives in what might be termed ‘policy experiments’ in Australia’s two largest cities: the new climate governance framework emerging through the City of Sydney’s collaboration with the C40 network and the resilience regime being shaped by the City of Melbourne’s partnership with Rockefeller Foundation’s Resilient 100 program. Whilst our early analysis has accentuated the positive to some degree, pointing to different, if preliminary, forms of success in both Sydney and Melbourne, the limits and frustrations that present in both contexts cannot be discounted. Urban planners in many world cities and regions will need to consider and possibly absorb these new agendas of urban climate governance and governing for resilience driven by international city collaborative networks.     

Jaqueline Tyrwhitt: a founding mother of modern urban design

Jaqueline Tyrwhitt (1905–83) was a town planner, editor and educator who was at the centre of a group of people who shaped the post‐war Modern Movement. Tyrwhitt’s great contribution, especially to the planning arm of the Modern Movement, the new field of urban design and the new science of ekistics, is under‐recognized, largely because she worked willingly as the ‘woman behind the man’ – notably as a disciple of Patrick Geddes, translator and editor of Sigfried Giedion, and collaborator of Constantinos Doxiadis. In doing so she extended their influence greatly and shaped the work of many people. Histories of planning lose much by omitting the contribution of collaborative, catalytic actors such as Tyrwhitt, whose career serves as a touchstone for this era, considered to be a watershed in the history of planning as an intellectual and professional movement. This paper sheds light on Tyrwhitt’s contribution through a chronological narrative, interweaving the biographical facts of her career with the larger themes her work engages in the broadest sense: the globalization of planning and urban design as an intellectual and professional movement as part of the larger civilizational transformation – the emergence of countervailing, ‘postmodern’ globalism, a humane, ecological world view very much like Geddes’ Neo‐Technic Era.     

真实+价值:欧洲空间规划的可视化语境支持

自然资源部成立后,以"空间规划"为核心的空间类规划体系将迎来新的变革。但空间规划作为新的具有综合性和统领性的规划类型,其编制体系、编制内容、编制方法等,在原有多项空间类规划所依据的法律法规尚未修订之前,都存在极大的不确定性。针对"在不确定性条件中探索空间规划的确定性内容"这一命题,本文在已形成近40年的欧洲空间规划发展历程中,发现"沟通协商""富有交往理性的协商规划"是消除欧盟各国空间规划差异性的基石和理论基础,具有展现"真实"与"价值"双准则语境的"可视化沟通协调平台"是欧盟各国空间规划都具有的确定性内容和最重要的决策支持,并总结展望能同时体现"真实"与"价值"双准则的可视化语境营建方法,希望能为我国空间规划研究提供确定性的支持。     

城乡统筹规划编制体系的转型探索——基于新型城镇化背景下的思考

新型城镇化战略的提出为我国城乡统筹提供新的契机,带来了城乡统筹规划理念与思路的转变,同时也对城乡统筹规划提出了更高的要求。本文以我国新型城镇化与城乡统筹关系分析为线索,阐述了新型城镇化背景下我国城乡统筹规划的基础与约束因素,对我国城乡统筹规划的编制体系、形式,编制内容与技术体系的调整进行了学术探讨,旨在为我国城乡统筹规划体系的完善与规划实施提供依据。     

Space of Risk: The Contribution of Planning Policies to Conflicts in Cities,Lessons from Nazareth

This article defines a new concept, ‘Space of risk’, as a lived space that has low levels of trust among different urban groups; where people feel vulnerable and defenseless against terrorizing, urban clashes and riots. Based on a qualitative study, the article examines this concept in the city of Nazareth, which has been in turmoil since the introduction of a plan for a plaza. The article concludes that the reasons that may strongly contribute to the production of spaces of risk are: lack of the right to the city for urban inhabitants; the hegemony of the state over the city through ‘ethnocratic’ urban policies; the hegemony of global forces and neo-liberal agendas over the locale; deficient local politics; absence of communicative planning procedures; and contradictions between planners conception of the place and the way inhabitants conceive and experience it in their daily life practices. As planning has the power of creating and triggering risks in cities, the article suggests some practical ways for planners to avoid the production of spaces of risk through new techniques of collaborative planning.     

Evaluating Collaborative Planning: Implications from an Empirical Analysis of Growth Management

Collaborative planning is increasingly being advocated as a new paradigm because it generates commitment to commonly accepted objectives and fosters commitment to implementation. However, the long-term effects of implementation are seldom evaluated. In South East Queensland, Australia, a collaborative planning approach was used to manage regional growth. Based on six local government case studies, this research evaluates the consensus process and assesses the long-term implementation effects. I also evaluate the outputs of the collaborative planning process to reflect on its role in implementation. By adapting a policy implementation framework for the collaborative planning setting, I expound on the commonly cited criteria of a high-quality agreement and a structured approach to implementation.     

Spatial Planning Judgments and Computer Supported Collaborative Planning

The role of planning support systems has become closely aligned with the dominant theoretical paradigms – primarily collaborative planning and communicative rationality – within the field of urban planning. However, scholars from Human-Computer Interaction have built a theoretical tradition drawing on Activity Theory, among others, to describe computer supported collaborative learning. Collaboration, from this perspective, represents a form of distributed learning situated within a social interaction. Individuals work with each other and technology to converge on shared conceptual understandings of the problem space and to develop a shared praxis for collaboratively addressing those problems. Instead of the tools talking, technology plays a critical role in helping stakeholders develop a common ground for planning and supporting an activity-aware praxis. I use empirical examples from a planning process on Cape Cod, Massachusetts to illustrate these features of Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) for a planning audience. I focus, in particular, on how planning support systems mediate group judgments about space and scale to account for spatial scale mismatches between the Cape’s watersheds and towns.