社区指标研究及规划运用综述

西方学界运用社区指标来反映社区的演变历程、现实状况,预测发展趋势,并在城市规划的监督和评估中起到重要作用.本文系统地梳理了由社会指标到社区指标的发展过程,概述了指标的定义、分类和作用,总结7社区指标的内容构成和度量方法,并探讨了在城市规划中的具体运用,分析了在指标用途、选择、公众参与和数据管理方面需要解决的四大问题,以期对中国城市规划中指标的研究和运用产生有益的启示.     

社区指标——文献综述,概念和方法问题评述

历史上,几乎没有通过建立社区层面指标来测量社区问题及制定相应政策的尝试.然而近年来GIS技术的发展,以及社会项目向地方层面的转移,导致了技术的产生以及对这种层面指标的需求.在指标应用的历史上,有5条经验尤为突出.(1)指标必须有明确的政策意图.(2)地理指标有特殊的作用,比目标区域指标更加重要,因为政策是通过地理单元来实施的,而且社区和城市本身也影响着人们的生活质量.(3)必须从一开始就明确区分测量社区福利的指标与测量社区居民福利的指标.(4)为了最大程度地利用指标,指标必须进行分别计算,即不要与综合指数捆在一起.(5)在地理指标的运用方面,特别是在社区尺度上,目前尚处于初始阶段.社区层面指标刚刚开始用于制定和评价政策,以及探寻社区及其居民生活改变的原因.     

考虑指标关联性的社区应急能力评价方法

针对考虑指标关联性的社区应急能力评价问题,确定了社区应急能力评价指标体系并对各级指标之间的关联性进行了分析;给出了考虑指标关联性的社区应急能力评价方法,该方法运用TAC(Two-Additive Choquet)积分算子计算社区应急能力各维度的评价值和综合评价值,以便了解社区的应急能力现状.     

低碳生态视角下的老街更新设计——永康“老城特色文化街区”规划设计的启示

从永康项目规划任务的6次调整得到启示,探讨老街更新的评价和设计。通过将两大绿色社区指标与规划调整的问题进行比对,初步建立起老街更新的评价指标,并将这些指标运用于该项目最近的规划设计,验证了低碳生态视角下老街更新设计的必要性和可行性。     

城市应对重大灾害风险的社区韧性研究 ——以北京市丰汇园社区为例

社区作为城市精细化治理的基本单元,其应对重大灾害风险的韧性水平广受关注.本文基于定性与定量相结合的原则,运用层次分析法(AHP)和Yaahp层次分析软件建立城市社区韧性评价指标体系,确定社区规划治理韧性、社区防灾设施韧性、社区物质经济韧性和社区活动空间韧性4个一级评价指标、12个二级评价指标及30个三级评价指标,明确各...     

城市社区韧性评价指标研究

在灾害来临时,社区作为城市的基本生活单元,在灾害的感知、监测和防控中扮演了十分重要的角色.从韧性社区的概念、社区风险灾害的分类入手,通过对社区存在的风险灾害分析,将社区韧性评价指标分为建设韧性、社会韧性、经济韧性和组织韧性4个一级指标,对评价指标的选取来源、依据、原则和每个指标的具体内容进行阐述,以期为推动城市社区韧性...     

科技产业园股权投资项目评价研究

目前,我国已建立的多个高科技产业园是科技创新和创新型国家建设的核心区域.入驻园区的企业多为科技型中小企业,一些企业由于体制不健全、信息不对称、信用系统缺失、管理能力不足等造成了融资难等问题,制约和困扰着企业的健康发展.政府对园区项目的股权投资拓宽和完善了新型企业的融资难问题.为了使政府更加科学合理地进行投资,基于层次分析法,构建了股权投资项目的评价指标,确定了指标的权重,并结合实际案例验证了该评价指标的适用性.     

孔子学院项目预算支出绩效评价指标体系研究

提升项目资金使用效率、推动孔子学院内涵式发展是实施孔子学院项目预算支出绩效评价及管理的基本目标.以逻辑分析法和关键指标考核法为理论依据,遵循项目预算支出绩效评价的基本原则,综合运用文本分析法和专家调查法开发出一套由投入、产出、效果3个一级指标、14个二级指标、37个三级指标组成的孔子学院项目预算支出绩效评价指标体系.该...     

建筑施工安全的成本与效益指标分析

目前我国对建筑施工安全成本与效益分析主要在指标和方法上作定性分析,量化分析很少。文章从经济学的角度,指出安全成本与效益的各项指标及其计算公式,方便企业量化分析项目施工安全的成本与效益指标,利于建筑项目安全性与经济性达到合理统一。     

乡村社区环境健康评价指标研究

结合辽宁省丹东市凤城大梨树社区建设实际,从社区管理、规划建设及社区居民几方面入手进行了深入调研,以人居环境、社会发展、生态资源、环境整治、安全防灾等五个方面为切入点,对乡村社区环境健康指标展开讨论,并给出了详细的评价指标解读。     

Talking TOD: learning about transit-oriented development in the United States,Canada, and the Netherlands

City and regional governments in North America and the Netherlands are implementing transit-oriented development (TOD) policies to provide residents with accessible and compact communities that are socially, environmentally, and economically sustainable. Through 13 in-depth semi-structured interviews with planners and transportation professionals in the United States, Canada, and the Netherlands, this study attempts to identify the factors that practitioners in these regions determine to be essential for the post-development success of TOD. Our analysis reveals that seven key elements contribute to the success of TOD which are approached differently by planners in the three regions. The study concludes by suggesting ways in which professionals could integrate land use and transportation projects based on planning for flexibility, accessibility, and collaboration.     

Direct and mediate assessment of acidity in hydromorphic habitats in West Siberian Plain

The paper aims to show that mediate indication of environmental acidity conditions in hydromorphic habitats in the West Siberian Plain is possible by means of using indicator values for soil moisture and nutrient factors as substitute predictors. These factors are viewed as interrelated for plant communities located in the wetlands in the West Siberian Plain. Regression equations are introduced to assess the pH of soil solution in wetland plant communities.     

城市社区堆肥:美国实践案例研究及其对中国的启示

社区堆肥是城市垃圾减量与资源化的有效途径,亦是城市与社区可持续发展的重要基石.近年来,分散式社区堆肥实践在国外方兴未艾,其中的理念、模式与方法亟待总结.文章探究了美国社区堆肥的目标、特点和类型,进一步选取其典型案例,分析各案例社区堆肥项目的实践模式,并总结美国社区堆肥实践的要点.最后,阐述对中国的启示,以期为我国社区生...     

OUT OF THE GOODNESS OF THEIR HEARTS? REGULATORY AND REGIONAL IMPACTS ON BANK INVESTMENT IN HOUSING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES

ABSTRACT: Banks are considered key actors in affordable housing and community development in the United States. Their involvement in such activities may be due partly to their dependence on economic rents generated from development. In the United States, however, banks are encouraged to support such activities by the federal 1977 Community Reinvestment Act (CRA). I examine how different factors explain the CRA‐qualified investments by banks. Qualified investments are essentially nondebt financial resources provided as an equity investment or grant with a community development purpose. I find that the identity of the regulator (the United States has four banking regulators) has a major impact on the level of qualified investments. Other things equal, a difference in regulators can cause a bank's qualified investments to more than double. Besides suggesting that some regulators may be enforcing a major portion of CRA regulations more vigorously than others, this also suggests that the CRA plays a major role in bank investment in community development. This has policy implications not just in the United States but also in other countries that might consider replicating the CRA.     

我国老年社区的发展构想

我国已进入老龄化社会,老年人的居住现状亟待解决,本文阐述美国老年社区的特点,分析美国与我国老年社区发展背景的差异,提出我国老年社区的发展方向。     

广州亚运会旧城改造项目对社区居民的影响研究

在亚运会背景下,广州进行大规模的城市更新计划,涉及众多社区及居民。广州琶洲村、至宝社区和万福东社区的社区更新采用了3种不同的改造模式,但因3个社区居民的社会经济地位较低、居民社会网络范围较窄、社区归属感较强、低收入群体对社区的依赖性较强,更新改造项目缺乏对社区居民的社会、经济需求的全面考虑,给3个社区的居民带来多方面的负面影响,被改造社区居民尤其是低收入居民实际上成为了更新改造的社会成本承担者。     

The impact of contractors’ attributes on construction project success: A post construction evaluation

The success of construction projects is a fundamental issue for most governments, users and communities. In the literature that deals with construction project success and causes of time and cost overruns in the construction industry, there is some literature that highlights the role of the contractors in project success. While most studies rank contractors’ success attribute from tendering, prequalification, and a long term historical perception perspective, this paper aims to study the impact of contractors’ attributes on project success from a post construction evaluation perspective to identify what critical success factors (CSFs) that greatly impact the success of project. In an attempt to understand and investigate this impact, a questionnaire survey is used to establish construction professionals’ perception of CSFs of contractors that greatly impact on the success of construction projects. Factor analysis reveals nine underlying clusters namely :(i) safety and quality; (ii) past performance; (iii) environment; (iv) management and technical aspects; (v) resource; (vi) organisation; (vii) experience; (viii) size/type of pervious projects; and (ix) finance. Logistic regression techniques were used to develop models that predict the probability of project success. Factors such as turnover history, quality policy, adequacy of labour and plant resources, waste disposal, size of past projects completed, and company image are the most significant factors affecting projects success. Assuming that project success is repeatable, these findings provide clear understanding of contractors’ performance and could potentially enhance existing knowledge of construction project success.     

Opportunities and Challenges for the Development of China's Community Gardens

Since the 1970s,community gardens have played an important role in promoting the development of sustainable communities and improving urban environments in the United States. Despite the popularity of spontaneous urban farming activities in China,community gardens have not caught on as an ecologically and socially sustainable urban development strategy. Based on a comparison of community garden development in China and the U.S.,the authors of this article fi nd that the development of community gardens in China will require close collaboration between city planning officials,real estate agencies,urban citizens,and landscape architects.     

Critical success factors for PPP/PFI projects in the UK construction industry

Public–private partnerships (PPPs) are increasingly used in the United Kingdom's public facilities and services provision through the Private Finance Initiative (PFI). Despite some casualties, PPP/PFI projects have been undertaken successfully, but the reasons for success are not entirely clear. Questionnaire survey research examined the relative importance of 18 potential critical success factors (CSF) for PPP/PFI construction projects in the UK. The results show that the three most important factors are: ‘a strong and good private consortium’, ‘appropriate risk allocation’ and ‘available financial market’. Factor analysis revealed that appropriate factor groupings for the 18 CSFs are: effective procurement, project implementability, government guarantee, favourable economic conditions and available financial market. These findings should influence policy development towards PPPs and the manner in which partners go about the development of PFI projects.     

Philanthropic Architecture: Nongovernmental Development Projects in Latin America

In this essay we address the issue of poverty in Latin America and attempt to explain why this region of the world is so desperately poor despite its tremendous natural resources, indigenous skills, and proximity to the United States. We argue that a philanthropic architectural response is required in Latin America that stresses the importance of client/user design education and a respect for indigenous cultures. We describe the work of two NGOs, report on two grass roots projects, and describe how collaboration between Western university architecture departments and local NGOs can involve the community in successful building projects.