北京棒杆菌天冬氨酸激酶五突变体的构建及酶学性质表征

目的:天冬氨酸激酶（aspartate kinase,AK）是催化天冬氨酸族氨基酸合成的第一个关键别构酶,为了提高其活力,并削弱或解除末端产物赖氨酸（Lys）与苏氨酸（Thr）对AK的协同反馈抑制。方法:在获得的北京棒杆菌四突变体T379N/A380C/G171I/Y198N AK（NCIN AK）的基础上,发现G295位点与抑制剂Thr通过氢键相连且高度保守, 对G295位点进行定点饱和突变,提取质粒,转入大肠杆菌BL21感受态细胞中诱导表达,采用高通量筛选获得酶活力显著提高的突变株,对野生型（Wild type,WT）、五突变体T379N/A380C/G171I/Y198N/G295L AK（NCINL AK）进行酶动力学研究和酶学性质表征。结果:成功构建五突变体NCINL AK,最大反应速率V_max为259 U/（mg·min）。与野生型相比,米氏常数K_m值由3.44 mmol/L减小到0.93 mmol/L,酶与底物结合更加紧密;希尔系数n值由2.73降为1.21,正协同性降低;最适反应温度由25 ℃提高到28 ℃,最适pH由8.0升至8.5,半衰期由4.7 h延长至5.2 h;五突变体NCINL AK较野生型WT AK,不同底物抑制剂浓度在0.2、1.0、5.0、10.0 mmol/L时,抑制作用被不同程度的减弱,甚至Lys抑制作用被完全解除,且在10 mmol/L Thr条件下有激活作用。结论:本实验获得酶活力提高87.20倍的五突变体NCINL AK,酶学性质得到明显改善,在一定抑制剂浓度范围内,基本解除Lys对AK的反馈抑制作用,Thr的反馈抑制得到一定缓解,提高了积累大量天冬氨酸族氨基酸的可能性,为构建高产天冬氨酸族氨基酸菌株提供参考,使甲硫氨酸（Met）等氨基酸的无污染、高效生产成为可能。     

乳酸脱氢酶突变体D-LDHY52L在大肠杆菌中的重组表达及其合成D-苯基乳酸的研究

Lactobacillus pentosus D-乳酸脱氢酶的三维构象表明氨基酸序列中第52位的酪氨酸非常接近底物酮酸盐C3位上的基团。该研究利用定点突变技术将第52位的亲水性的酪氨酸替换成疏水性的亮氨酸,有效提高了D-乳酸脱氢酶对底物苯丙酮酸的催化活力。在大肠杆菌中重组表达后,利用重组菌全细胞转化苯丙酮酸合成D-苯基乳酸。结果表明,D-苯基乳酸的产量比未突变菌株提高了46%,产量达18.47 g/L,转化率达65.96%。     

鱼肠道中高产苯乳酸乳酸菌的筛选、鉴定及发酵条件优化

该研究通过采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定苯乳酸含量,从50株鱼肠道来源的乳酸菌中筛选高产苯乳酸的菌株,通过形态观察、生理生化试验及分子生物技术对其进行菌种鉴定,并以苯乳酸产量为响应值,通过单因素试验和响应面试验对其产苯乳酸发酵条件进行优化。结果表明,筛选到1株产苯乳酸能力较好的菌株DY2,其苯乳酸产量达2.45 mg/m L,经鉴定,菌株DY2为融合魏斯氏菌（Weissella confuse）。菌株DY2产苯乳酸的最适发酵条件为初始pH 6.0,发酵时间50 h,接种量3%、发酵温度34℃。在此优化条件下,苯乳酸产量达2.99 mg/m L,是优化前的1.22倍。     

产苯乳酸乳酸菌的筛选鉴定

利用厌氧培养法,从猪的盲肠、小肠、大肠和粪便中筛选得到24株乳酸菌,液相色谱法测定产苯乳酸,有7株乳酸菌的苯乳酸产量在80～110mg/L之间,有4株的产量超过119mg/L,其中分离自猪粪便的菌株r16的苯乳酸产量最高,达到233.0mg/L。经16SrDNA系统发育分析,结合菌落形态、细胞形态、生化反应实验,最终确定菌株r16和m15为植物乳杆菌,而菌株m343和m462为粪肠球菌。     

乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种的~(m6)A甲基化差异研究

乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种是常用的工业发酵剂菌种,具有较高的经济价值。乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种BL19与IMAU10978的发酵特性存在较大差异,其中BL19具有良好发酵特性。本文比较2株存在明显发酵特性差异的乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种BL19与IMAU10978,从基因组与~(m6)A甲基化角度探究2株菌的发酵差异化特性。通过单分子实时(SMRT)测序技术对BL19与IMAU10978进行全基因组测序与~(m6)A甲基化鉴定,并结合NCBI全基因组数据,比较不同菌株的功能基因差异和BL19与IMAU10978的~(m6)A甲基化差异。比较基因组分析表明:试验菌株的平均核苷酸一致性高达98.24%,且其功能基因不存在明显差异,均以碳水化合物和氨基酸代谢等为主。甲基化分析显示:IMAU10978与BL19的肽转运载体、PTS系统和2,3-丁二醇脱氢酶等相关基因的~(m6)A甲基化存在明显差异。本研究分析了BL19与IMAU10978的基因组与~(m6)A甲基化,发现2株菌的亲缘关系近且功能基因较为相似,~(m6)A甲基化差异可能是导致发酵特性差异的重要原因。此外,还初步探究工业发酵剂菌株基因组的表观修饰,为工业菌株的选育提供了理论基础。     

重组大肠杆菌E. coli BL21/pET28a(+)-mle产苹果酸乳酸酶发酵条件的优化

该研究以实验室构建的重组大肠杆菌E. coli BL21/pET28a(+)-mle为研究对象,以L-乳酸量为评价指标,通过单因素和正交试 验研究了诱导温度、培养基起始pH值、异丙基-β-D-硫代吡喃半乳糖苷（IPTG）浓度和诱导时间对重组大肠杆菌E. coli BL21/pET28a (+)-mle分泌表达苹果酸乳酸酶（MLE）的影响。 结果表明,重组大肠杆菌E. coli BL21/pET28a(+)-mle分泌表达苹乳酶的最佳培养条件 为培养基起始pH值为5.9,诱导温度为28 ℃,IPTG 浓度0.6 mmol/L,诱导时间3 h。 在此优化条件下,L-乳酸产量为2.37 g/L,较优化前 提高9.48倍。     

产苯乳酸的乳酸菌分离筛选及菌种鉴定

通过对自然发酵泡菜中乳酸菌的分离,建立了一种准确、快速的苯乳酸产生菌的筛选方法。在112株筛选菌株中,获得1株苯乳酸高产菌株SK007。研究了苯丙氨酸对苯乳酸合成的影响,即增加苯丙氨酸的浓度可以提高苯乳酸产量,苯丙氨酸是苯乳酸合成的前体。高产菌株经16S rDNA序列初步鉴定为Lactobacillus sp.,Gen-Bank接受号为DQ534529。系统发育分析表明它与植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)亲缘关系最近。     

植物乳杆菌LY-78乳酸脱氢酶基因的生物信息学分析

目的:探究植物乳杆菌LY-78菌株全部5个乳酸脱氢酶基因及其编码蛋白质的结构和功能。方法:应用多种生物信息学软件对植物乳杆菌LY-78菌株的5个乳酸脱氢酶基因及氨基酸序列进行结构分析和功能预测。结果:植物乳杆菌LY-78中5个乳酸脱氢酶的核苷酸及氨基酸序列均具有较高的保守性,均为位于细胞质的热稳定性、非分泌、非跨膜蛋白,除了ldh L3基因,其余4个基因均具有各自高度保守的功能位点和结构域,均存在典型的烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD~+)结合位点序列GXGXXG。结论:乳酸脱氢酶D1(D1-lactate dehydrogenase,D1-LDH)、D2-LDH、L1-LDH及L2-LDH均具有完整的功能位点和结构域,很可能具有真正的乳酸脱氢酶活性,L3-LDH由于缺失NAD~+结合结构域和功能位点,因而可能不具有乳酸脱氢酶活性,这些分析结果为今后植物乳杆菌乳酸脱氢酶基因改造和苯乳酸合成代谢机制研究提供了必要的理论基础。     

苯乳酸处理对鮰鱼低温贮藏品质的影响

为研究苯乳酸处理对鮰鱼在低温贮藏时品质的影响,以鮰鱼为研究对象,对其进行苯乳酸（0.5、1.5、2.5 g/100 mL）处理,贮藏于4℃条件下,分析菌落总数、总挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs）值、持水性、质构、色度、感官品质等性质的变化,研究不同质量浓度的苯乳酸对鮰鱼贮藏期间品质的影响。结果表明：经苯乳酸处理后的鮰鱼菌落总数、TVB-N含量、TBARs值均显著低于对照组,说明3个实验组均有较好的保鲜效果,其中2.5 g/100 mL苯乳酸处理组的保鲜效果最佳,但与其他实验组相比,pH值、持水性、色度和质构差异较小。总体来看,2.5 g/100 mL苯乳酸处理可显著延长低温贮藏鮰鱼的货架期,且对其理化性质与感官评价的影响较小。     

乳酸菌产苯乳酸对指状青霉的抑菌活性及作用机理

为探究乳酸菌Lactobacillus plantarum CKXP13和L. plantarum CWXP24产苯乳酸的能力以及苯乳酸对柑橘绿霉病的控制效果及其抑菌机理,本实验使用高效液相色谱法测定这两株乳酸菌的苯乳酸产量,并通过研究苯乳酸处理后指状青霉的孢子存活率、菌落直径、菌丝形态、胞外电导率来探究其抑菌机理,最后以柑橘果实绿霉病干预实验探究苯乳酸对绿霉病的控制效果。结果表明,L. plantarum CKXP13、L. plantarum CWXP24均能产生苯乳酸,产量分别为42.4 mg/L和91.9 mg/L,苯乳酸质量浓度为2.5、5.0、10.0 mg/mL条件下,指状青霉的孢子存活率、菌落直径随苯乳酸质量浓度上升而显著降低（P<0.05）,菌丝也随苯乳酸质量浓度升高出现表面粗糙、相互缠绕、形成塌陷或树瘤状凸起的情况,同时乳酸菌还能增强病原菌细胞膜的通透性,促进细胞内容物泄漏,导致病原菌死亡。果实绿霉病干预实验证明,10、20 mg/mL苯乳酸都能有效控制柑橘果实绿霉病。综上所述,苯乳酸作为天然杀菌剂在控制柑橘采后绿霉病方面具有良好的应用潜力和开发前景。     

Engineering the optimum pH of β-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae for efficient hydrolysis of lactose

β-Galactosidase (lacA) from Aspergillus oryzae is widely used in the dairy industry. Its acidic pH optimum and severe product inhibition limit its application for lactose hydrolysis in milk. In the present study, structure-based sequence alignment was conducted to determine the candidate mutations to shift the pH optimum of lacA to the neutral range. The Y138F and Y364F mutants shifted the pH optimum of lacA from 4.5 to 5.5 and 6.0, respectively. The acid dissociation constant (pKa) values of catalytic acid/base residues with upwards shift were consistent with the increased pH optimum. All variants in the present study also alleviated galactose inhibition to various extents. Molecular dynamics demonstrated that the less rigid tertiary structures and lower galactose-binding free energy of Y138F and Y364F might facilitate the release of the end product. Both Y138F and Y364F mutants exhibited better hydrolytic ability than lacA in milk lactose hydrolysis. The higher pH optimum and lower galactose inhibition of Y138F and Y364F may explain their superiority over lacA. The Y138F and Y364F mutants in the present study showed potential in producing low-lactose milk, and our studies provide a novel strategy for engineering the pH optimum of glycoside hydrolase.     

Identification and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants defective in fluid-phase endocytosis

A mutant library generated by the European Functional Analysis Network (EUROFAN) was screened for strains defective in fluid-phase endocytosis. Accumulation of Lucifer yellow in the vacuole was used as a marker for efficient endocytosis. Fourteen mutants, including ede1Delta, rcy1Delta, sys1Delta and tlg2Delta, previously described to be involved in membrane trafficking, were identified in this screen. alpha-Factor uptake, endocytosis of FM4-64, carboxypeptidase Y secretion, vacuolar morphology, and a vma2 synthetic growth defect were used as criteria to characterize the endocytic defect of the mutant strains obtained. Accordingly, eight mutant strains have endocytic phenotypes in addition to their defect in Lucifer yellow accumulation. These fluid-phase endocytosis mutants are defective at different steps of the endocytic pathway. Interestingly, only two mutants were defective for internalization, two for vacuolar protein sorting and four mutants had aberrant vacuolar morphologies. Some of the mutants identified in this screen that sort carboxypeptidase Y correctly may affect endocytosis at an early post-internalization step before the intersection of the endocytic with the vacuolar protein-sorting pathway.     

发酵鱼酱酸产GABA乳酸菌的分离筛选及发酵特性

从传统发酵鱼酱酸中筛选出产γ-氨基丁酸（γ-aminobutyric acid，GABA）的乳酸菌并分析其菌株发酵特性。通过薄层色谱法定性、Berthelot比色法定量获得产GABA菌株，并进行耐酸、耐胆盐、氨基酸脱羧酶活性、抑菌性、生长曲线及pH值、产酸速率等菌株发酵特性分析。结果表明：从分离自鱼酱酸不同发酵阶段的387 株乳酸菌中，获得15 株典型产GABA菌株，包括2 株食窦魏斯氏菌（Weissella cibaria）、1 株熊蜂魏斯氏菌（Weissella bombi）、11 株植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）和1 株戊糖乳杆菌（Lactobacillus pentosus）。15 株乳酸菌产GABA能力及发酵特性在主成分分析图上差异显著，其中食窦魏斯氏菌Y113产GABA量为0.239 mg/mL，高于其他菌株；植物乳杆菌Y279和Y64展现出较好的耐酸性、耐胆盐性、抑菌性、无氨基酸脱羧酶活性、生长速率及产酸速率快的特点。鉴于其优良的发酵特性、益生特性及产GABA能力，菌株Y279可作为鱼酱酸工业化、标准化生产的潜在优良菌株。     

Use of chemical mutagenesis for the isolation of food grade beta-galactosidase overproducing mutants of bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and Streptococcus thermophilus

A classical chemical mutagenesis protocol was evaluated for increasing beta-galactosidase production by probiotic bacteria to improve their potential to treat symptoms of lactose malabsorption in humans. Two Bifidobacterium species (B. breve and B. longum) and one strain each of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus were tested by a single exposure to two chemical mutagens, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). To screen for beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) overproducing mutants, optimized EMS and MNNG mutant pots for each strain were plated on BHI agar containing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal). Colonies that exhibited a blue color were selected for quantitative beta-gal activities using the o-nitrophenyl-beta-galactoside (ONPG) assay. Seventy-five mutants were obtained out of more than 2 million colonies screened and showed increased beta-galactosidase activities compared with the wild-type strains. EMS gave a higher frequency of beta-gal overproducing mutants than MNNG for three of the four strains, S. thermophilus, B. breve, and B. longum, whereas the frequency of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus beta-gal mutants was similar with both mutagens. The highest beta-gal increases, when induced during growth in lactose, for mutants of each culture were 137% for L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus; 104% for S. thermophilus; 70% for B. breve; and 222% for B. longum mutants. This food-grade classical approach has the ability to moderately increase beta-gal concentrations in probiotic cultures to improve their potential for treating the symptoms of lactose malabsorption in humans.     

中慢生型天山根瘤菌MsiR组成型蛋白突变株的筛选

MsiR蛋白来源于中慢生型天山根瘤菌（Mesorhizobium tianshanense）,是LysR转录调控蛋白家族中的一员,它可以响应宿主植物释放的抗代谢物-刀豆氨酸,激活外运蛋白msiA编码基因的转录表达。通过构建MsiR突变文库,筛选得到了7个MsiR组成型突变蛋白,L166P、A147V、P83L、A278T组成型突变蛋白丧失了对刀豆氨酸的响应,在没有刀豆氨酸时的荧光值为800左右;A147T、E59G组成型突变蛋白仍然可以响应刀豆氨酸的诱导信号,添加刀豆氨酸时荧光值是未添加时的1.7倍。通过蛋白同源建模分析了组成型突变的氨基酸残基在MsiR蛋白上的空间分布及其对MsiR蛋白调控功能可能的影响。组成型突变蛋白的研究对进一步揭示LysR家族蛋白转录调控的机理有重要意义。     

Selection and properties of alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase-deficient spontaneous mutants of Streptococcus thermophilus

Many lactic acid bacteria produce diacetyl, which is a desirable aroma compound in some fermented dairy products. Strains or mutants of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis that are deficient in alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase are used in some food processes for their ability to produce large amounts of diacetyl. However, up until now, the use of alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase-deficient mutants of Streptococcus thermophilus for increased diacetyl production has not been evaluated. The objective of the present study was to devise a procedure for selecting spontaneous alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase-deficient mutants of S. thermophilus. We observed that in a chemically defined medium (CDM) containing alpha-ketobutyrate plus leucine, or alpha-ketobutyrate plus leucine plus isoleucine, the alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase-deficient mutant TIL865, obtained by directed mutagenesis, grew faster than its parent strain. This property was used for selecting spontaneous alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase-deficient mutants on agar plates. The resulting mutants were able to grow in milk, and their acidifying activity was slightly lower than that of the parent strain. Under partial anaerobic or aerobic conditions, they produced approximately three times more diacetyl than the parent strain. Such spontaneous mutants may be useful for increasing the diacetyl content of fermented milks whose production involves S. thermophilus strains.     

Enhancement of the hydrolysis activity of β-galactosidase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus by saturation mutagenesis

Thermostable β-galactosidase (BgaB) from Geobacillus stearothermophilus is characterized by its thermoactivity in the hydrolysis of lactose to produce lactose-free milk products. However, BgaB has limited activity toward lactose. We established a method for screening evolved mutants with high hydrolysis activity based on prediction of substrate binding sites. Seven amino acid residues were identified as candidates for substrate binding to galactose. To study the hydrolysis activity of these residues, we constructed mutants by site-saturation mutagenesis of these residue sites, and each variant was screened for its hydrolysis activity. The first round of mutagenesis showed that changes in amino acid residues of Arg109, Tyr272, and Glu351 resulted in altered hydrolysis activity, including greater activity toward ortho-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside (oNPG). The mutants R109V and R109L displayed changes in the optimum pH from 7.0 to 6.5, and the mutant R109V/L displayed different substrate affinity and catalytic efficiency (k_cat/K_m). Mutant R109G showed complete loss of BgaB enzymatic activity, suggesting that Arg109 plays a significant role in maintaining hydrolysis activity. The optimum pH of mutant E351R increased from 7.0 to 7.5 and this mutant showed a prominent increase in catalytic efficiency with oNPG and lactose as substrates.     

Yeast flocculation: receptor definition by mnn mutants and concanavalin A.

Yeast flocculation involves the binding of surface lectins on flocculent yeasts, to carbohydrate receptors present as constituents of yeast cell walls. Receptors were investigated by coflocculation of flocculent strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, of both Flo 1 and NewFlo phenotypes, to known mnn mutants which vary in the wall mannan structure. Strong coflocculation was found with mnn1, mnn4, mnn9 and control strains, while very little coflocculation was found with mnn2 and mnn5 strains. In contrast, aggregation of these mutants by concanavalin A, a lectin with similar sugar inhibition to NewFlo phenotype flocculation, showed strong aggregation of mnn1, mnn4 and mnn5 strains and poor aggregation of mnn2 and mnn9 strains. The mmn mutant data suggested that flocculation receptors were the outer-chain mannan side-branches, two or three mannose residues in length, confirming an earlier theory based on sugar inhibition data. The similarities and differences between flocculation and concanavalin A aggregation are discussed.     

酸奶菌株分批发酵放大研究-从2.5L 到15L 发酵罐

2.5L发酵罐实验数据基础上,利用经验放大法将德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种KLDS 1.9201和唾液链球菌嗜热亚种KLDS 3.021 分批发酵结果从小试放大中试。结果表明,如果确定若干优化发酵参数,包括搅拌转速50～100r/min和溶氧浓度不高于5% 等,可将酸奶菌株发酵结果较成功地从2.5L 罐放大到15L 罐规模。KLDS 1.9201 在15L 罐中对数生长期间的初糖转化率达到了80.3%,乳酸浓度为49g/L,确定其发酵终点为12h,此时活菌数为2.2 × 109CFU/ml;KLDS 3.0201 在15L 罐中的初糖转化率达到了80.2%,乳酸浓度为39g/L,确定其最佳收获期为发酵8h,活菌数达到4.9 × 109CFU/ml。     

突变酶Y93S对嗜热地衣芽孢杆菌SR01葡聚糖酶热稳定性的影响

为提高嗜热地衣芽孢杆菌SR01葡聚糖酶的热稳定性,对其相关的氨基酸残基进行定点突变改造。通过对其结构的分析,构建了Y93S突变体,利用分子动力学模拟分析评估后,发现Y93S突变体可能具有较高的耐热能力,利用定点突变技术构建Y93S表达载体并分析温度对表达产物酶活的影响。试验结果表明,突变酶Y93S的最适温度由野生型酶的55 ℃提高至70 ℃;在90 ℃条件下,突变酶Y93S较野生型酶的半衰期由60 min提高到120 min以上;pH及pH稳定性较野生型变化不明显。突变酶Y93S极大的提高了野生型酶的热稳定性,具有潜在的工业应用价值,同时为葡聚糖酶的耐热机理提供有力依据。