高压二氧化碳杀菌技术及在鲜肉中应用研究进展

传统的热力杀菌技术会对食品中的热敏物质和食品的色泽、气味和组织结构产生不利影响。高压二氧化碳(High Pressure Carbon Dioxide,HPCD)杀菌技术作为一种新型的非热力杀菌技术,具有处理条件相对温和、对食品品质破坏小和安全无毒无残留等优点。尽管HPCD杀菌技术受到了广泛的关注并进行了大量研究,但是时至今日仍未得到广泛应用。文章主要对HPCD杀菌技术的杀菌机理、影响因素和在鲜肉杀菌中的研究进展三个方面进行了综述。      

高压二氧化碳杀菌机理研究进展

高压二氧化碳（HPCD）技术作为一种新型非热杀菌技术,越来越受到研究者的关注,但目前对其杀菌机理尚未明确。本文分析了目前国内外有关HPCD杀菌机理的研究进展,并分析了HPCD对微生物细胞内几个作用靶点包括细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质、蛋白质、酶和核质的影响,以期为进一步研究和应用提供理论依据。     

高压二氧化碳杀菌技术及在鲜肉中应用研究进展

传统的热力杀菌技术会时食品中的热敏物质和食品的色泽、气味和组织结构产生不利影响.高压二氧化碳(High Pressure Carbon Dioxide,HPCD)杀菌技术作为一种新型的非热力杀菌技术,具有处理条件相对温和、对食品品质破坏小和安全无毒无残留等优点.尽管HPCD杀菌技术受到了广泛的关注并进行了大量研究.但是时至今日仍未得到广泛应用.文章主要对HPCD杀菌技术的杀菌机理、影响因素和在鲜肉杀菌中的研究进展三个方面进行了综述.     

非热杀菌技术在乳制品中的应用研究进展

非热杀菌技术可有效保持食品中的营养成分,在食品加工领域广受关注。本文主要论述了超高压技术(UHPP)、高压脉冲电场技术(HIPEF)、电子束辐射杀菌、高压CO2杀菌(HPCD)技术等非热杀菌技术在乳制品加工中的研究进展,旨在为非热杀菌技术在乳制品中的应用提供参考意见。     

高压二氧化碳对鲜榨梨汁杀菌效果及动力学研究

本文研究了高压二氧化碳(HPCD)对梨汁中细菌菌落总数的影响,并分析其杀菌动力学。结果表明:随着温度、压强升高以及处理时间延长,梨汁中细菌菌落总数显著降低(p<0.05);在相同温度和处理时间条件下,HPCD处理显著高于热处理的杀菌效果,处理温度对HPCD杀菌具有协同效应;当HPCD处理条件为30MPa、40℃、60min时,灭菌效果最佳,梨汁中细菌菌落总数的残存率降低了2.66个对数;Weibull模型能较好地拟合HPCD处理后梨汁中细菌菌落总数的失活曲线,模型动力学参数比例因子a和形状因子b随压力增加和温度升高呈现逐渐变小的规律性变化。      

食品杀菌技术的现状与发展

食品卫生和杀菌技术目前已成为制约食品品位提高的重要因素之一。本文不仅对一般的加热杀菌技术进行了比较全面的介绍,而且重点对食品技术人员当前关注的热点、—非加热杀菌技术进行了论述,这些技术包括紫外线杀菌、射线杀菌、臭氧杀菌和超高压杀菌。文章分析了这些杀菌新技术的原理、特点、局限性和应用前景。目前我国食品品质的最大问题就是卫生问题。杀菌设备虽已受到重视,但对杀菌工程的研究和保证杀菌设备的使用效果问题急待解决。深化杀菌工程的开发,从体制上加强各学科部门的合作应成为提高我国食品杀菌技术整体水平的战略方针。     

高压二氧化碳在肉品杀菌保鲜中的应用研究进展

肉及肉制品营养价值高,是人类优质蛋白质的重要来源。但是肉品在加工和流通等过程中容易受到各种来源的污染,导致肉质腐败,甚至诱发食源性疾病。高压二氧化碳（High pressure carbon dioxide, HPCD）是一种新型非热加工技术,可在相对温和的压力和温度条件下达到显著的杀菌效果。本文总结了HPCD的杀菌机制,综述了近年来国内外HPCD技术在肉品杀菌保鲜中的应用研究进展,并阐述了单一HPCD技术及其与其它方法联合处理对肉品中微生物的杀灭效果、肉品理化品质、质构特性和微生物稳定性的影响,针对当前存在的问题,对HPCD技术的发展前景进行了展望。     

食品中产芽孢细菌的杀菌技术研究现状与趋势

食品中的产芽孢细菌具有较强的耐热和耐压性能,是食品杀菌工序的最大难题。随着国内外一些新型杀菌技术的出现,研究不同的杀菌技术对于食品中产芽孢细菌的杀菌效应,是目前国际上食品杀菌技术研究的前沿热点问题之一。本文通过对国内外相关研究报道的收集、总结与分析,阐述食品中产芽孢细菌杀菌技术的研究现状,探讨该领域的发展趋势。     

现代物理杀菌技术

杀菌是食品生产加工中一个非常重要的环节。通过杀菌,可以有效地防止食品不受病虫害及各种菌类的危害。杀菌根据温度不同可分为热杀菌和冷杀菌,其中冷杀菌又可分为物理杀菌和化学杀菌。传统食品加工主要采用热杀菌,因而食品中热敏成分和营养物质易被破坏,褐变反应加剧,挥发性成分损失等。对于热杀菌不足之处,近年来,随着科技进步,国内外研制开发了一系列冷杀菌技术。据报道,目前先进杀菌技术包括超高压杀菌、静电杀菌、电子射线杀菌、磁场杀菌、强光脉冲杀菌、生物杀菌、容器杀菌等。由此可见,冷杀菌中物理杀菌是目前杀菌技术发展…     

预测微生物学的研究进展及其在食品中的应用

预测微生物学是食品微生物学中的一个亚学科。本文阐述了预测模型的分类及修改后主要模型的方程式;预测微生物学的研究内容,包括预测模型的改进,环境因子(温度、pH、水分活度等)对微生物(以致病菌和腐败菌为主)生长的影响以及在食品货架期预测、食品安全质量管理等方面的应用等。提出目前研究中存在的问题,并展望该领域今后的研究方向。     

Effect of High-pressure CO2 Processing on Bacterial Spores

High-pressure CO₂ (HPCD) is a nonthermal technology that can effectively inactivate the vegetative forms of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, yeasts, and molds at pressures less than 30 MPa and temperatures in the range of 20°C to 40°C. However, HPCD alone at moderate temperatures (20–40°C) is often insufficient to obtain a substantial reduction in bacterial spore counts because their structures are more complex than those of vegetative cells. In this review, we first thoroughly summarized and discussed the inactivation effect of HPCD treatment on bacterial spores. We then presented and discussed the kinetics by which bacterial spores are inactivated by HPCD treatment. We also summarized hypotheses drawn by different researchers to explain the mechanisms of spore inactivation by HPCD treatment. We then summarized the current research status and future challenges of spore inactivation by HPCD treatment.     

A comparative study of inactivation of peach polyphenol oxidase and carrot polyphenol oxidase induced by high‐pressure carbon dioxide

The inactivation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in peach juice and PPO in carrot juice was investigated by high‐pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD), and their inactivation kinetics was analysed and compared. The temperature was 35–55 °C, the pressure was 5–15 MPa under HPCD condition. Results showed that HPCD enhanced the inactivation effect of the temperature on the two PPOs. The inactivation kinetics of peach PPO was well fitted to a first‐order kinetic model, of carrot PPO to a fraction‐conversion model as a function of temperatures or pressures. Susceptibility of the rate constant k of peach PPO was not altered and of carrot PPO was lessened to the temperature, but the susceptibility of the rate constant k of peach PPO and carrot PPO to the pressure was not changed when the pressure was >8 or 12 MPa, indicating the presence of a threshold pressure.     

预测食品微生物学概述及应用

为了解预测食品微生物学的基本内容,综述了预测微生物学在食品中的应用.预测食品微生物学通过数学模型来预测微生物在不同环境条件下生长或死亡的数据.预测模型的分类有多种方法,根据微生物生长或失活的情况将预测模型分为生长模型和失活/存活模型.预测微生物模型已经广泛应用于食品安全质量管理和生产工艺中.     

The effect of high pressure carbon dioxide on the inactivation kinetics and structural alteration of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from Chinese water chestnut: An investigation using multi-spectroscopy and molecular docking methods

The effect of high pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) on the inactivation kinetic and structure of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) from Chinese water chestnut (CWC) was studied in this paper. The inactivation kinetic of PAL treated by HPCD (1–4 MPa, 35–55 °C, and 5–60 min) were determined and fitted to the first order kinetics model with calculating kinetic parameters. As revealed by the circular dichroism spectral, the α-helix and β-turn content in secondary structure increased and the β-sheet content decreased. And the intensity of the fluorescence spectra reflecting tertiary structure decreased, together with the λ_max blue-shifted with the increasing pressure. Fluorescence and circular dichroism spectral results indicated that the conformation of PAL was altered by HPCD. The findings of particle size distribution and ζ potential showed that HPCD could cause the aggregates of PAL particles. Moreover, molecular docking indicated the interactions between small molecules (CO₂, H₂CO₃, HCO₃⁻, and CO₃²⁻) and PAL might result in a decrease in PAL activity by forming steric hindrance, preventing substrate from binding. Finally, this paper proposed a potential mechanism for inactivation of PAL by HPCD treatment, where the loss in PAL activity was correlated to changes in secondary and tertiary structure of PAL, which was induced by aggregation effect of HPCD.     

Inactivation of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) extract with continuous high pressure carbon dioxide

The inactivation of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in red beet extract (RBE) with continuous high pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) was investigated. HPCD treatment at 7.5 MPa (55 °C, 30 min) resulted in a reduction of their activities by approximately 73% and 93%, respectively. Compared with thermal treatment, continuous HPCD treatment reduced the decimal reduction time (D) of POD and PPO from 555.6 min to 55.9 min and 161.3 min to 32.1 min, respectively. The inactivation process could be described by first-order kinetics (r² > 0.70, p < 0.05); D values declined when temperature increased and continuous HPCD at 7.5 MPa and 55 °C resulted in the highest reaction rate constant (k value; smallest D value). The activation energy of the inactivation was reduced by HPCD treatment from 92.5 kJ/mol to 69.8 kJ/mol and 57.1 kJ/mol to 49.5 kJ/mol for POD and PPO, respectively. Continuous HPCD treatment had little effect on the antioxidant capacities of RBE samples.     

Inactivation of polyphenol oxidase from frozen red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) by high pressure carbon dioxide treatment

The effect of high pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) treatment on polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from frozen red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) was evaluated. Moreover, the inactivation kinetics of its PPO was simulated by first‐order reaction theory. The minimum of PPO residual rate was 36.6% under 30 MPa and 55 °C for 60 min by HPCD treatment, while that was 66.8% at 55 °C for 60 min by thermal treatment. Moreover, the decimal reduction time of PPO decreased rapidly after HPCD treatment, compared to that of the thermal treatment. The thermal treatment at 55 °C takes a similar time to reach 10% PPO residual rate with HPCD treatment under 30 MPa at 35 °C. One reason for the results was that activation energy of PPO reduced from 98.9 to 14.6 kJ mol^?1 after HPCD treatment. Therefore, HPCD treatment showed stronger capacity to inactivate PPO from frozen red raspberry than the thermal treatment at same temperature.     

Enzyme Inactivation in Food Processing using High Pressure Carbon Dioxide Technology

High pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) is an effective non-thermal processing technique for inactivating deleterious enzymes in liquid and solid food systems. This processing method avoids high temperatures and exerts a minimal impact on the nutritional and sensory properties of foods, but extends shelf life by inhibiting or killing microorganisms and enzymes. Indigenous enzymes in food such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO), pectin methylesterase (PME), and lypoxygenase (LOX) may cause undesirable chemical changes in food attributes, showing the loss in color, texture, and flavor. For more than two decades, HPCD has proved its effectiveness in inactivating these enzymes. The HPCD-induced inactivation of some microbial enzymes responsible for microbial metabolism is also included. This review presents a survey of the published knowledge regarding the use of HPCD for the inactivation of these enzymes, and analyzes the factors controlling the efficiency of HPCD and speculates on the underlying mechanism that leads to enzyme inactivation.     

分子生物学技术在预测微生物学中的应用与展望

预测微生物学是食品微生物学的重要组成部分,其本质在于利用数学模型描述特定环境条件下微生物的生长和死亡规律。预测微生物模型既能应用于预测食品的货架期、控制腐败菌的滋生,又有助于完善食品微生物风险评估体系,减少致病菌的患病风险,对保障食品安全和改善公共卫生状况具有十分重要的意义。本文以综述的形式,概述预测微生物学的发展历史,并分析当前预测微生物学的研究热点。在此基础之上,着重介绍分子生物学技术在预测微生物学中应用的最新研究进展,阐述分子预测模型的概念和构建方法,并对其他分子生物学技术在预测微生物学中应用的可行性以及分子预测模型的应用前景进行展望,以期为全面推动预测微生物学这一学科的进步提供理论参考。     

Inactivation of natural microorganisms in litchi juice by high-pressure carbon dioxide combined with mild heat and nisin

The individual and combined effects of high-pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD), mild heat (MH) and nisin (200 ppm) on the inactivation of natural microorganisms, including aerobic bacteria (AB), yeasts and molds (Y&;M), in litchi juice were evaluated. The samples were treated at a pressure of 10 MPa and temperatures of 32, 42 or 52 °C for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 min. Temperature played a prominent role in the inactivation of both AB and Y&;M when combined with HPCD, particularly for AB at 52 °C and Y&;M at temperatures ≥42 °C. Nisin increased the susceptibility of AB to the combined treatment of HPCD and MH (HPCD + MH). A reduction of 4.19 log cycles was achieved by HPCD + MH at 52 °C for 15 min, and complete inactivation of AB was obtained by combination of HPCD, MH and nisin (HPCD + MH + nisin). No significant effect of nisin was found on the inactivation of Y&;M.