乳酸钙部分替代氯化钠对鸭肉干品质的影响

选用乳酸钙部分替代传统的钠盐,在钠盐使用总量1.5% 的前提上,按照氯化钠摩尔质量的20%、30%、40%、50% 设计乳酸钙的替代比,单因素试验观察不同替代比对鸭肉干色泽、质构、风味和水分活度的影响。结果表明,乳酸钙替代氯化钠可显著提高鸭肉干产品的硬度、咀嚼性、亮度L 值和黄度b 值,并显著降低鸭肉干的水分活度(P ＜ 0.05),有利于延长产品的货架期;但过量使用乳酸钙,会对鸭肉干的感官品质带来负面影响,适宜的替代比为20%～30%。因此,合理选择乳酸钙的替代比,将有利于降低传统钠盐的使用量。     

添加膳食纤维对西式火腿质构特性和色度的影响

以猪肉为原料,在西式火腿加工过程中分别添加0、2%、4%、6%、8% 的膳食纤维,利用物性测定仪和色差计研究不同膳食纤维添加量对西式火腿的剪切力、硬度、弹性、黏聚性、胶着性、咀嚼性、回复性以及色泽的影响。结果表明：膳食纤维添加后对西式火腿的剪切力、硬度、黏聚性、胶着性、咀嚼性以及回复性有明显的影响,对色度(总色差、Δa* 值、Δb* 值、白度、黄度)也有明显影响,西式火腿中膳食纤维的添加量在4%～6% 合适。     

番茄酱对西式盐水火腿感官品质及抗氧化能力的影响

为了充分利用番茄酱富含番茄红素的特点,进而探究新型西式盐水火腿加工工艺方法。本研究在西式盐水火腿的滚揉腌制过程中添加0%(对照组)、5%(低水平组)、10%(中水平组)和15%(高水平组)番茄酱,测定了西式盐水火腿p H、压榨失水率、质构、色泽和丙二醛含量指标的变化,并对产品进行感官评定。结果表明:随着番茄酱浓度的递增,p H逐渐降低,色泽逐渐向橙红色转化,抗氧化能力逐渐增强。而高水平组相对其他三组压榨损失率显著增高(p0.05),硬度显著降低(p0.05),口感偏酸,其他三组的感官品质无显著性差异(p0.05)。综合各项指标变化,中水平组不会显著影响产品的感官品质,且可以更好地改善西式盐水火腿的色泽,抑制脂肪氧化。     

抗坏血酸钙部分替代氯化钠对猪肉品质的影响

以猪里脊肉为研究对象,分别以氯化钠质量体积浓度(w/v)替代比为5%、10%、15%、20%的抗坏血酸钙替代腌制液中的氯化钠,研究抗坏血酸钙在肉制品中作为氯化钠替代物的可能性。研究表明:不同替代比的抗坏血酸钙对里脊肉的蒸煮损失、产品得率和持水性无显著影响(p0.05);抗坏血酸钙能显著提高里脊肉的a*值,使L*值显著降低(p0.05),而对b*值无显著影响(p0.05);抗坏血酸钙能显著提高里脊肉内聚力,而对硬度、弹性、回复性和咀嚼性无显著影响(p0.05);同时抗坏血酸钙部分替代氯化钠后对里脊肉感官品质无显著影响(p0.05)。抗坏血酸钙在肉制品中不影响肉制品品质,可作为氯化钠的替代物减少猪肉中的食盐添加量。     

钠盐替代物对西式火腿品质的影响

通过肉汤模拟得出西式火腿中各替代盐的最大添加比例,并根据比例制作对照组、低钠盐组、氯化钾组、氯化钙组、乳酸钾组西式火腿,研究不同替代盐对西式火腿品质的影响。结果表明：通过模拟肉汤的感官评价,确定各替代盐的最适添加比例分别为氯化钾30%、氯化钙25%、乳酸钾35%;不同替代盐会对西式火腿的水分含量、汁液流失、质构及感官评分等造成显著差异（P＜0.05）,但并不会造成明显的色泽变化;其中低钠盐组西式火腿的综合品质最差,具体表现为水分含量最低（59.8%）、硬度最高（3 704 g）及口感得分最低（7.8 分）等,而乳酸钾相比低盐钠组品质仅有略微提升;氯化钾组和对照组西式火腿品质最为相似,感官评分、水分含量及质构等均无显著差异;氯化钙组西式火腿品质最好,表现为蒸煮损失最低（6.51%）及感官得分最高（9.1 分）等。因此,从最大钠盐替代量方面考虑,30%氯化钾组最为适合,而从提升西式火腿品质方面考虑,25%氯化钙组更为适合。     

不同宰后时间冷冻和解冻速率对西式火腿品质的影响

采用均匀实验设计,以猪后腿肉为生产原料进行西式火腿的生产,研究宰后不同时间冷冻和解冻速率对西式火腿出品率、TBARS、色差(L*、a*和b*)和质构特性的相关性,结果表明:两种因素对感官评分和a*影响不大,且解冻速率对产品硬度无关,两因素对出品率、色泽(L*和b*)、TBARS、弹性、咀嚼性和内聚性影响显著(p0.05)。当用较慢的方式解冻时,宰后冷冻越晚,产品出品率、TBARS、L*、b*、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性逐渐升高;当解冻速率较大时,宰后冷冻越早,出品率、L*、b*弹性、咀嚼性和内聚性升高,TBARS减小,西式火腿的硬度随宰后不同时间冷冻的延迟,硬度逐渐升高。经过数据优化得知,解冻速率越大,冷冻越晚,所生产的西式火腿的品质更好。     

菌种配比对发酵猪耳西式火腿品质的影响

以猪耳为原料,经乳酸菌发酵加工西式火腿。借助国际通用的物性测定仪,通过单因子试验探讨了发酵猪耳西式火腿在加工过程中乳酸菌菌种配比对该产品的物性(包括硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、凝聚性、黏着性和脆性)、出品率、pH值以及感官品质的影响。结果表明:①以乳酸菌接种量15%,发酵24h计,当菌种-A和菌种-B按1∶1的比例组合时,产品可获得较理想的pH值和感官评分。②菌种配比对产品的物性有显著的影响,但无明显的规律,各物性之间也无明显的相关性。③发酵菌种配比对产品出品率没有显著的影响。     

正交实验优化西式火腿食用品质

为了研究低温腌制过程中西式火腿最佳的食用品质优化工艺,通过四因素三水平L9(34)正交实验考察脂肪酶、转谷氨酰胺酶、复合磷酸盐、风味蛋白酶四种对西式火腿食用品质影响较大的因素对产品压力损失、色差和质构特性的影响。并对产品的组织状态、色泽、风味、口感进行感官评定。结果表明:最优工艺为脂肪酶添加量0.9%、TG酶添加量0.1%、复合磷酸盐添加量0.4%、风味蛋白酶添加量0.01%。该组合能显著提高西式火腿的质构特性,并有令人满意的感官品质。该研究得出的优化组合为西式火腿的生产提供了理论参考。     

3种氨基酸对西式熏煮火腿品质及N-亚硝胺形成的影响

为探讨氨基酸对西式熏煮火腿品质及N-亚硝胺(N-亚硝基二甲胺(N-nitrosodimethylamine,NDMA)、N-亚硝基二正丙胺(N-nitrosodi-npropylamine,NDPA)和N-亚硝基吡咯烷(N-nitrosopyrrolidine,NPYR))形成的影响,将不同含量亚硝酸钠(0、150、480 mg/kg)和3种氨基酸(精氨酸、丙氨酸、脯氨酸)1 000 mg/kg添加于西式熏煮火腿配料中,研究其对西式熏煮火腿产品的质构、色差、pH值、硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS)值、水分和蒸煮损失等品质变化,和对亚硝酸盐残留量及N-亚硝胺形成作用的影响规律。结果表明,精氨酸和丙氨酸降低了亚硝酸盐残留量,添加脯氨酸组则相反;3种氨基酸均显著增加NDPA含量,加脯氨酸产品的NPYR含量显著高于其他2种氨基酸的产品;3种氨基酸均显著增加火腿的硬度、内聚性、咀嚼性、a*值和pH值,并降低产品的L*、b*值、TBARS值和蒸煮损失;精氨酸增强弹性,丙氨酸和脯氨酸降低弹性;精氨酸和脯氨酸增强胶着性,丙氨酸降低胶着性。3种氨基酸均可改善产品品质,抑制产品氧化,可作为品质改良剂,但会促进N-亚硝胺的形成,应减少产品中这3种氨基酸的含量抑制N-亚硝胺的生成。本研究可为肉类产品品质的提高、N-亚硝胺抑制和形成机理的深入研究奠定理论基础并提供借鉴参考。     

乳酸菌接种量对发酵猪耳西式火腿品质的影响

以猪耳为原料经乳酸菌发酵加工西式火腿，探讨了在发酵猪耳西式火腿加工过程中乳酸菌接种量对产品的物性（包括硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、凝聚性、粘着性和脆性）、出品率、pH值以及感官品质的影响。结果表明：以保加利亚乳杆菌（Lactobacillus bulgaricus）和植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）按l：l的比例组合。发酵24h计，乳酸菌接种量为15％（菌种培养液体积：浸泡液体积×100）时，产品可获得较为理想的酸度和感官评分，而乳酸菌接种量对产品的物性和出品率没有明显规律性影响。     

OPTIMIZATION OF TUMBLING AND KCI SUBSTITUTION IN LOW SODIUM RESTRUCTURED HAMS

Criteria to reduce sodium in restructured ham were developed by analyzing the effects of tumbling time (X1), tumbling speed (X2), and KCl substitution level (X3). Tumbled (68 kPa abs., 2 ° C) hams, stuffed into two 60 mm diameter water proof casings, were cooked in a water bath at 75°C to an internal temperature of 70±1°C. Quality was measured by evaluating color, shrinkage, textural parameters, water holding capacity (WHC), and sensory attributes. The conditions of XI = 15.6 h, X2 = 12 rpm, and X3 = 15.2% NaCl substitution with KCl minimized shrinkage and maximized cooked yield and WHC. Similarly, the conditions of X1 = 12.4 h, X2 = 16.8 rpm, and X3 = 18.3% substitution provided the optimal sensory attributes.     

Effects of sodium lactate and other additives in a cooked ham product on sensory quality and development of a strain of Lactobacillus curvatus and Listeria monocytogenes.

Cooked cured ham products were produced according to a standard recipe for cooked ham with various levels of sodium lactate, sodium diacetate or buffered sodium citrate. They were compared with a reference ham product with respect to sensory quality and growth of Lactobacillus curvatus and Listeria monocytogenes. For this, a part of the products was sensory analysed directly after preparation. Another part of the cooked ham products was minced and homogeneously inoculated with L. curvatus (10(4)/g) and L. monocytogenes (10(2)/g) and filled in 60-g plastic pouches. After vacuum packaging, the pouches were stored at 4 degrees C for up to 40 days. Between the different ham compositions, only minor differences were found for appearance, internal colour, structure and firmness. The addition of 0.2% Na-diacetate had a negative effect on the odour and taste of the ham product. The addition of 2.5% to 3.3% Na-lactate inhibited the growth of L. curvatus compared to the reference, while 0.1% and 0.2% Na-diacetate did not. L. monocytogenes was best inhibited by the addition of Na-lactate but also by the addition of 0.2% Na-diacetate. On the other hand, the growth of L. monocytogenes was stimulated by the addition of 1% buffered Na-citrate.     

The effect of salt reduction on sensory quality and microbial growth in hotdog sausages,bacon, ham and salami

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a multi-functional ingredient used to inhibit microbial growth and to ensure good texture and taste in processed meat. This study showed how moderately (22–25%) and greatly (43–50%) reduction of NaCl affected yield, sensory quality and microbial growth in hotdog sausages, bacon, cooked cured ham and salami. In greatly reduced products, the yield was reduced by 8% in sausages and 6% in ham, whereas the yield in bacon and salami remained unaffected. The microbial growth was generally not affected by reducing the content of NaCl to 2.0% in sausages, 2.3% in bacon, 1.7% in ham and 6.3% in salami (aqueous phase). Salt taste, juiciness and texture were the sensory parameters most affected by the NaCl reduction. In sausages and ham, reduction from 2.2% to 1.7% and from 2.3% to 1.3% (w/w), respectively, did not alter the sensory properties. In contrast, the sensory properties of bacon and salami were significantly affected already after a moderately reduction.     

Use of calcium lactate with salt-phosphate and alginate-calcium gels in restructured pork rolls

The study was carried out to evaluate restructured pork rolls (RPR) prepared by using salt-phosphate and alginate-calcium gels with or without calcium lactate. Five types of RPR were prepared with: (1) 1.75% sodium chloride+0.3 phosphate (SP); (2) 1.75% sodium chloride+0.3% phosphate+0.3% calcium lactate (SPL); (3) 0.7% sodium alginate+0.125% calcium carbonate (AC); (4) 0.7% sodium alginate+0.3% calcium lactate (AL); and (5) 0.7% sodium alginate+0.125% calcium carbonate+0.3% calcium lactate (ACL). Cooking yield and cooked binding strength were significantly (P<0.05) higher in RPR containing salt and phosphate whereas pH and raw binding strength were significantly (P<0.05) higher in RPR containing alginate and calcium. Texture profile analysis indicated significantly (P<0.05) higher firmness and cohesiveness in RPR containing SPL and ACL. Sensory scores were significantly (P<0.05) higher in SP, SPL and ACL than AC and AL treatments. Results of storage studies indicated significant (P<0.05) increases in pH, TBARS numbers, metmyoglobin and microbial counts with storage in all the treatments. The results suggest that quality characteristics of raw product were better when RPR were prepared with alginate-calcium whereas quality characteristics of cooked product were better when rolls were prepared with salt-phosphate. Further, addition of calcium lactate improved sensory characteristics and shelf life of both alginate-calcium and salt-phosphate restructured pork rolls.     

Potassium chloride, potassium lactate and glycine as sodium chloride substitutes in fermented sausages and in dry-cured pork loin

Salt is essential in the elaboration of dry meat products, contributing to their texture and flavour development. The effect brought about by substituting NaCl with KCl (0-60%), potassium lactate (0-100%) and glycine (0-100%) on the texture, flavour and colour characteristics of fermented sausages and dry-cured pork loins was evaluated. Texture profile analysis and a sensory analysis were performed. Important flavour defects were detected with substitutions above 40% for the three substituents in both products, and with substitutions above 30% for glycine in dry-cured loin. A loss of cohesiveness was detected by the sensory analysis in fermented sausages at substitution levels higher than 30% with potassium lactate (K-lactate) and higher than 50% with glycine. Although the instrumental analysis detected texture changes in dry-cured loin, the sensory analysis did not detect any substitution effect on texture.     

响应面法优化低钠盐水火腿加工工艺

为研究一种低钠盐水火腿的加工工艺,选取复合磷酸盐添加量、盐水注射量、滚揉时间和低钠盐替代比为考察因素,通过单因素实验探究对低钠盐水火腿得率、保水性、质构和异味(仅低钠盐替代比需测定)的影响,利用响应面法,以得率和保水性作为响应值进行优化,并根据实际可操作性调整,得到低钠盐水火腿的加工工艺。结果表明,低钠盐水火腿的最优加工工艺为:复合磷酸盐添加量0.39%,盐水注射量15%,滚揉时间15 h,低钠盐替代比53%。在此条件下,低钠盐水火腿的得率为(93.88%±2.05%),保水性为(87.37%±1.82%),与预测值非常接近。在该工艺下,得到的低钠盐水火腿具有良好的得率、保水性和质构,并且无异味;此外,与普通盐水火腿相比,钠含量降低了27%,为低钠盐水火腿的加工提供了技术支撑。     

Utilization of Pork Collagen Protein in Emulsified and Whole Muscle Meat Products

ABSTRACT: Effects of pork collagen in emulsified and whole muscle products were evaluated. Eight frankfurter treatments (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, and 3.5% pork collagen) and 4 ham treatments (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% pork collagen) were formulated. Frankfurters and hams were evaluated for cooked yields, purge, color, texture, and sensory characteristics. Incorporation of pork collagen at 1% and above significantly ( P < 0.05) increased cooked and chilled yields in frankfurters but did not have any effect in hams. Purge was significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced in both frankfurters and hams after 4 wk of storage. Sensory difference testing showed no significant difference up to 2% usage level of pork collagen in both frankfurters and hams ( P > 0.05).     

Effect of cooking bag and netting packaging on the quality of pork ham during water cooking

As a preliminary test for combining water cooking with vacuum cooling in soup of pork ham, three package treatments were designed to study the effect of cooking bag and netting on the quality of water cooked ham, i.e. ham cooked with a cooking bag and without a cooking bag (single netting and double netting). For treatments without a cooking bag, the results indicated that there was no significant superiority of ham cooked with double netting compared with ham cooked with single netting on the processing efficiency and quality characteristics. Although the hams cooked with a bag performed better in some chemical retentions and pigment, the water contents were significantly lower than those hams cooked in single netting (P<0.05), and there was a higher shrinkage tendency compared with the hams cooked without a bag. For the processing characteristics and texture properties of pork ham, there were no significant differences observed among the treatments with and without a cooking bag in terms of the combined effect of cooking and cooling (P>0.05). By considering the safety, convenience, cost, and the recovery effect on the quality changes of ham during vacuum cooling in soup, cooking with single netting is a better choice for future research.