二苯甲酮和1-羟基环己基苯基甲酮从食品包装纸向奶粉与Tenax迁移研究

对二苯甲酮和1-羟基环己基苯基甲酮在高温条件下从食品包装纸（白卡纸和牛皮纸）向脂肪类模拟物Tenax以及全脂奶粉中的迁移规律进行研究。为避开奶粉中杂质色谱峰的干扰,气相色谱的升温条件为柱温：80 ℃保留3 min,温度以20 ℃/min 的速率升到150 ℃,保留10 min,然后再以30 ℃/min 升到290 ℃保留10 min。结果表明：温度越高,光引发剂向食品的迁移率就越高,且迁移速率也越大,达到平衡的时间也越短。纸张本身对脂肪的渗透能力是影响污染物迁移的重要影响因素,在高温下包装含脂量较高的食品时,应尽量避免选用脂肪渗透能力较强的纸张。光引发剂由同种纸质食品包装材料分别向Tenax和全脂奶粉迁移的研究表明,光引发剂向奶粉迁移的迁出率较高,奶粉作为一种真实的食品,有很好的吸附能力,因而适合用于做迁移研究,且奶粉成分复杂,更能代表真实食品的特性。     

微波条件下二苯甲酮与1-羟基环己基苯基甲酮从微波纸向Tenax中的迁移规律

采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对不同微波100、250、440、600W条件下二苯甲酮(BP)和1-羟基环己基苯基甲酮(HCH)从微波纸向脂肪类模拟物Tenax中的迁移规律进行研究。在此基础上,将微波加热的迁移结果与常用恒温迁移实验方法的结果进行比较。结果表明:BP在微波250W和440W时的最大迁移率几乎相同,而HCH在微波440W和600W时最大迁移率几乎相同,且微波条件下的最大迁移率小于常用恒温条件下的最大迁移率。除了功率的作用,温度和所做功对BP和HCH的迁移也有影响,且相比常用恒温加热的迁移实验,微波加热能加快BP和HCH在脂肪类物质中迁移行为的发生,但最大迁移率降低。     

快餐包装纸中矿物油向固体食品模拟物的迁移

研究从市场上收集到的24种快餐包装纸中的矿物油向固体食品模拟物Tenax的迁移规律.在多个不同的迁移条件(40℃/0.5、1、2、3h,40℃/10 d和70℃/2 h),探究矿物油的迁移行为及其影响因素,以评价其安全性.选择正己烷-乙醇(1∶1,V/V)混合溶液对Tenax进行过夜萃取,采用质量分数0.3％硝酸银固相...     

盐和糖含量对食品复合袋中二氨基二苯甲烷迁移的影响

采用液相色谱-质谱（liquidchromatography-massspectrometry,LC-MS）法检测二氨基甲苯（diaminotoluene,TDA）和二氨基二苯甲烷（diaminodiphenylmethane,MDA）同分异构体的迁移量。调查了市场上10种食品复合袋中TDA和MDA向4%乙酸的迁移水平。此外,将盐析、糖析辅助液液萃取与LC-MS结合,研究氯化钠和蔗糖对食品复合袋中2,4’-MDA和2,2’-MDA向10%乙醇溶液和水迁移的影响。结果显示：4,4’-MDA、2,4’-MDA和2,2’-MDA在4个样品中被测出,其中一个样品的MDA总迁移量超过10μg/kg。盐、糖的存在对2,4’-MDA和2,2’-MDA向10%乙醇溶液和水迁移产生显著影响（P<0.05）,迁移量随着食品模拟物中盐、糖质量浓度的增加（2、5、10、15、20 g/100 mL）显著降低（P<0.05）。对用于高盐、糖食品的包装迁移测试时,可能需要调整食品模拟物。     

聚酰胺/聚丙烯蒸煮袋中2,4-二氨基甲苯和4,4’-二氨基二苯甲烷向酸性食品模拟物的迁移分析

采用液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱（liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS）法,测定尼龙/聚丙烯（polyamide/cast polypropylene,PA/CPP）蒸煮袋中2 种初级芳香胺（primary aromatic amines,PAAs）物质2,4-二氨基甲苯（2,4-diaminotoluene,2,4-TDA）和4,4’-二氨基二苯甲烷（4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane,4,4’-MDA）向4%乙酸食品模拟液的迁移量,并研究不同热处理及杀菌方式（巴氏杀菌、蒸、煮、高温灭菌、紫外杀菌）对蒸煮袋中这2 种物质向4%乙酸食品模拟物中迁移的影响。实验结果表明：LC-MS/MS检测2,4-TDA和4,4’-MDA迁移量的检出限均不大于0.02 μg/kg,定量限均不大于0.05 μg/kg,满足欧盟标准中对于PAAs限量的检测要求。在此基础上,研究发现除紫外杀菌对2,4-TDA和4,4’-MDA的迁移无显著影响外,巴氏杀菌、蒸、煮、高温灭菌均会促进PA/CPP蒸煮袋中2,4-TDA和4,4’-MDA向4%乙酸溶液的迁移,迁移量随着迁移温度的升高显著增加（P＜0.05）。根据迁移结果可知,在对蒸煮袋包装的食品进行杀菌处理时,紫外和巴氏杀菌是相对安全的处理方式;另外,在对蒸煮袋包装的食品进行加热时,相比煮,蒸是更为安全的一种加热方式。而在121 ℃高温灭菌15 min条件下,2 种PA/CPP样品袋中4,4’-MDA的迁移量分别达到2.733 μg/kg和3.113 μg/kg,均高于欧盟正在修订的对单个PAAs的迁移限量（0.002 mg/kg）,具有潜在的食品安全风险。可见,当利用PA/CPP蒸煮袋包装食品时,不同热处理方式对胶黏剂中PAAs的迁移量及食品安全的影响值得重点关注。     

Migration of fluorochemical paper additives from food-contact paper into foods and food simulants

Fluorochemical-treated paper was tested to determine the amount of migration that occurs into foods and food-simulating liquids and the characteristics of the migration. Migration characteristics of fluorochemicals from paper were examined in Miglyol, butter, water, vinegar, water-ethanol solutions, emulsions and pure oil containing small amounts of emulsifiers. Additionally, microwave popcorn and chocolate spread were used to investigate migration. Results indicate that fluorochemicals paper additives do migrate to food during actual package use. For example, we found that microwave popcorn contained 3.2 fluorochemical mg kg^-1 popcorn after popping and butter contained 0.1 mg kg^-1 after 40 days at 4°C. Tests also indicate that common food-simulating liquids for migration testing and package material evaluation might not provide an accurate indication of the amount of fluorochemical that actually migrates to food. Tests show that oil containing small amounts of an emulsifier can significantly enhance migration of a fluorochemical from paper.     

Migration of fluorochemical paper additives from food-contact paper into foods and food simulants

Fluorochemical-treated paper was tested to determine the amount of migration that occurs into foods and food-simulating liquids and the characteristics of the migration. Migration characteristics of fluorochemicals from paper were examined in Miglyol, butter, water, vinegar, water–ethanol solutions, emulsions and pure oil containing small amounts of emulsifiers. Additionally, microwave popcorn and chocolate spread were used to investigate migration. Results indicate that fluorochemicals paper additives do migrate to food during actual package use. For example, we found that microwave popcorn contained 3.2 fluorochemical mg kg^?1 popcorn after popping and butter contained 0.1 mg kg^?1 after 40 days at 4°C. Tests also indicate that common food-simulating liquids for migration testing and package material evaluation might not provide an accurate indication of the amount of fluorochemical that actually migrates to food. Tests show that oil containing small amounts of an emulsifier can significantly enhance migration of a fluorochemical from paper.     

Migration of Ti from nano-TiO2-polyethylene composite packaging into food simulants

An analytical method based on ICP-MS was developed for the determination of Ti in food simulants (3% (w/v) aqueous acetic acid and 50% (v/v) aqueous ethanol). The method was used to determine the migration of Ti from nano-TiO₂-PE films used for food packaging into food simulants under different temperature and migration time conditions. The maximum migration amounts into 3% (w/v) aqueous acetic acid were 1.4 ± 0.02, 6.3 ± 0.5 and 12.1 ± 0.2 μg kg^?1 at 25, 70 and 100°C, respectively, while into 50% (v/v) aqueous ethanol, the maximum migration amounts were 0.5 ± 0.1, 0.6 ± 0.03 and 2.1 ± 0.1 μg kg^?1 at 25, 70 and 100°C, respectively. Increasing the additive content in the film promoted migration of nanoparticles. The results indicated that the migration of nanoparticles might occur via dissolution from the surface and cut edges of the solid phase (film) into the liquid phase (food simulant).     

Migration of a UV stabilizer from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into food simulants

The migration characteristics of the UV stabilizer Tinuvin 234 (2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis (1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol) into food simulants has been measured from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) using HPLC with UV detection. Ethanol/water, isooctane and a fractionated coconut oil simulant (Miglyol®) were used as food simulating solvents. The migration characteristics were measured at temperatures in the range of 40-70°C. Diffusion coefficients were determined to be in the range of 1 × 10^-14 cm² s^-1 to 1 × 10^-18 cm² s^-1. At 40°C, the amount of migration into 95% ethanol after 10 days was 2 μg dm^-2. Isooctane is determined to be a good fatty food simulant that provides similar results for PET to those of fatty foods.     

Study of silver ion migration from melt-blended and layered-deposited silver polyethylene nanocomposite into food simulants and apple juice

Colloidal silver nanoparticles were prepared via chemical reduction using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a reducing agent, stabiliser and solvent. Silver polyethylene nanocomposites were produced via two methods, namely: melt blending and layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition of silver nanoparticles onto a polyethylene film. The silver ion release from either melt-blended or LBL-deposited nanocomposites into a food simulant and apple juice during 30 days at 4°C and 40°C was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The effects of incorporating or coating of silver nanoparticles, silver concentration, contact media, temperature and time on silver ion migration were evaluated using factorial design. The diffusion coefficients of silver ions into the food simulants and apple juice were calculated using the Miltz model. The results indicated that the production method of nanocomposite, silver concentration, temperature, time and contact media showed a significant effect (p < 0.05) on silver ion migration. The quantity of silver ion migration from the nanocomposites into the food simulants and apple juice was less than the cytotoxicity-level concentration (10 mg kg^?1) in all cases over 30 days. The coating of silver nanoparticles, higher silver concentration in the nanocomposite, higher temperature and acidic property of contact liquid all promoted the silver ion release from the nanocomposite films. The migration of silver ions from nanocomposites obeyed first-order diffusion kinetics.     

有机涂层食品接触材料中甲醛在食品模拟物中迁移规律的研究

目的 研究了有机涂层食品接触材料中毒害物质甲醛在食品模拟物中的迁移规律。方法 根据产品的实际使用条件,以食品模拟物对样品进行模拟浸泡,以乙酰丙酮分光光度法对食品模拟物中甲醛迁移量进行测定。结果 在相同的使用条件下,酸性模拟物中甲醛的迁移量最大;在接触同种食品模拟物时,甲醛的迁移量随着高压灭菌时间的延长和灭菌温度的升高而增加;货架存放时间对甲醛的迁移量无明显影响。结论 通过对甲醛迁移规律的考察,得出了有机涂层食品接触中甲醛的迁移风险。     

Migration of antimony from PET containers into regulated EU food simulants

Antimony migration from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers into aqueous (distilled water, 3% acetic acid, 10% and 20% ethanol) and fatty food simulants (vegetable oil), as well as into vinegar, was studied. Test conditions were according to the recent European Regulation 10/2011 (EU, 2011). Sb migration was assayed by ICP-MS and HG-AFS. The results showed that Sb migration values ranged from 0.5 to 1.2 μg Sb/l, which are far below the maximum permissible migration value for Sb, 40 μg Sb/kg, (EU, Regulation 10/2011). Parameters as temperature and bottle re-use influence were studied. To assess toxicity, antimony speciation was performed by HPLC-ICP-MS and HG-AFS. While Sb(V) was the only species detected in aqueous simulants, an additional species (Sb–acetate complex) was measured in wine vinegar. Unlike most of the studies reported in the literature, migration tests were based on the application of the EU directive, which enables comparison and harmonisation of results.     

Migration of substances from food packaging materials to foods

The employment of novel food packaging materials has increased the number of occurring hazards due to the migration from packaging material to the packaged food. Although polymers have mainly monopolized the interest of migration testing and experimentation, recent studies have revealed that migration also occurs from "traditional" materials generally considered to be safe, such as paper, carton, wood, ceramic, and metal. The regulations and the directives of the EU tend to become stricter in this respect. The emphasis is on reaching a consensus in terms of food simulants and testing conditions for migration studies. Furthermore, the list of hazardous monomers, oligomers, and additives continues to augment in order to ensure that the consumer safety is in current agreement with the HACCP, which is continuously gaining ground.     

纸质包装材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质向Tenax和奶粉的迁移

采用气相质谱联用对100、70与50℃条件下10种邻苯二甲酸酯类物质从微波纸和牛皮纸向脂肪类模拟物Tenax和奶粉中的迁移行为进行了研究。以温度、分子结构、纸张特性等为主要考虑因素,探究了邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的迁移行为。结果表明,邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的迁移行为受温度、时间、纸张特性、分子量等因素影响,一般随着温度的升高、纸张克重及厚度减小、分子量的降低,最大迁移率越高,但迁移率也受到分子结构及迁移底物的影响。      

Migration kinetics of four photo-initiators from paper food packaging to solid food simulants

ABSTRACT

The migration behaviour of four photo-initiators (BP, EHA, MBP and Irgacure 907) was studied by ‘printing’ onto four different food-packaging materials (Kraft paper, white cardboard, Polyethylene (PE)-coated paper and composite paper) and tracking movement into the food simulant: Tenax-TA (porous polymer 2,6-diphenyl furan resin). The results indicated that the migration of the photo-initiators was related to the molecular weight and log K_o/w of each photo-initiator. At different temperatures, the migration rates of the photo-initiators were different in papers with different thicknesses. The amount of each photo-initiator found in the food was closely related to the food matrix. The Weibull model was used to predict the migration load into the food simulants by calculating the parameters τ and β and determining the relationship of the two parameters with temperature and paper thickness. The established Weibull model was then used to predict the migration of each photo-initiator with respect to different foods. A two-parameter Weibull model fitted the actual situation, with some deviation from the actual migration amount.