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1.
Leschied Alan W.; Cummings Anne L.; Van Brunschot Michelle; Cunningham Alison; Saunders Angela 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2001,42(3):200
This review of literature focuses on aggression and adolescent girls. Official crime statistics from Statistics Canada show an increase in violent offenses by girls. This statistic has created considerable interest in a heretofore largely ignored area of childhood maladjustment. Differences regarding the development and expression of aggression with girls in contrast to boys is provided. The authors argue that, in the context of what is acknowledged to be a limited literature, there are important themes for human service-providers and policy-makers to consider in examining assessment, treatment, and prevention strategies for aggressive adolescent girls. Finally, an orientation towards furthering a research agenda in the area of aggression with adolescent girls is provided. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
2.
An evolution-based framework for understanding biological and cultural influences on children's cognitive and academic development is presented. The utility of this framework is illustrated within the mathematical domain and serves as a foundation for examining current approaches to educational reform in the United States. Within this framework, there are two general classes of cognitive ability, biologically primary and biologically secondary. Biologically primary cognitive abilities appear to have evolved largely by means of natural or sexual selection. Biologically secondary cognitive abilities reflect the co-optation of primary abilities for purposes other than the original evolution-based function and appear to develop only in specific cultural contexts. A distinction between these classes of ability has important implications for understanding children's cognitive development and achievement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
3.
Suggests that therapists who work with adolescents would benefit greatly from information on typical adolescent development. An empirically based Framework for Understanding Adolescent Development is presented, detailing the normative changes of the adolescent developmental period. Treatment implications of each component of the framework are discussed. The importance of various types of knowledge that are necessary for the clinician to work effectively with adolescent clients is emphasized (i.e., knowledge of developmental norms, developmental level, developmental transitions, developmental predictors, and developmental psychopathology). Recommendations are given for how a developmental perspective can be integrated into training and intervention endeavors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
4.
Reviews literature on differences in characteristics of language development. Some children have been found to emphasize single words, simple productive rules for combining words, nouns and noun phrases, and referential functions; others use whole phrases and formulas, pronouns, compressed sentences, and expressive or social functions. The evidence for 2 styles of acquisition and their continuity over time is examined. Explanations in terms of hemispheric functions, cognitive maturation, cognitive style, and environmental context are considered, and an explanation in terms of the interaction of individual and environment in different functional contexts is suggested. Implications for development and the mastery of complex systems are discussed. (51 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
5.
Research on the development of adolescents has made significant progress in the past 10–25 yrs, but is not yet fully mature. Future research must (1) deepen the recent work in understanding normal adolescent development, particularly among American youth from understudied racial and ethnic minority groups and through more longitudinal studies; (2) balance pressures to implement urgent preventive interventions for adolescents with the need for systematic evaluations that will lead to improvements in these approaches, including those that promote healthy patterns in all adolescents and target clusters of health-compromising behaviors rather than single ones; and (3) identify specific features of the range of settings in which adolescents participate that do or do not foster healthy development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
6.
Beardslee William R.; Schultz Lynn H.; Selman Robert L. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1987,23(6):807
This study examines the relation between the developmental social-cognitive capacity for interpersonal negotiation and both parental-risk and adolescent-outcome variables in 172 adolescents 11 to 19 years of age. The sample was divided into two groups: those at risk because of affective disorder in one or both of their parents and a comparison group whose parents have never experienced affective illness. Adolescents' interpersonal negotiation strategy (INS) levels were negatively associated with the duration of parental affective illness (and with associated lower socioeconomic status and marital discord). INS level significantly predicted adolescents' adaptive social functioning (AFR) even after controlling for age, sex, intelligence, number of adolescent diagnoses, and parental-risk factors. Two additional patterns were found in the risk group: adolescents with both high AFR and high INS, and adolescents who have disturbed functioning despite high INS. These findings are consistent with a risk model in which social-cognitive capacity mediates between parental disorder and adaptive child behavior, and they suggest the importance of assessing children at risk with a developmental measure of relational capacity to complement the more traditional diagnostic and behavioral outcome measures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
7.
The adolescent identity, media, and sociocognitive schema (AIMSS) framework offers a theoretical understanding of adolescent consumption and cognitive processing of media entertainment. Review and integration of mass communication theory, developmental theory, and ecological theory serves as the conceptual foundation. The framework outlines linkages between media exposure and adolescent development, in particular adolescent identity formation and social competence. A key contribution of the model is consideration of the positive and negative aspects of adolescent cognition and behavioral functioning. The present article offers several recommendations for testing the utility of the AIMSS framework. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
8.
Emerging views of gender are used to explicate ways in which gender affects the mentoring process of psychologists for professional roles, particularly the mentoring of women. Three aspects of mentoring functions are identified in which women mentoring women in educational and occupational settings could be quite different from men mentoring women: (1) creating new images of protégés as professional psychologists, (2) using the relationship to empower protégés, and (3) the sponsorship of protégés. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
9.
Achenbach Thomas M.; McConaughy Stephanie H.; Howell Catherine T. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1987,101(2):213
Our purpose in this article was to determine the degree of consistency between different informants' reports of the behavioral/emotional problems of subjects aged from 1? to 19 years. We found 269 samples in 119 studies for meta-analyses of Pearson rs between ratings by parents, teachers, mental health workers, observers, peers, and the subjects themselves. The mean rs between all types of informants were statistically significant. The mean rs were .60 between similar informants (e.g., pairs of parents), .28 between different types of informants (e.g., parent/teacher), and .22 between subjects and other informants. Correlations were significantly higher for 6- to 11-year-olds than for adolescents, and for undercontrolled versus overcontrolled problems, although these differences were not large. The modest correlations between informants indicate that child and adolescent problems are not effectively captured by present-versus-absent judgments of problems. Instead, the variations between reports by different informants argue for assessment in terms of multiple axes designed to reflect the perceived variations in child and adolescent functioning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
10.
195 African-American adolescents completed measures of knowledge related to AIDS, attitudes toward condoms, health locus of control, vulnerability to HIV infection, peer sexual norms, personal sexual behavior for the past 6 mo, and contraceptive preferences. Hotelling's T–2 tests revealed that girls were more knowledgeable about AIDS, reported fewer sexual partners, held more positive attitudes toward precautionary sexual behavior, and perceived themselves to have greater control than boys. Five variables accounted for 44% of the variance in condom use: condom use from the 1st intercourse occasion, earlier grade in school, lower belief in an external locus of control, and higher scores on the Effect on Sexual Experience and Self-Control subscales of the Condom Attitude Scale. Implications for the content, format, and timing of HIV prevention with African-American adolescents are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
11.
Articles in this issue by A. C. Casiglia, A. LoCoco, and C. Zappulla; D. S. Crystal, H. Watanabe, K. Weinfurt, and C. Wu; M. Keller, N. Edelstein, C. Schmid, F. -X. Fang, and G. Fang; and J. J. Han, M. D. Leichtman, and Q. Wang are discussed according to (a) the extent to which cultural variability can be reconciled with developmental theory and (b) the dimensions of cultural variability that matter most for development. It is argued that (a) cross-cultural research needs to be predicted on a model of how culture interacts with the forces that underlie and guide development and (b) the interpretation of cross-cultural research is severely limited without the direct measurement of the specific culture-related variables and processes that are hypothesized to account for diversity in development. Finally, within-culture variability needs to be studied in conjunction with between culture variability so that a full model of diversity and development can be constructed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
12.
Five years ago, a special section on "Developmental Psychopathology in Children of Depressed Mothers" was published in this journal (see Vol. 26, pp. 3-67). The present special section deals also with this topic and includes seven empirical articles. It is the product of several successful journal submissions that occurred in relatively close succession. The articles were not specifically targeted beforehand to be broadly representative of research in this domain. Work from some other excellent research programs is not included. Thus, although the content of this special section cannot be viewed as a comprehensive cross-section of current research directions, it does provide an occasion for readers to begin to assess continuities and changes in this research domain. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
13.
The APA uses amicus briefs to communicate scientific knowledge to the legal system. There can be tension, however, between promoting the social good through law and the disinterested reporting of scientific data. This article examines this conflict by discussing two APA amicus briefs filed in the United States Supreme Court in cases involving adolescents' abortion rights. The briefs argued that developmental theory and data confirm that adolescents and adults have equivalent decision-making capacities. The scientific arguments in the briefs, however, do not justify this assertion. Analysis of the briefs illuminates some dimensions describing the role of a scientific statement in a legal brief. These dimensions identify ways to limit scientific claims about the evidence at hand to avoid overstatement. The primary danger of overstatement is that it undermines psychology's claim to expert authority in assisting in the formation of law and the shaping of social institutions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
14.
Studied the effects of instructions, modeling, and rehearsal in training 48 college students in empathic communication. Ss were assigned to 1 of 8 groups representing all possible factorial combinations of the variables which included instructions vs no instructions, modeling vs no modeling, and rehearsal vs no rehearsal. Training gains were assessed using written responses to the pre- and posttest administration of the Carkhuff Communication Index. Generalization effects were assessed using empathy ratings of a critical-incident interview. Analysis of written responses indicated that improvement in empathic communication occurred for all training groups. Specific instructions appeared to be a criticial factor in facilitating written performance. The interviews showed that a combination of training variables facilitated empathic responses during an interview more than each variable alone. Modeling seemed to be an effective procedure for the interview task. The instructional effect did not generalize very well. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
15.
Socioemotional selectivity theory holds that the reliable decline in social contact in later life is due, in part, to older people's preferences for emotionally meaningful social partners and that such preferences are due not to age, per se, but to perceived limitations on time. Confirming the theory, in both the United States and Hong Kong, older people showed a preference for familiar social partners, whereas younger people did not show this preference. However, when asked to imagine an expansive future, older people's bias for familiar social partners disappeared. Conversely, in the face of a hypothesized constraint on time, both younger and older people preferred familiar social partners. Moreover, social preferences in Hong Kong differed before and after the 1997 handover of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China, which was construed as a sociopolitical time constraint. One year prior to the handover, only older people displayed preferences for familiar partners. Two months before the handover, both age groups showed such preferences. One year after the handover, once again, only older Hong Kong people preferred familiar social partners. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
16.
Discusses neurological development underlying the emergence of symmetrical optokinetic nystagmus (OKN). During early infancy and following visual deprivation early in life, humans show asymmetrical OKN that is likely due to nonfunctioning projections through the visual cortex to the midbrain. However, the ability of the newborn to discriminate shape, orientation, and color suggests that some part of the geniculo-striate pathway is functional at birth. Limitations may be due to immaturities in the magnocellular pathway; abilities appear to be mediated by the parvocellular pathway, in conjunction with direct projections to other areas of the midbrain. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
17.
The relationship between age and major league baseball performance: Implications for development. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Schulz Richard; Musa Donald; Staszewski James; Siegler Robert S. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1994,9(2):274
Lifetime performance data of 388 baseball players active in 1965 were analyzed to determine the age of peak performance for skills required to play baseball, to derive age-performance curves for athletic productivity, and to assess the magnitude of individual differences among elite and less able players. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses show that athletic performance on key indicators rises relatively quickly from age 19 to a peak age of 27 and then declines. The primary difference between elite and less able players is that performance of the elite players remains high for a longer period of time and decays more gradually. The performance of the most elite players is superior to that of less able players even at very early ages. These results parallel findings reported for other achievement domains and can be explained in terms of basic developmental processes involving the interaction of experience, physiological capacity, and motivation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
18.
In that psychotherapists seek to interpret and transform the meanings of patients' communications, psychotherapy resembles rhetoric and hermeneutics. This article identifies some of these resemblances and considers their implications for psychotherapy practice and research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
19.
Steinberg Laurence D.; Grennberger Ellen; Ruggiero Mary; Garduque Laurie; Vaux Alan 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1982,18(3):385
Studied the effects of part-time employment on the development of 176 high school students. Results indicate that working facilitates the development of personal responsibility (i.e., self-management) but not social responsibility (i.e., concern for others). Working promotes the development of autonomy substantially more for girls than for boys. Working diminishes involvement in school, family, and peer commitments. Working leads to the development of cynical attitudes toward work and the acceptance of unethical work practices, and to the increased use of cigarettes and marihuana. On the balance, it appears that proponents of the earlier integration of adolescents into the work place have overestimated its benefits and underestimated its costs. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
20.
Examined changes in attitude over a 1-yr period in 382 pre-, early, and later adolescent Ss. Attitudes toward self (i.e., self-esteem—Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory), toward events and one's ability to control them (i.e., locus of control—Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale), and toward achievement (i.e., achievement motivation—Prestatie Motivatie Test) were examined. Results do not support the hypothesis that early adolescence is a time of dramatic change in important attitudes and perceptions. Instead, the amount of attitudinal change evidenced by Ss at each age level varied with the kind of attitude being assessed. (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献