退火工艺对LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4正极材料 电化学性能的影响

采用共沉淀法合成LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4正极材料并对其进行退火处理,研究退火温度对材料电化学性能的影响。结果表明,退火温度会导致LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4正极材料中Mn3+含量的变化,进而影响材料的倍率性能和循环性能。其中,625 ℃退火8 h所制备的样品表现出最好的电化学性能,其0.2 C倍率首次放电容量为130.8 mA·h/g;1 C倍率首次放电容量为126.5 mA·h/g,50次循环后,容量保持率高达100.8%。     

5V正极材料LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_(4-x)F_x(x=0,0.1)的流变相法制备与表征

采用流变相法结合高温热处理制备LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4-xFx(x=0,0.1)。用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和电化学测试等手段对合成材料进行了表征。结果表明,F的掺入抑制了LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4颗粒长大,增强了Li+在固相中的扩散能力,改善了电极与电解质溶液之间的界面性质,有效地提高了LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4的循环性能和倍率性能。0.2C放电时LiNi0.5Mn1.5O3.9F0.1的首次放电容量达到147.8mA.h/g,经80次循环后平均每次循环的容量衰减仅为0.0068%。而0.5C和2.0C放电时首次放电容量达到0.2C放电时的94.2%和83.8%。     

LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4正极材料制备及其电化学性能研究

以二氧化锰、氧化镍和碳酸锂为原料,采用二次焙烧工艺制备了尖晶石型镍锰酸锂(LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4)正极材料。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、交流阻抗测试(EIS)和充放电测试对LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4正极材料进行了表征。结果表明,合成的材料晶体结构完整,形貌规则,并且表现出优异的电化学性能,其0.2 C首次放电容量为134.6 mA·h/g,5 C首次放电容量为112.9 mA·h/g,5 C循环34次后容量保持率为103.3%。     

改进固相法合成LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2正极材料及性能研究

采用同相法制备正极材料LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2,用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)/透射电镜(TEM)分析材料的结构和形貌特征,用LAND电池测试系统测试材料的电化学性能(充放电容量和循环性能等).以LiOH·H2O,H2C2O4·2H2O,Ni(AC)2·4H2O,Co(AC)2·4H2O和Mn(AC)2·4H2O为原料,采用固相法在不同煅烧温度和煅烧时间下制备的层状正极材料LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2具有典型的α-NaFeO2型层状结构特征,晶型结构完整.电化学性能测试结果表明,在850℃下保温15 h合成的正极材料电化学性能最优,在电流密度为120 mA/g、充放电电压在2.75～4.5 V时,经30次循环后放电比容量为163.5 mA·h/g,容量保持率为94%;50次循环后为157.2 mA·h/g,容量保持率为90.8%.     

改进固相法合成LiNi_xCo_yMn_(1-x-y)O_2正极材料及性能研究

采用固相法制备正极材料LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2,用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)/透射电镜(TEM)分析材料的结构和形貌特征,用LAND电池测试系统测试材料的电化学性能(充放电容量和循环性能等)。以LiOH.H2O,H2C2O4.2H2O,Ni(AC)2.4H2O,Co(AC)2.4H2O和Mn(AC)2.4H2O为原料,采用固相法在不同煅烧温度和煅烧时间下制备的层状正极材料LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2具有典型的α-NaFeO2型层状结构特征,晶型结构完整。电化学性能测试结果表明,在850℃下保温15 h合成的正极材料电化学性能最优,在电流密度为120 mA/g、充放电电压在2.75~4.5 V时,经30次循环后放电比容量为163.5 mA.h/g,容量保持率为94%;50次循环后为157.2 mA.h/g,容量保持率为90.8%。     

烧结温度对LiNi0.5Co0.3Mn0.2O2物理及其电化学性能的影响

以共沉淀法制备出的球形Ni0.5Co0.3Mn0.2(OH)2为前驱体,以碳酸锂为锂源,通过高温固相法合成了球形LiNi0.5Co0.3Mn0.2O2正极材料。通过热重分析(TGA/DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、粒度分布、以及电化学性能的测试考查了不同烧结温度对LiNi0.5Co0.3Mn0.2O2的物理性能及电化学性能的影响。结果表明,900℃下烧结得到的LiNi0.5Co0.3Mn0.2O2晶体结构完整、球形形貌规则、粒度分布均匀,并表现出了优异的电化学性能,0.2 C首次放电容量达到了166.7 mA.h/g;1 C首次放电容量为151.6 mA.h/g,20次循环后,容量保持率高达97.9%。     

低温熔盐燃烧法合成LiNi_(0.5-x)Mg_xMn_(1.5)O_4(x=0,0.05)及其电性能

为了快速、高效地制备5V锂离子电池正极材料,采用低温熔盐燃烧法合成了LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4粉末。X射线衍射分析表明:使用该方法,将原料在600℃焙烧1h即可获得单相LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4材料,Mg的掺杂有利于产物结晶性的提高。扫描电子显微镜观察表明,LiNi0.45Mg0.05Mn1.5O4的粒径为亚微米级的,且粒径分布均匀。制成电极后电性能研究表明,在3.5～5.0V的电压范围,75mA/g的电流密度下,该材料进行50次充放电循环后,放电比容量没有明显衰减。微量的Mg掺杂,可以提高样品的放电比容量,改善材料的首次充放电效率并提高材料的放电平台。600℃下焙烧5h所制备的LiNi0.45Mg0.05Mn1.5O4首次放电比容量为134(mA·h)/g,在电流密度为75mA/g下进行50次循环后保持率达100%。     

制备方法对Li1.2Ni0.17Co0.07Mn0.56O2富锂正极材料电化学性能的影响

采用喷雾干燥法、共沉淀法、固相法3种方法制备化学计量式为Li1.2Ni0.17Co0.07Mn0.56O2的锂离子电池富锂正极材料。电化学测试表明,喷雾干燥法制备的材料电化学性能最好,0.1 C充放电首圈脱锂和嵌锂容量分别为283.9 mA/(h?g)和231.7 mA/(h?g)。与共沉淀法和固相法相比较,喷雾干燥法制备的材料1 C倍率充放电时表现出良好的循环稳定性,50次循环后容量没有衰减,仍为153.4 mA/(h?g),共沉淀法和固相法制备的材料50次循环放电容量分别为133.5 mA/(h?g)和123.6 mA/(h?g)。ICP分析结果指出,喷雾干燥法制备的电极材料元素比例最符合初始的Li1.2Ni0.17Co0.07Mn0.56O2设计配比。而且喷雾干燥法制备的材料颗粒更为细小均匀,有利于提高材料的电化学性能。     

LiNO3-TiO2-尿素体系燃烧合成锂离子电池负极材料Li4Ti5O12及电化学性能

以纳米TiO2和LiNO3为原料,尿素为燃料,燃烧法合成了锂离子电池负极材料Li4Ti5O12. 利用XRD、SEM和恒电流充放电、循环伏安和交流阻抗对其进行表征. 结果表明,预设炉温850℃,尿素与锂摩尔比1,焙烧8 h,制备得到平均粒径小于500 nm、粒度分布均匀的纯相尖晶石型结构Li4Ti5O12,并具有良好的电化学性能,具有1.5 V充放电平台,在0.1 C倍率下(1 C=170 mA·h/g),其首次充放电容量达到168 mA·h/g,经过100次循环后放电比容量仍有162 mA·h/g,容量保持率96.4%.     

重质化学二氧化锰制备尖晶石锰酸锂

采用重质化学二氧化锰制备尖晶石LiMn2O4。采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、恒电流充放电等技术对合成产物进行物相、形貌和电化学分析。结果表明:采用重质化学二氧化锰与电解二氧化锰制备的LiMn2O4粉末具有相似的X射线衍射结果。采用重质化学二氧化锰制备的LiMn2O4在0.2C、0.5C、1C、2C及3C放电倍率下放电比容量分别为108.5、104.7、97.3、86.5mA·h/g和70.7mA·h/g,以电解二氧化锰为原料制备的LiMn2O4放电比容量则分别为106.1、103.4、99.1、89.2mA·h/g和75.5mA·h/g。两种原料制备的LiMn2O4在不同倍率下的比容量和充放电循环性能差别不大,采用重质化学二氧化锰制备的锰酸锂电化学性质可以达到或超过采用电解二氧化锰制备的锰酸锂。     

Dielectric relaxation and resistive switching of Bi0.96Sr0.04Fe0.98Co0.02O3/CoFe2O4 thin films with different thicknesses of the Bi0.96Sr0.04Fe0.98Co0.02O3 layer

Bi_0.96Sr_0.04Fe_0.98Co_0.02O₃/CoFe₂O₄(BSFCO/CFO) bilayered thin films with different thicknesses of the BSFCO layer are synthesized on FTO/glass substrates by chemical solution deposition method (CSD). The influence of BSFCO thickness on the microstructure, dielectric relaxation, ferroelectric properties and resistive switching (RS) of the thin films are researched. Strain exists in the prepared thin films and gives rise to structural distortion, which has an effect on charged defects and ferroelectric polarization. Dielectric relaxation that is closely related to the interfacial polarization at the BSFCO/CFO interface is observed, and the dielectric loss peaks along with decreasing intensity shift to high frequency with decreasing strain. The Maxwell-Wagner two-layer model is adopted to investigate the mechanism of dielectric relaxation, and the relaxation time τ is calculated and it shown to be directly proportional to the strain. It is found that the dielectric properties, including low dielectric loss, can be improved by controlling the BSFCO layer thickness. The ferroelectric properties improve with the decreasing strain, the 12-BSFCO/CFO thin film possesses a large P_r ~ 102.9?μC/cm² at 660?kV/cm. The observed resistive switching (RS) behavior is attributed to the interfacial conduction mechanism, it is found that strain-dependent the ferroelectric polarization switching modulates the width of depletion layer and the height of potential barrier at the interface, resulting in the different resistance states.     

Ni~(2+)-Fe~(3+)-C_7H_7SO_3~--LDHs催化剂的制备

以尿素为沉淀剂,柠檬酸钠为络合剂,采用均相沉淀法制备Ni~(2+)-Fe~(3+)-CO_3~(2-)-LDHs。以制备的Ni~(2+)-Fe~(3+)-CO_3~(2-)-LDHs为前驱体,分别与Na Cl和对甲苯磺酸钠进行离子交换反应得到Ni~(2+)-Fe~(3+)-C_7H_7SO_3~--LDHs新型催化剂,成功实现对甲苯磺酸根负载Ni~(2+)-Fe~(3+)-LDHs。研究表明,Ni~(2+)-Fe~(3+)-C_7H_7SO_3~--LDHs为介孔材料,比表面积为165.6 m~2·g~(-1),平均孔径为14.7 nm,较大比表面积和空隙结构增强了其吸附性能和催化活性。     

Composite cathodes of La0.9Ca0.1Ni0.5Co0.5O3-Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 for solid oxide fuel cells

The mixed ionic and electronic conductors of La_0.9Ca_0.1Ni_0.5Co_0.5O₃-Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_1.9 (LCNC-SDC) are investigated systematically for potential application as a cathode for solid oxide fuel cells based on a Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_1.9 (SDC) electrolyte. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements are performed in air over the temperature range of 600-850 °C to determine the cathode polarization resistance. The exchange current densities for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), determined from the low-field cyclic voltammetry, high-field cyclic voltammetry, and EIS data are systematically investigated. The activation energies (E_a) for ORR determined from the slope of Arrhenius plots are in the range of 102.33-150.73 kJ mol⁻¹ for LCNC-SDC composite cathodes. The experimental results found that LCNC-SDC (70:30) composite cathode has a maximum exchange current density and a minimum polarization resistance of 0.30 Ω cm² for 850 °C among LCNC-SDC composite cathodes.     

Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–K0.5Bi0.5TiO3–BaTiO3–SrTiO3陶瓷的准同型相界与电性能

采用固相法制备了 Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–K0.5Bi0.5TiO3–BaTiO3–SrTiO3（NBT–KBT–BT–ST）陶瓷,该体系是按（1–2x）（0.8NBT–0.2KBT）–x（0.94NBT–0.06BT）–x（0.74NBT–0.26ST） （x = 0.10、0.20、0.25、0.30、0.35、0.40、0.45）组合而成的,研究了该系陶瓷的结构与电性能。结果表明：所有样品都处于三方–四方准同型相界区域。该系陶瓷在准同型相界附近表现出了优异的压电性能,压电常数 d33、机电耦合系数 kp和剩余极化强度 Pr随 x 的增加先升高后降低,其中 x=0.35 陶瓷的电性能最佳：d33= 210 pC/N,kp= 0.319,Pr= 39.3 μC/cm2,Ec= 20.2 kV/cm,是一种良好的无铅压电陶瓷候选材料。依据准同型相界组成的线性组合规律来寻找具有优异压电性能的 NBT–KBT–BT–ST 陶瓷准同型相界组成是可行的。     

Preparation and characterization of Cr2O3-TiO2-Al2O3-V2O5 green pigment

Green pigments with high near infrared reflectance based on a Cr₂O₃-TiO₂-Al₂O₃-V₂O₅ composition have been synthesized. Cr₂O₃ was used as the host component and mixtures of TiO₂, Al₂O₃ and V₂O₅ were used as the guest components. TiO₂, Al₂O₃, and V₂O₅ were mixed into 39 different compositions. The spectral reflectance and the distribution of pigment powder were determined using a spectrophotometer and a scanning electron microscope, respectively. It was found that a pigment powder sample S9 with a Cr₂O₃-TiO₂-Al₂O₃-V₂O₅ composition of 80, 4, 14 and 2 wt%, respectively, gives a maximum near infrared solar reflectance of 82.8% compared with 49.0% for pure Cr₂O₃. The dispersion of pigment powders in a ceramic glaze was also studied. The results show that the pigment powder sample S9 is suitable for use as a coating material for ceramic-based roofs.     

Effects of Li2O-B2O3-SiO2 glass on the low-temperature sintering of Zn0.15Nb0.3Ti0.55O2 ceramics

The influences of Li₂O-B₂O₃-SiO₂ glass (LBS) on the activation energy, phase composition, the stability of the structure and microwave dielectric properties of Zn_0.15Nb_0.3Ti_0.55O₂ ceramics have been systematically investigated. LBS glass acted as flux former and contributed to the reactive liquid-phase sintering mechanism, which remarkably lowed the sintering temperature from 1150?°C to 900?°C and enhanced the shrinkage and densification of ceramic at the low sintering temperatures. The ceramics with 1.5?wt% LBS glass sintered at 900?°C for 3?h show great properties: ε_r = 73.59, Q × f = 8024?GHz, τ_f = 270.54?ppm/°C.     

Photocatalytic activity of Cu2O/TiO2, Bi2O3/TiO2 and ZnMn2O4/TiO2 heterojunctions

Cu₂O/TiO₂, Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ and ZnMn₂O₄/TiO₂ heterojunctions were studied for potential applications in water decontamination technology and their capacity to induce an oxidation process under VIS light. UV–vis spectroscopy analysis showed that the junctions-based Cu₂O, Bi₂O₃ and ZnMn₂O₄ are able to absorb a large part of visible light (respectively, up to 650, 460 and 1000 nm). This fact was confirmed in the case of Cu₂O/TiO₂ and Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ by photocatalytic experiments performed under visible light. A part of the charge recombination that can take place when both semiconductors are excited was observed when a photocatalytic experiment was performed under UV–vis illumination. Orange II, 4-hydroxybenzoic and benzamide were used as pollutants in the experiment. Photoactivity of the junctions was found to be strongly dependent on the substrate. The different phenomena that were observed in each case are discussed.     

High piezoelectric coefficient of Pr2O3-doped Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.90Zr0.10O3 ceramics

Pr₂O₃-doped Ba_0.85Ca_0.15Ti_0.90Zr_0.10O₃ (BCTZ-xPr) ceramics were prepared by the conventional solid-state method. A tetragonal phase is only observed in these ceramics, and the introduction of Pr₂O₃ decreases their sintering temperature without affecting negatively the piezoelectric constant. Enhanced ferroelectric properties were obtained in these BCTZ-xPr ceramics. The ceramic with x=0.06 wt% exhibits a good electrical behavior of d₃₃∼460 pC/N, k_p∼47.6%, ε_r∼4638, and tan δ∼0.015 when sintered at a low temperature of ∼1400 °C. As a result, the BCTZ-xPr ceramic is a promising candidate for lead-free piezoelectric ceramics.     

A bi-layered composite cathode of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-YSZ and La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-La0.4Ce0.6O1.8 for IT-SOFCs

A bi-layered composite cathode of La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃ (LSM)-YSZ and LSM-La_0.4Ce_0.6O_1.8 (LDC) was fabricated for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells with a thin YSZ electrolyte film. The cell with the bi-layered composite cathode displayed better performance than the cell with the corresponding single-layered composite cathode of LSM-LDC or LSM-YSZ. At 650 °C, the cell with the bi-layered composite cathode gave a higher maximum power density than the cells with the single-layered LSM-LDC and LSM-YSZ composite cathodes, by 52% and 175%, respectively. The impedance spectra results show that the thin LSM-YSZ interlayer not only improves the cathode/electrolyte interface but also reduces the polarization resistance of the cathode. The activation energy for oxygen reduction on the bi-layered composite cathode is much smaller than that on LSM-YSZ composite cathode, and it is suggested that the special redox property of Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ in LDC facilitates the oxygen reduction process on the bi-layered composite cathode. The cell with the bi-layered composite cathode operated quite stably during a 100 h run.     

Sintering of Si3N4-Y2O3-Al2O3

Sintering kinetics of the system Si₃N4-Y2O₃-Al₂O3 were determined from measurements of the linear shrinkage of pressed disks sintered isothermally at 1500° to 1700°C. Amorphous and crystalline Si₃N₄ were studied with additions of 4 to 17 wt% Y₂O₃ and 4 wt% A1₂O₃. Sintering occurs by a liquid-phase mechanism in which the kinetics exhibit the three stages predicted by Kingery's model. However, the rates during the second stage of the process are higher for all compositions than predicted by the model. X-ray data show the presence of several transient phases which, with sufficient heating, disappear leaving mixtures of β ' -Si₃N₄ and glass or β '-Si₃N₄, α '-Si₃N₄, and glass. The compositions and amounts of the residual glassy phases are estimated.