伸缩式斜柱对垂直轴风力机气动性能影响研究

为改善垂直轴风力机动态失速特性,提出一种可随风力机方位角变化而自动伸缩的斜柱结构翼型。以NACA0021翼型为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法,分析其对垂直轴风力机动态气动性能的影响。结果表明：伸缩式斜柱在作用方位角内可显著抑制流动分离并提高垂直轴风力机转矩,最大风能利用系数较原始翼型提高13.6%;同时,伸缩式斜柱可使最佳工况点向低尖速比偏移,提高整机运行过程中的稳定性。     

基于正交试验凹槽-襟翼垂直轴风力机数值研究

为改善垂直轴风力机气动特性,对凹槽-襟翼开展研究。以NACA0021翼型为研究对象,采用正交试验设计对格尼襟翼高度、格尼襟翼位置及凹槽直径等参数进行组合,通过数值计算对垂直轴风力机气动性能与流场结构进行研究,分析凹槽-襟翼流动控制机理及对垂直轴风力机的作用效果。结果表明：格尼襟翼高度是影响垂直轴气动性能的主要因素,且襟翼高度为1.75%c、位置为1.50c及凹槽直径为1.50%c时效果最佳;同时,凹槽-襟翼通过改变尾缘库塔条件以加速翼型吸力面流体流动,从而改善流动分离,增加翼型表面压差,提高垂直轴风力机气动性能;凹槽-襟翼在低尖速比时对垂直轴风力机作用效果较明显,当尖速比为2.33时,凹槽-襟翼垂直轴风力机平均风能利用系数较原始翼型最大可提高35.82%。     

导流式翼缝对直线翼垂直轴风力机气动性能的影响

为减小流体从吸力面流至压力面的速度损失,基于小间距翼缝有助于减小气动损失的设计原理,针对NACA0021翼型,提出双侧导流式、内导流式和外导流式3种新型翼缝形式。通过数值模拟方法,分析不同翼缝对垂直轴风力机气动性能和流场结构的影响,并将其性能参数与原始翼型和非圆弧翼缝翼型进行对比。结果表明:内导流式翼缝风力机气动性能优于原始风力机,最佳尖速比减小8.06%,改善了叶片周围和整机流场结构,增强了风力机运行稳定性;在低尖速比下,双侧导流式翼缝风力机气动性能较高,而高尖速比时气动性能低于原始风力机;下游区叶片迎风速度较低,外导流式翼缝对流动分离现象改善效果不明显,导致气动性能较差;非圆弧翼缝的间距过大使最大风能利用系数降低了15.5%,不适用于直线翼垂直轴风力机。     

基于烟线法的直线翼垂直轴风力机静态流场可视化试验

为探明直线翼垂直轴风力机自起动性能与风力机叶片迎风角度的关系,设计制作了一台具有3枚NACA0018翼型叶片的直线翼垂直轴风力机模型.通过风洞试验测试了直线翼垂直轴风力机在不同风速下自起动性与叶片迎风角度的关系;利用烟线法对风力机的静态流场进行了可视化试验,获得了不同叶片迎风角度下风力机周围流场的流迹线图像;分析了风力机自起动性与叶片翼型、叶片个数、叶片受力情况和周围流场的关系.     

垂直轴风力机两种翼型气动性能比较研究

叶片是风力机最重要的组成部分,在不同的风能资源情况下,翼型的选择对垂直轴风力机气动特性有着重要的影响。文章分别以NACA0018翼型(对称翼型)和NACA4418翼型(非对称翼型)建立3叶片H型垂直轴风力机二维仿真模型。应用数值模拟的研究方法,从功率系数、单个叶片切向力系数等方面比较两种风力机模型在不同叶尖速比下的气动特性,并采用风洞实验数据验证了流场计算的准确性。CFD计算结果表明:在低叶尖速比下,NACA4418翼型风力机气动特性优于NACA0018翼型风力机,适用于低风速区域;在高叶尖速比下,NACA0018翼型风力机气动特性较好,适用于高风速地区。而且在高叶尖速比时,NACA0018翼型在上风区时,切向力系数平均值要高于NACA4418翼型,在下风区时,NACA418翼型切向力系数平均值高。该研究可为小型垂直轴风力机翼型的选择提供参考。     

吹气控制策略对垂直轴风力机气动性能的影响

为改善垂直轴风力机周围流场结构并提升气动性能,在风力机叶片中采用外吹式流动控制,并提出5种吹气控制策略,通过数值模拟的方法研究不同吹气控制策略对垂直轴风力机气动性能的影响,进一步分析在最佳吹气流动控制策略时的涡量场与载荷波动。研究表明:采用上开口抛物线控制策略时的风力机气动性能最佳,当最大吹气动量系数为0. 025时,风能利用系数及平均力矩系数提升26%,并可抑制大涡的形成及发展,同时改善翼型表面压力分布。     

叶片安装角对H型垂直轴风力机气动性能的影响研究

通过对直叶片垂直轴风力机在不同翼型、尖速比和实度组合状态下改变其叶片安装角得到的模型进行流场计算,总结以上3种情形下不同安装角对直叶片垂直轴风力机气动性能的影响:在以上3种情形下,负安装角对其气动性能不利;最佳气动性能安装角为1°~3°;安装角对其性能的影响相对有限(NACA0015,尖速比λ=1.5时,功率系数CP值从31.3%增加到34.5%),翼型厚度对气动性能的影响较大(21%厚度翼型,其C_P值约为40%),欲得到更好的CP值,最好通过改变翼型或增加翼型厚度来实现;当叶片翼型的相对厚度较小或工况为高尖速比下时,有必要通过改变安装角改善风力机的性能。     

尾缘襟翼动态气动特性与控制策略研究

为改善风力机动态气动特性及延长其运行寿命,基于NACA0012翼型,设计应用于垂直轴风力机的襟翼翼型,通过CFD计算得到运行时流场、力矩系数及升阻力特性。以此为基础给出两种襟翼控制策略,通过改变不同方位角下襟翼摆角,达到抑制尾涡分离、延迟动态失速和降低气动力剧烈波动变化幅度的目的。计算结果显示翼型上仰过程中脱落的涡主要呈条状,而下俯过程中脱落的涡则呈圆形,且条状尾涡的升阻力特性明显优于圆形尾涡。由此提出一种减幅控制策略,极大地减少了尾涡分离现象,减小最大转矩达50%。同时为防止风力机转速过快,提出一种襟翼控制策略调节翼型失速从而达到气动刹车效果,增大襟翼摆角可促使翼型尾缘失速涡快速脱落,迅速增大翼型的阻力系数,且随襟翼摆角的增大,力矩系数也随之减小,减速效果越明显。     

风力机翼型大攻角分离流的数值模拟

为了准确预测风力机翼型在大攻角下分离流动的气动性能,并且为风力机的设计与安全运行提供一种可靠的数值模拟手段,针对某风力机专用翼型,分别采用基于非定常不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程的大涡模拟(LES)模型、RNG k-ε模型和Standard k-ε模型对其气动性能进行数值模拟,并计算出翼型攻角为35～90°,雷诺数为2×106时的气动力参数。将不同湍流模型的计算结果与风洞试验数据进行比较,并分析流场结构。分析结果表明,LES模型能够准确地模拟出翼型表面的分离流动,计算结果与试验数据取得了很好的一致性,并且优于RNG k-ε模型和Standard k-ε模型的模拟结果。     

弯曲翼缝对垂直轴风力机气动性能的影响

通过改变椭圆长短轴比来构造不同曲率的翼缝,并研究了翼缝开口宽度和不同曲率对垂直轴风力机功率系数和启动特性的影响.结果表明:在低尖速比、大攻角下弯曲翼缝翼型使流体重新附着于吸力面,有效延缓了流动分离,使扭矩波动减小,且扭矩系数较原始翼型显著提高;与原始翼型相比,弯曲翼缝翼型的最佳尖速比较低,风力机运行环境更加稳定.     

Fluidic flow control applied for improved performance of Darrieus wind turbines

The focus of the present research is performance enhancement of a vertical axis Darrieus‐type wind turbine using flow control techniques. The academic and industrial interest in vertical‐axis wind turbines (VAWTs) is increasing because of its suitability to urban areas, characterized by high turbulence and low wind speeds. The paper describes experimental work performed on a GOE222 asymmetrical airfoil intended to be used in a straight‐bladed Darrieus VAWT. Airfoil characteristics were measured in a wide range of incidence angles and Reynolds numbers, relevant for the operation of a small to medium size wind turbine. A variety of passive flow control (passive porosity and surface roughness) and active flow control techniques (boundary layer suction, pulsed suction) were tested in order to evaluate their effects on the airfoil performance. The measured effects of flow control on the 2D airfoil are integrated into a modified version of a double‐multiple streamtube model in order to predict the effects on the performance and efficiency of the turbine. It was found that the improvement of 2D airfoil characteristics can be translated into improvement of total turbine performance. By the use of active flow control, it was possible to increase the VAWT maximum mechanical output. When active flow control is properly activated taking into account the azimuth and Reynolds number conditioning, the effects could be greatly increased while consuming less energy, increasing the net efficiency of the entire system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Starting torque improvement using J-shaped straight-bladed Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine by means of numerical simulation

In this study a 3 kW straight–bladed Darrieus type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) is investigated numerically using OpenFOAM computational fluid dynamic package. The newly proposed J-Shaped profile is used as the blade airfoil in the simulation. The J-Shaped profile is designed by means of eliminating a fraction of pressure side of Du 06-W-200 airfoil. The main purpose of this investigation is the improvement of the VAWT starting torque using J-shaped profile. The power curves for both conventional and J-shaped profiles are calculated and the torque variation is obtained at different azimuth angles. In addition, the vorticity and pressure field surrounding the wind turbine is presented. The results indicate that the performance of turbine is optimized for J-shaped profile which eliminates the pressure side of airfoil from the maximum thickness toward the trailing edge. Moreover, by employing this J-Shaped profile, the wind turbine performance is intensified TSRs and self-starting of turbine is improved.     

Study on power performance for straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine by field and wind tunnel test

In this paper, the power performance of straight-bladed VAWT is experimentally investigated by wind tunnel experiment and field test. The test rotor is two-bladed with NACA0021 airfoil profile. A survey of varying unsteady wind parameters is conducted to examine the effects of blade pitch angle, Reynolds number and wind velocity on the power performance of VAWT. Moreover, the flow field characteristics are obtained through measuring the wind velocity by Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) system in the wind tunnel experiment and three-cup type anemometers in field test. Power and torque performance are obtained through a torque meter installed in rotor shaft of the wind turbine. Experimental results estimated from the measured values from field test and wind tunnel experiment are compared. In this research, power performance and flow field characteristics are discussed and the relationship between operating conditions and wind velocity are verified. These results provided a theoretical guiding significance to the development of VAWT simplified.     

摇摆式垂直轴风力机气动特性数值模拟

针对垂直轴风力机无需对风,湍流风风向不断变化的情况,提出转轮轴向力随风向摇摆的垂直轴风力机,利用摇摆产生的切向风和来流风共同作用下的风能,提高气动性能.采用RNG k-ε湍流模型对三叶片摇摆式风力机进行模拟,研究风向变化的周期、幅角以及摇摆迟滞时间对固定式和摇摆式垂直轴风力机力矩系数的影响规律.结果表明:与固定式垂直轴...     

兆瓦级H型垂直轴风力发电机气动设计方案的数值模拟研究

为解决兆瓦级H型垂直轴风力发电机气动设计过程中实验和数值模拟方面耗费巨大的问题,基于升力线模拟方法完成了兆瓦级H型垂直轴风力发电机的气动设计,并利用该方法研究不同垂直轴风力机翼型设计方案对整机气动性能的影响,研究结果表明:基元翼型选用NACA0015和NACA0018对称翼型能够获得更高的风能利用率;整机叶片造型方案中,前掠翼型性能优于直叶片,前掠翼型方案的最大风能利用率随掠角增大而小幅上升,完整旋转周期内的风能利用率则随掠角增加先增大后减小,且在掠角3°时可取到整体最大风能利用率;后掠翼型性能差于直叶片,风能利用系数随掠角增大而减小;前掠与后掠组合翼型方案性能稍好于直叶片,但不如前掠叶片;不同方案之间存在性能差异的原因可能在于不同翼型的叶片分离涡在竖直方向上的旋涡脱落顺序方面存在差异,其中上部较早脱落的前掠方案有助于风能利用系数提升,下部较早脱落的后掠方案则会对风能利用系数产生负面影响。     

Performance evaluation of a downwind diffuser on vertical axis wind turbine

Research has proven that the performance of a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWTs) can be increased significantly by the application of a diffuser. It serves as a power augmented feature to draw higher wind flow toward the HAWT. However, research on integrating a diffuser onto vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) is scant, where most of the available power augmentation devices used for VAWTs are the convergent duct, deflector plate, shroud, and guide vanes which are placed in a proper configuration at the upwind. In this paper, laboratory tests and computational simulations have been carried out to study the impacts of a downwind diffuser on the performance of a VAWT. The diffuser is designed with the absence of a concentrator or flange and is placed downwind of the VAWT. Parametric computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies were carried out for the downwind diffuser length and semi-opening angle. A five-bladed H-rotor was selected as the testing wind turbine, whereas the diffuser used was made up of flat plates. Both simulations and experiment results are consistent. From the experiments, it was found that a downwind diffuser increases the VAWT performance remarkably. The diffuser-augmented VAWT produced an increment in the maximum coefficient of power of 31.42% at the TSR 0.65 to 0.75. Moreover, the diffuser induced a better self-start ability on the VAWT. The simulation showed that the flow field at the diffuser promotes a flow expansion which created a lower-pressure region at downstream that accelerates the wind toward the VAWT, hence increasing the turbine performance significantly.     

垂直轴风力机改进翼型气动及功率特性研究

为提高垂直轴风力机的风能利用率,基于CFD数值模拟技术,分析了常用典型垂直轴风力机翼型的气动及功率特性,并以NACA0012翼型为基础对其进行改进。对比改进前后翼型表明,增大翼型厚度可降低升阻比,增大翼型弯度可增强其失速特性;厚尾缘翼型、升阻互补型翼型可分别降低翼型失速性能、增加启动力矩,其中厚尾缘翼型的H型垂直轴风力机的功率系数较大,可提高风能利用率,为翼型优化设计提供了新思路。     

Energy and exergy efficiency comparison of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines

In this paper, an energy and exergy analysis is performed on four different wind power systems, including both horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines. Significant variability in turbine designs and operating parameters are encompassed through the selection of systems. In particular, two airfoils (NACA 63(2)-215 and FX 63-137) commonly used in horizontal axis wind turbines are compared with two vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). A Savonius design and Zephyr VAWT benefit from operational attributes in wind conditions that are unsuitable for airfoil type designs. This paper analyzes each system with respect to both the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The aerodynamic performance of each system is numerically analyzed by computational fluid dynamics software, FLUENT. A difference in first and second law efficiencies of between 50 and 53% is predicted for the airfoil systems, whereas 44–55% differences are predicted for the VAWT systems. Key design variables are analyzed and the predicted results are discussed. The exergetic efficiency of each wind turbine is studied for different geometries, design parameters and operating conditions. It is shown that the second law provides unique insight beyond a first law analysis, thereby providing a useful design tool for wind power development.