Migration of additives from food grade polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films: Effect of plasticization by polymeric modifiers instead of conventional plasticizers

Based on the static and dynamic mechanical properties of the corresponding blends, the compatibility of six thermoplastic elastomers with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was investigated. A terpolymer of ethylene, vinyl acetate and carbon monoxide (EVACO) was shown to give the optimal properties for the processing of transparent, soft, PVC‐based films. FTIR spectroscopic analysis of EVACO plasticized blends clearly shows that the interactions involve the carbonyl groups of the VA and not of the CO monomer units. The migration phenomenon was studied on PVC based samples plasticized with di‐2‐ethylhexyladipate (DEHA) and EVACO in varying amounts. The overall migration (OM) was monitored by the weight loss percentage of the samples immersed into isooctane at 40°C. The specific migrations of DEHA (SM_D) and epoxidized soybean oil (SM_E) were shown to be responsible for the overall migration (OM = SM_D + SM_E). The weight percentages of DEHA and epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) were correlated to the excess of immersion temperature (40°C) over the varying glass transition temperature of the samples. The results are explained with respect to the plasticizing effect of the additives and to the permanency of the EVACO‐plasticization.. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1291–1299, 2003     

外源添加物强化聚氯乙烯水热碳化脱氯

针对聚氯乙烯（PVC）垃圾难降解且焚烧处理会产生有毒物质造成环境污染等问题,本文提出了水热碳化技术处理的新途径。同时研究了不同外源添加物与PVC树脂协同水热碳化对提高脱氯效率的影响。结果显示生物质的添加可以促进PVC水热碳化反应中取代、消除、脱水和芳构化反应。当水稻秸秆与PVC树脂质量比为1.4、水热温度240℃、反应120min时,脱氯效率可达97.50% ± 1.40%,固相产物高位热值为39.57MJ/kg± 0.40MJ/kg,燃烧性能好。该技术为PVC垃圾转化成固体燃料、实现可持续利用提供了新思路,具有广阔的应用前景。     

锦化引进8万t/a PVC装置生产工艺

介绍了锦化化工（集团）有限责任公司引进ＥＶＣ（欧洲乙烯公司）８万ｔ／ａＰＶＣ装置的生产工艺,简要地论述了生产技术及其特点。     

Enhanced properties of polyvinyl chloride modified by graphene reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane

Graphene sheets with a range of unusual properties and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU ) were combined to modify polyvinyl chloride (PVC ), and the enhanced properties such as flexibility, thermal stability and mechanical properties of the PVC were investigated. In order to avoid the C ? Cl bonds in PVC being weakened, graphene was incorporated into TPU in the melting state first and then this TPU was employed as a modifier to enhance and plasticize PVC in another melt blending step. In comparison with the ternary blending method, this step‐by‐step melt blending method was more efficient and convenient. The distribution of graphene sheets in the polymer matrix is uniform and no C ? Cl bond weakened effect can be observed. Due to the similar polarity, TPU showed good compatibility with PVC and its plasticizing effect allowed a broader range of low temperature flexibility of the modified PVC matrix. Moreover, other properties of the resultant PVC matrix (PTG ‐x ) including mechanical properties, thermal stability and plasticizer migration resistance were all found to be improved. With innovative applications in mind, the development of new graphene‐based materials will certainly lead to many future advances in science and technology. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

异氰酸酯交联聚氯乙烯泡沫塑料的制备研究

以PVC树脂为基体材料,以不饱和酸酐为接枝剂,以异氰酸酯为交联剂制备了交联型硬质聚氯乙烯泡沫塑料。推测了交联型硬质聚氯乙烯泡沫塑料在制备过程中所发生的化学反应;通过对增塑糊、模压块及泡沫塑料进行FTIR和DSC测试,证明了我们对制备过程中所发生的化学反应推测的正确性;讨论了马来酸酐对交联型硬质聚氯乙烯泡沫塑料凝胶含量的影响,实验表明,随着马来酸酐用量的增加,其交联反应程度提高,凝胶含量随之增大。     

Preparation,structure, and transport properties of ultrafiltration membranes of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), carboxylated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC), and PVC/CPVC blends

Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were prepared from poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), carboxylated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC), and PVC/CPVC blends by the phase-inversion method. The physical structure of the membranes was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The fouling characteristics of all the three membranes and acrylamide (AA)-grafted PVC membranes were characterized by ultrafiltration of bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution over a range of pH and of salt concentrations. Maximum adsorption of the protein on the membrane occurred near the isoelectric point of BSA and in the presence of the salts. The charge on BSA appears to be a dominant factor in determining the fouling. The UF results are explained in terms of nature of the membrane polymer, and effect of different ionic environments on the conformational changes of the protein. The ultrafiltration fluxes are correlated by a model based on the membrane resistance and the time-dependent resistance of the concentration polarization layer of the protein. The values of a mass transfer coefficient and concentration polarization were determined. Zeta potential of the membranes were also determined before and after the UF. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 1117–1130, 1999     

A new proposed model for dielectric behavior of PVC/rice husk composites

Ecofriendly materials are becoming a need of the day. We have severe setback when there is lot of use of agro wastes in plastics. To reduce pure plastic use in agriculture, this study has been made to find some remedial measure. In the process, we sought the effect of addition of rice husk (RH) in polyvinylchloride (PVC) on the dielectric properties at different frequency and temperature has been studied. Measurements have been performed in the frequency range from 1 to 10 kHz and temperature range of 32–80°C. The experimental results show that dielectric constant (ε′) increases with the addition of RH in PVC. Dielectric constant (ε′) decreases with increasing frequency, which indicates that the major contribution to the polarization comes from orientation polarization. Dielectric constant (ε′) increases with increasing temperature due to greater freedom of movement of dipoles within PVC at higher temperatures. A theoretical model for dielectric constant with temperature and frequency dependent is proposed. Experimental results are in good agreement with the proposed theoretical model. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

纳米双羟基复合金属氧化物(LDHs)对聚氯乙烯(PVC)阻燃抑烟研究

总结了聚氯乙烯(PVC)塑料燃烧时产生烟雾的机理及其阻燃抑烟原理,并且在已开发出的常用无机阻燃抑烟剂的基础上研究了一种新型的无毒环保型无机纳米级阻燃抑烟剂———纳米双羟基复合金属氧化物(LDHs)。分析了其对PVC的阻燃抑烟机理,并且试验证实了它的阻燃抑烟效果。试验结果表明,该阻燃剂只需少量添加就有明显的阻燃抑烟效果,并且克服了以往由于大量添加无机阻燃剂而造成的力学性能下降的缺点,是一种很有发展前景的新型阻燃抑烟剂。     

聚氯乙烯厂混合冷冻脱水装置的技术改进

综合分析了我公司聚氯乙烯厂电石法生产PVC原有混合冷冻脱水装置存在的问题与不足，详细阐叙了混合冷冻脱水的原理及在易地改扩建时对混合冷冻脱水装置进行的技术改进。     

电石法聚氯乙烯未来10年市场及价格预测研究

通过对聚氯乙烯前20年市场及价格的回顾,阐述了聚氯乙烯市场及价格的各种影响因素。采用回归外推法等3种方法对未来10年市场价格进行了预测,给出了一种新的思路。     

两类不同相容剂对聚氯乙烯/回收聚乙烯共混材料物性的影响

分别采用磷酸三对仲丁基苯基酯(TBPP)和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)作为相容剂制备了聚氯烯(PVC)/回收聚乙烯(RPE)共混材料;利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了共混材料的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)和结晶度,结果表明:与DOP相比,磷酸酯能有效提高共混材料中RPE的结晶度。热变形性能测试结果表明:磷酸酯改性的共混体系具有较好的抗热变形能力。力学性能测试结果表明:磷酸酯改性的共混材料拉伸性能和弯曲性能得到了明显的提高,与空白相比,磷酸酯的添加量为5份时,拉伸强度和弯曲强度分别提高了26%和8%,而DOP改性的共混材料相应的强度提高率仅为22%和2%;磷酸酯改性的共混体系冲击强度保持率为83%,而DOP改性的共混材料的冲击强度保持率为76%。     

Blends of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) and waste flexible poly(vinyl chloride) with waste nitrile rubber powder

Blends of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with varying contents of plasticizer and finely ground powder of waste nitrile rubber rollers were prepared over a wide range of rubber contents through high‐temperature blending. The effects of rubber and plasticizer (dioctyl phthalate) content on the tensile strength, percentage elongation, impact properties, hardness, abrasion resistance, flexural crack resistance, limiting oxygen index (LOI), electrical properties, and breakdown voltage were studied. The percentage elongation, flexural crack resistance, and impact strength of blends increased considerably over those of PVC. The waste rubber had a plasticizing effect. Blends of waste plasticized PVC and waste nitrile rubber showed promising properties. The electrical properties and LOI decreased with increasing rubber and plasticizer content. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1552–1558, 2004     

Amine treatment of polyvinyl chloride/wood flour composites

Ethanolamine and L ‐arginine treated wood flour were added to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in order to improve the interphase between PVC and wood. The influence of the treatment on pH‐value changes and nitrogen fixation of the wood and mechanical properties of the composite were evaluated. The treatments changed the pH of wood from acidic to basic. The highest nitrogen fixation was measured for monoethanolamine and L ‐arginine treated wood flour at high concentrations. Tensile strength, elongation at break, and unnotched impact strength were improved by ethanolamine and L ‐arginine treatments considerably. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

清洁生产在过氯乙烯生产中的应用

分析了过氯乙烯生产的现状,提供了实施清洁生产的无／低费方案以及中／高费方案,为行业进一步推行清洁生产提供基础。     

Soiling of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)

The effects of three plasticizers and two plasticizer concentrations on the topography and soiling of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) were studied. Palmitic acid and triolein were chosen to represent solid and liquid soils. The feasibility of using infrared spectroscopy to quantify the amount of soil on PVC was examined. The structure of the solid model soil on plasticized PVC was studied with optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Palmitic acid formed two different structures on the PVC surface. Both the type and concentration of the plasticizer influenced the structure of the oily soil on plasticized PVC. The wetting of plasticized PVC with the liquid oily soil was compared to wetting with water through the measurement of the contact angles. Plasticized PVC was hydrophobic and oleophilic. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Preparation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) ultrafiltration membranes from PVC/additive/solvent and application of UF membranes as substrate for fabrication of reverse osmosis membranes

Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were prepared from poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as main polymer, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) as additive, and 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent using Design Expert software for designing the experiments. The membranes were characterized by SEM, contact angle measurement, and atomic force microscopy. The performance of UF membranes was evaluated by pure water flux (PWF) and blue indigo dye particle rejection. In addition, the molecular weight cutoff of UF membranes was determined by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) rejection. The UF membranes were used as substrates for fabrication of polyamide thin film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. The results showed that the model had high reliability for prediction of PWF of UF membranes. Also, increment in PVC concentration caused reduction of PWF. Moreover, at constant PVC concentration and if the concentrations of PVC was lower than 10 wt %, the PWF reduced by increasing the concentration of PVP. However, at PVC concentration higher than 11 wt %, increment in PVP concentration showed increment and reduction of PWF. The PEG rejection results showed that the prepared membranes had UF membranes properties. Finally, the NaCl rejection tests of RO membranes by PVC as substrates indicated that the performance of RO membranes were lower than commercial membranes. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46267.     

Rheology,morphology, and mechanical and thermal properties of recycled PVC pipes

This article demonstrated the possibility of recycling PVC pipes by investigating the effect of adding PVC pipes (varying from 0 to 80 % wt) into two commercial PVC virgin grades on the rheological, morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of the PVC blends. The results obtained showed an increase in the melt viscosity and no change in the die swell ratio as the concentration of the recycled PVC was increased. The die swell ratio was observed to increase with temperature, this being associated with the presence of gelation that occurred at high temperature. The optimum tensile and impact strengths were detected, the impact strength being explained by use of SEM micrographs of the fracture surface. The hardness result corresponded well to the density of the compounds. The glass transition, degradation, and heat-deflection temperatures were also found to shift with the recycled PVC loading. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2478–2486, 2001     

Effect of aluminum chloride and Pt/ TiO2 on the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) in solution

The effect of two catalysts, Pt/TiO₂ and aluminum chloride, on the degradation of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) in solution was investigated at various temperatures. The molecular weight distribution of the polymer was obtained by analyzing the samples by gel permeation chromatography. Experimental data indicated that the catalysts enhanced the degradation rate of PVC compared to the thermal degradation of PVC. Continuous distribution kinetic models were used to evaluate the degradation rate coefficients. The activation energy, calculated from the temperature dependence of rate coefficients, was 26.5, 31.5, and 43.7 kcal/mol for the thermal degradation of PVC in solution, in the presence of Pt/TiO₂ and in the presence of AlCl₃, respectively. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3532–3535, 2003     

Preparation of crosslinked and thermostable paste poly(vinyl chloride)

The grafting of a mercaptoalkyltrialkoxysilane onto an activated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) paste resin with subsequent hydrolytic crosslinking has been studied. The resins were prepared by copolymerization of vinyl chloride monomer and glycidylmethacrylate (GMA). The grafting of a mercaptosilane was carried out during gelation of the plastisol. In this step the formation of a chemical network was avoided. By steaming at 120°C for 30 min the grafted samples crosslinked. The gel yield increased with increasing fraction of GMA and up to a given level with the fraction of the mercaptosilane. When using a resin of PVC homopolymer no crosslinking occurred. The silane grafted and crosslinked samples were found to have satisfactory thermal stability. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67:849–853, 1998