肉制品中亚硝酸盐替代物的研究进展及应用

亚硝酸盐是目前肉制品生产中普遍使用的发色剂,它不仅能赋予肉制品诱人的粉红色,也能对肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌有抑制作用。但亚硝酸盐具有毒性,可与胺类物质生成强致癌物亚硝胺,鉴于此,人们一直努力寻求合适的物质来替代亚硝酸盐在腌肉中的作用,但是国内外的研究人员一直没有找到一种单一的物质来替代亚硝酸盐在腌肉中的作用。本文从发色、抗氧化和抗菌性方面综述了一些国内外亚硝酸盐替代物质的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

添加芹菜粉替代亚硝酸盐对腌肉制品品质的影响

新鲜芹菜中亚硝酸盐含量极低,硝酸盐含量较高,向肉制品添加芹菜粉替代亚硝酸盐,可使肉制品获得特有品质 向对照组加入100mg/kg的亚硝酸钠,处理组1、处理组2、处理组3中分别加入0.2％、0.3％、0.4％的芹菜粉,并设空白组.结果表明,添加芹菜粉0.3％、0.4％后,腌肉的肉色黄度小于对照组,其中添加0.3％芹菜粉能使腌内外观色泽更鲜红、饱满.腌制10d后,对照组与实验组亚硝酸盐残留量之间差异显著(p＜0.05);30d时,添加0.3％芹菜粉腌肉亚硝酸盐残留量为7.46mg/kg,分别比对照组和添加0.4％芹菜粉组低53.58％、8.89％.腌制后期,添加0.3％、0.4％芹菜粉的腌肉丙二醛、挥发性盐基氮含量分别低于对照组,表明芹菜粉具有一定抗氧化效果.综合各因素,肉品腌制中选择添加0.3％芹菜粉替代亚硝酸钠有望取得较好效果.     

红叶甜菜在肉糜中的发色效果及其抗氧化作用

目的:探究红叶甜菜在肉糜中的发色作用和抗氧化性,确定肉糜制品加工中的最佳甜菜粉浓度,为其在肉糜生产加工中的应用提供新思路。方法:测定不同处理方式、不同部位的红叶甜菜中的亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐含量;测定甜菜中的、色价、肉糜色差值等发色效果指标;测定红叶甜菜的多酚、总黄酮、还原力、羟自由基清除率、DPPH自由基清除率等抗氧化能力指标。结果:红叶甜菜经不同方式处理后,不同部位的亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐含量有所差异,其中红叶甜菜块根粉末中硝酸盐含量最高达20 145 mg/kg,明显高于红叶甜菜其它部位的硝酸盐含量。红叶甜菜提取物在538 nm处有最大吸收峰,色价为33.6,添加于肉糜中发色能提高a~*值,降低L~*值、b~*值,且随添加量越多差别越明显;块根粉末添加量为0.15%时在肉糜中能达到较好的发色效果,相较于对照组可使a~*值提高88%,同时亚硝酸盐残留量较小。红叶甜菜中多酚含量约为446.8 mg/kg,总黄酮含量约2 957.1 mg/kg,红叶甜菜的DPPH清除率、羟自由基清除率和还原力随提取物浓度的增加而增加。结论:块根部位的红叶甜菜中亚硝酸盐含量最高,处理成粉末状添加于肉糜制品中能起到良好的发色作用和降低亚硝酸盐残留的作用,且不影响肉糜的品质,可部分替代肉糜加工中的亚硝酸盐,同时红叶甜菜具有良好的抗氧化能力,对延长肉糜制品货架期具有积极影响。     

腌肉制品中N-亚硝基化合物的研究进展

亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐在腌肉中能抑制肉毒梭状杆菌的生长繁殖、使腌肉产生典型的腌肉风味、使腌肉具有诱人的粉红色,还能产生抗氧化的作用,但是亚硝酸盐和硝盐能在肉中转化为亚硝化试剂和肉中的胺类物质反应,生成具有致突、致癌性的N-亚硝基化合物;本文综述了国内外肉制品中N-亚硝基化合物的资料,介绍了N-亚硝基化合物在腌肉制品中的发生、形成、影响因素及控制。     

腊肠加工过程中N-亚硝胺形成因素及其测定方法的研究

正硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐在腌腊肉制品中很重要,它具有发色、提高风味、抗氧化以及抑菌等作用,但它却会与肉品中蛋白质分解的二级胺形成N-亚硝胺。N-亚硝胺是一类致癌物质,若腌腊肉制品不使用亚硝酸盐或硝酸盐,则可能会有更大的危险,因而目前没有找到理想替代物的情况下仍然使用它,那么研究N-亚硝胺的形成因素并控制其形成就成为世界各国研究的热点。研究了腊肠中N-亚硝胺形成的主要影响     

代替亚硝酸钠做腌肉制品添加剂的新配方

肉类防腐的传统方法是用盐腌制,腌制过程中所使用的粗食盐均含有硝酸盐。硝酸盐在某些菌的作用下会转变成亚硝酸盐起防腐作用。直到1925年,各国食品法规中仍允许直接使用亚硝酸盐做生色剂和保护剂。这样在腌肉中亚硝酸钠的存在即可使腌肉制品颜色鲜美、组织结构好、有典型腌肉风味还兼有抗氧化抗菌的双重作用。近年来,人们逐渐发现亚硝酸可与肉制品中的氨基酸反应生成亚硝铵类化合物(N-亚硝基吡咯烷,N-亚硝基二甲胺),这类化合物是强烈致癌物。除此之外,亚硝酸食人人体内在胃中也可形成亚硝铵。     

天然保健食品添加剂——茶多酚

众所周知,腌制品及一些蔬菜中含有较多的硝酸盐,硝酸盐在还原菌作用下易转变为亚硝酸盐,亚硝酸盐又是午餐肉罐头和香肠中的发色食品添加剂。而亚硝酸盐在人体     

亚硝酸盐在肉制品加工中的应用研究

亚硝酸盐是一种常见的食品添加剂,因其具有良好的发色、抗氧化、抑菌等作用而被广泛应用于肉制品加工中。但如果食品中亚硝酸盐含量过多,会对人体造成一定的危害。通过综合分析亚硝酸盐的特性及其在肉制品加工中的作用、存在的安全性问题,探寻更好地减少或替代亚硝酸盐使用的方法,以期为安全肉制品的生产提供理论依据。     

芹菜粉复合腌制剂对腌肉制品品质的影响

用芹菜粉、石榴皮多酚和维生素C为复合腌制剂,采取正交实验优化复合腌制剂配比,并对腌肉制品的品质进行测定.结果表明:降低腌肉亚硝酸盐残留量的因素的主次顺序为石榴皮多酚＞芹菜粉＞维生素C,优化组合为石榴皮多酚200mg/kg,芹菜粉0.20％,维生素C 300mg/kg.复合腌制使腌内外观色泽更鲜红、饱满;腌制4周腌肉有色度值为0.36,显著低于对照组(p＜0.05);复合腌制剂组腌肉的亚硝酸盐残留量为3.15mg/kg,其含量远远低于国家卫生限量标准;TBARS值和TVB-N含量分别为0.44mg/kg、10.11 mg/100g,低于对照组.表明复合腌制剂能降低腌肉亚硝酸盐残留量,并具有一定抗氧化效果,能有效提高腌肉制品品质.     

不同腌制工艺对发酵芹菜粉发色效果的研究

芹菜粉富含天然的硝酸盐,是新型肉制品发色剂之一。以腌肉色泽、挥发性盐基氮含量及亚硝酸盐含量为指标,研究不同腌制工艺(4 ℃静置腌制、常压滚揉腌制、真空滚揉腌制)对发酵芹菜粉发色效果的影响。结果表明:真空滚揉工艺发色效果最好,且最佳条件是在真空度0.06 MPa条件下,以5 r/min的滚揉转速滚揉6 h。添加发酵芹菜粉的猪肉在真空滚揉腌制下的a^*值(红度)显著高于其他组(P<0.05);亚硝酸盐含量显著低于其他组(P<0.05);挥发性盐基氮含量低于其他组,且与4 ℃静置腌制组有显著差异(P<0.05)。     

糖基化血红蛋白着色剂在肉制品中的应用

将不同发色剂添加到熟肉饼中,通过测定不同组别的色差值来判断发色剂的发色效果。结果表明,添加血红蛋白着色剂的两组(经过腌制和不经腌制)发色效果都比较好,与添加亚硝酸钠的组分比较,颜色差别不显著(P>0.05),因此从发色效果上看血红蛋白着色剂能完全替代亚硝酸钠在肉制品中起发色作用。     

天然植物提取物对传统腌腊及酱卤肉制品特性的影响

以猪肉为原料,研究商业化天然植物提取物Nature 10 CS、T-4N DV CN和T-4N W DV对传统腌腊和酱卤肉制品色泽等特性的影响。结果显示：与常规添加亚硝酸盐产品相比,所选用的3 种天然植物提取物对产品的pH值、水分含量和aw不存在显著影响,而Nature 10 CS使腌制、卤煮后的酱卤肉制品以及腌制、风干和煮制后的腌腊肉制品呈现良好的色泽,且亚硝酸盐残留量低于4 mg/kg。尽管其色泽比常规添加亚硝酸盐的产品稍差,但已满足产品商品特性需求。添加T-4N DV CN和T-4N W DV产品的色泽效果不佳,因此不能作为亚硝酸盐的替代物。含微量亚硝酸盐的Nature 10 CS可满足传统腌腊和酱卤肉制品的发色需求,且在产品中残留甚微。     

Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes using natural antimicrobials in no-nitrate-or-nitrite-added ham

Consumer demand for foods manufactured without the direct addition of chemical preservatives, such as sodium nitrite and organic acid salts, has resulted in a unique class of "naturally" cured meat products. Formulation with a natural nitrate source and nitrate-reducing bacteria results in naturally cured processed meats that possess traits similar to conventionally cured meats. However, previous research has shown that the naturally cured products are more susceptible to pathogen growth. This study evaluated Listeria monocytogenes growth on ham manufactured with natural curing methods and with commercially available clean-label antimicrobials (cultured sugar and vinegar blend; lemon, cherry, and vinegar powder blend) and assessed impacts on physicochemical characteristics of the product. Hams made with either of the antimicrobials supported L. monocytogenes growth similar to that in the traditionally cured control (P > 0.05). Hams made with prefermented celery juice powder had the lowest residual nitrite concentrations (P < 0.05), and when no antimicrobial was added, L. monocytogenes growth was similar to that of the uncured control (P > 0.05). Aside from residual nitrite and nitrate concentrations, few physicochemical differences were identified. These findings show that ham can be produced with natural curing methods and antimicrobials to provide similar L. monocytogenes inhibition and physicochemical traits as in traditionally cured ham.     

Nitrate and nitrite quantification from cured meat and vegetables and their estimated dietary intake in Australians

High dietary nitrate and nitrite intake may increase the risk of gastro-intestinal cancers due to the in vivo formation of carcinogenic chemicals known as N-nitroso compounds. Water and leafy vegetables are natural sources of dietary nitrate, whereas cured meats are the major sources of dietary nitrite. This paper describes a simple and fast analytical method for determining nitrate and nitrite contents in vegetables and meat, using reversed-phase HPLC-UV. The linearity R² value was >0.998 for the anions. The limits of quantification for nitrite and nitrate were 5.0 and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively. This method is applicable for both leafy vegetable and meat samples. A range of vegetables was tested, which contained <23 mg/kg nitrite, but as much as 5000 mg/kg of nitrate. In cured and fresh meat samples, nitrate content ranged from 3.7 to 139.5 mg/kg, and nitrite content ranged from 3.7 to 86.7 mg/kg. These were below the regulatory limits set by food standards Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ). Based on the average consumption of these vegetables and cured meat in Australia, the estimated dietary intake for nitrate and nitrite for Australians were 267 and 5.3 mg/adult/day, respectively.     

Survey of naturally and conventionally cured commercial frankfurters, ham, and bacon for physio-chemical characteristics that affect bacterial growth

Natural and organic food regulations preclude the use of sodium nitrite/nitrate and other antimicrobials for processed meat products. Consequently, processors have begun to use natural nitrate/nitrite sources, such as celery juice/powder, sea salt, and turbinado sugar, to manufacture natural and organic products with cured meat characteristics but without sodium nitrite. The objective of this study was to compare physio-chemical characteristics that affect Clostridium perfringens and Listeria monocytogenes growth in naturally cured and traditionally cured commercial frankfurters, hams, and bacon. Correlations of specific product characteristics to pathogen growth varied between products and pathogens, though water activity, salt concentration, and product composition (moisture, protein and fat) were common intrinsic factors correlated to pathogen growth across products. Other frequently correlated traits were related to curing reactions such as % cured pigment. Residual nitrite and nitrate were significantly correlated to C. perfringens growth but only for the ham products.     

Survey of naturally and conventionally cured commercial frankfurters,ham, and bacon for physio-chemical characteristics that affect bacterial growth

Natural and organic food regulations preclude the use of sodium nitrite/nitrate and other antimicrobials for processed meat products. Consequently, processors have begun to use natural nitrate/nitrite sources, such as celery juice/powder, sea salt, and turbinado sugar, to manufacture natural and organic products with cured meat characteristics but without sodium nitrite. The objective of this study was to compare physio-chemical characteristics that affect Clostridium perfringens and Listeria monocytogenes growth in naturally cured and traditionally cured commercial frankfurters, hams, and bacon. Correlations of specific product characteristics to pathogen growth varied between products and pathogens, though water activity, salt concentration, and product composition (moisture, protein and fat) were common intrinsic factors correlated to pathogen growth across products. Other frequently correlated traits were related to curing reactions such as % cured pigment. Residual nitrite and nitrate were significantly correlated to C. perfringens growth but only for the ham products.     

Exposure estimates of nitrite and nitrate from consumption of cured meat products by the U.S. population

The dietary exposures of nitrite and nitrate from consumption of cured meat products were estimated for the U.S. population aged 2 years and older, and children aged 2 to 5 years, using both 2-day food consumption data from the publicly available combined 2009–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and 10–14-day food consumption data from the 2009 and 2012 NPD Group, Inc. National Eating Trends-Nutrient Intake database (NPD NET-NID), and residual nitrite and nitrate levels in cured meat products available from the recent American Meat Institute Foundation/National Pork Board (AMIF/NPB) national market survey of the nitrite and nitrate levels in cured meat products in the U.S.A. The dietary exposure for consumers of cured meat products (eaters-only) was estimated at the mean and 90th percentile for three exposure scenarios: low exposure, average exposure, and high exposure, to account for the range in the amount of nitrite and nitrate in a given cured meat product category. In addition, a cumulative exposure that takes into account all cured meat product categories containing nitrite and nitrate was determined, and the relative percent contribution of each cured meat product category to the cumulative exposure was estimated. Cured, cooked sausages and whole-muscle brine-cured products were the two major contributing categories to dietary exposure of nitrite and nitrate for both U.S. population aged 2 years and older and children aged 2–5 years.     

Cured meat products without direct addition of nitrate or nitrite: what are the issues?

The growing popularity of food products marketed in the United States as "natural" and "organic" has resulted in a proliferation of marketing efforts to meet consumer demands for these foods. Because natural and organic foods are not permitted to use chemical preservatives, the traditional curing agents used for cured meats, nitrate and/or nitrite, cannot be added to natural and organic processed meat products. However, alternative processes that utilize ingredients with high nitrate content, such as vegetable-based ingredients, and a nitrate-reducing starter culture can produce processed meats with very typical cured meat properties. Because it is not possible to analytically measure the amount of nitrite produced by this process, several potential issues deserve consideration. Regulations, for example, should permit labeling that accurately reflects the process and products, manufacturing procedures must be standardized to achieve product consistency, marketing efforts should clearly communicate the nature of these products to consumers, product quality must be maintained, and microbiological safety must be assured.     

蔬菜汁/粉替代亚硝酸盐在肉制品加工中的应用

蔬菜汁/粉营养丰富,亚硝酸盐含量极低,硝酸盐含量较高。添加蔬菜汁/粉可使肉制品获得腌肉特有品质,提高肉制品营养价值,有助于功能性肉制品的研发。本文主要概述了蔬菜汁/粉在肉制品加工中的应用及使用中应注意的问题。