Increased Serum Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Contribute to Inflammatory Responses in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the inflammatory responses in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Serum levels of BDNF and the precursor form of BDNF (proBDNF) from 625 RA patients and 40 controls were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Effects of BDNF on the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway were analyzed by Western blotting. Microarray analysis was conducted to search BDNF regulated gene expression in Jurkat cells, and the differentially expressed genes were validated using T cells from patients with RA and controls. Serum BDNF levels were significantly elevated in patients with RA compared with the controls. Low serum BDNF levels were found in RA patients with anxiety or receiving biologics treatment. BDNF (20 ng/mL) enhanced the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and c-Jun, but suppressed the phosphorylation of p38, whereas BDNF (200 ng/mL) enhanced the phosphorylation of ERK and p38. After validation, the expression of CAMK2A, MASP2, GNG13, and MUC5AC, regulated by BDNF and one of its receptors, NGFR, was increased in RA T cells. BDNF increased the IL-2, IL-17, and IFN-γ expression in Jurkat cells and IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion in activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells.     

Generation and Characterization of a Polyclonal Human Reference Antibody to Measure Anti-Drug Antibody Titers in Patients with Fabry Disease

Male patients with Fabry disease (FD) are at high risk for the formation of antibodies to recombinant α-galactosidase A (AGAL), used for enzyme replacement therapy. Due to the rapid disease progression, the identification of patients at risk is highly warranted. However, currently suitable references and standardized protocols for anti-drug antibodies (ADA) determination do not exist. Here we generate a comprehensive patient-derived antibody mixture as a reference, allowing ELISA-based quantification of antibody titers from individual blood samples. Serum samples of 22 male patients with FD and ADAs against AGAL were pooled and purified by immune adsorption. ADA-affinities against agalsidase-α, agalsidase-β and Moss-AGAL were measured by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). AGAL-specific immune adsorption generated a polyclonal ADA mixture showing a concentration-dependent binding and inhibition of AGAL. Titers in raw sera and from purified total IgGs (r² = 0.9063 and r² = 0.8952, both p < 0.0001) correlated with the individual inhibitory capacities of ADAs. QCM-D measurements demonstrated comparable affinities of the reference antibody for agalsidase-α, agalsidase-β and Moss-AGAL (KD: 1.94 ± 0.11 µM, 2.46 ± 0.21 µM, and 1.33 ± 0.09 µM, respectively). The reference antibody allows the ELISA-based ADA titer determination and quantification of absolute concentrations. Furthermore, ADAs from patients with FD have comparable affinities to agalsidase-α, agalsidase-β and Moss-AGAL.     

Decreased BAFF Receptor Expression and Unaltered B Cell Receptor Signaling in Circulating B Cells from Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome Patients at Diagnosis

Animal models of autoimmunity and human genetic association studies indicate that the dysregulation of B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling is an important driver of autoimmunity. We previously showed that in circulating B cells from primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) patients with high systemic disease activity, protein expression of the BCR signaling molecule Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) was increased and correlated with T-cell infiltration in the target organ. We hypothesized that these alterations could be driven by increased B-cell activating factor (BAFF) levels in pSS. Here, we investigated whether altered BCR signaling was already present at diagnosis and distinguished pSS from non-SS sicca patients. Using (phospho-)flow cytometry, we quantified the phosphorylation of BCR signaling molecules, and investigated BTK and BAFF receptor (BAFFR) expression in circulating B cell subsets in an inception cohort of non-SS sicca and pSS patients, as well as healthy controls (HCs). We found that both BTK protein levels and BCR signaling activity were comparable among groups. Interestingly, BAFFR expression was significantly downregulated in pSS, but not in non-SS sicca patients, compared with HCs, and correlated with pSS-associated alterations in B cell subsets. These data indicate reduced BAFFR expression as a possible sign of early B cell involvement and a diagnostic marker for pSS.     

Combination of MiR-378 and MiR-210 Serum Levels Enables Sensitive Detection of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Serum microRNAs are emerging as a clinically useful tool for early and non-invasive detection of various cancer types including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Based on our previous results, we performed the study to analyze circulating serum miR-378 and miR-210 in patients with various histological subtypes of RCC. RNA was purified from blood serum samples of 195 RCC patients and 100 healthy controls. The levels of miR-378 and miR-210 in serum were determined absolutely using quantitative real-time PCR. Pre- and postoperative levels of both microRNAs were compared in 20 RCC patients. Significantly increased serum levels of both miR-378 and miR-210 enabled to clearly distinguish RCC patients and healthy controls with 80% sensitivity and 78% specificity if analyzed in combination (p < 0.0001), and their levels significantly decreased in the time period of three months after radical nephrectomy (p < 0.0001). Increased level of miR-378 positively correlates with disease-free survival (p = 0.036) and clinical stage (p = 0.0476). The analysis of serum miR-378 and miR-210 proved their potential to serve as powerful non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in RCC.     

重组人乳头瘤病毒疫苗免疫原性检测方法的比较

目的评价重组人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)疫苗免疫原性2种检测方法的相关性。方法应用间接酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法和假病毒中和(pseudovirion-based neutralization assay,PBNS)法对26份阴性血清样本、34份自然感染HPV16或HPV18的血清样本及30份接种HPV16/18型双价疫苗后7个月的血清样本进行抗体滴度检测,并采用Pearman进行相关性分析。结果 3组样本的抗HPV16型和HPV18型抗体滴度的2次检测结果比值显示,试验室内重复性较好;2种方法检测血清样本抗HPV16型抗体滴度的总体相关系数为0.826,抗HPV18型为0.921;自然感染HPV的血清样本抗HPV16型抗体滴度的相关系数为0.519,抗HPV18型为0.613;接种HPV16/18型双价疫苗后的血清样本抗HPV16型抗体滴度的相关系数为0.671,抗HPV18型为0.879。结论间接ELISA法和PBNS法在检测血清样本中抗HPV16/18型抗体滴度时均具有较好的重复性和相关性,其中以接种疫苗后的血清样本中抗体滴度相关性最佳,为HPV疫苗免疫原性的检测及剂量探索试验提供了参考依据。     

Characterization of Lipids in Saliva,Tears and Minor Salivary Glands of Sjögren’s Syndrome Patients Using an HPLC/MS-Based Approach

The diagnostic work-up of primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) includes quantifying saliva and tear production, evaluation of autoantibodies in serum and histopathological analysis of minor salivary glands. Thus, the potential for further utilizing these fluids and tissues in the quest to find better diagnostic and therapeutic tools should be fully explored. Ten samples of saliva and tears from female patients diagnosed with pSS and ten samples of saliva and tears from healthy females were included for lipidomic analysis of tears and whole saliva using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In addition, lipidomic analysis was performed on minor salivary gland biopsies from three pSS and three non-SS females. We found significant differences in the lipidomic profiles of saliva and tears in pSS patients compared to healthy controls. Moreover, there were differences in individual lipid species in stimulated saliva that were comparable to those of glandular biopsies, representing an intriguing avenue for further research. We believe a comprehensive elucidation of the changes in lipid composition in saliva, tears and minor salivary glands in pSS patients may be the key to detecting pSS-related dry mouth and dry eyes at an early stage. The identified differences may illuminate the path towards future innovative diagnostic methodologies and treatment modalities for alleviating pSS-related sicca symptoms.     

Foxp3 Silencing with Antisense Oligonucleotide Improves Immunogenicity of an Adjuvanted Recombinant Vaccine against Sporothrix schenckii

Background: In recent years, there has been great interest in developing molecular adjuvants based on antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeting immunosuppressor pathways with inhibitory effects on regulatory T cells (Tregs) to improve immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy. We aim to evaluate the immunostimulating effect of 2′OMe phosphorothioated Foxp3-targeted ASO in an antifungal adjuvanted recombinant vaccine. Methods: The uptake kinetics of Foxp3 ASO, its cytotoxicity and its ability to deplete Tregs were evaluated in murine splenocytes in vitro. Groups of mice were vaccinated with recombinant enolase (Eno) of Sporothix schenckii in Montanide Gel 01 adjuvant alone or in combination with either 1 µg or 8 µg of Foxp3 ASO. The titers of antigen-specific antibody in serum samples from vaccinated mice (male C57BL/6) were determined by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Cultured splenocytes from each group were activated in vitro with Eno and the levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 were also measured by ELISA. The results showed that the anti-Eno antibody titer was significantly higher upon addition of 8 µM Foxp3 ASO in the vaccine formulation compared to the standard vaccine without ASO. In vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that Foxp3 ASO enhances specific immune responses by means of Treg depletion during vaccination. Conclusion: Foxp3 ASO significantly enhances immune responses against co-delivered adjuvanted recombinant Eno vaccine and it has the potential to improve vaccine immunogenicity.     

人SARS特异性免疫球蛋白生物学活性的研究

目的研究人SARS特异性免疫球蛋白的生物学活性。方法采用病毒终点法中和试验、酶联免疫及Westernblot等方法对人SARS特异性免疫球蛋白体外中和NS1SARS病毒株的中和指数、中和效价、抗体滴度以及与NS1SARS病毒株灭活疫苗的反应性进行研究。结果8份用于生产人SARS特异性免疫球蛋白的恢复期病人血清的中和指数均在186～112200之间;8份混合原料浆和SARS特异性免疫球蛋白的中和效价分别为1∶200和1∶1000;ELISA效价分别为1∶8和1∶64;与NS1SARS灭活疫苗的Westernblot在相对分子质量约210000、120000和47000处有明显的条带。结论人SARS特异性免疫球蛋白能有效中和SARS病毒,且与灭活SARS疫苗具有强反应性。     

Revealing the Immune Heterogeneity between Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis Based on Multi-Omics Data Analysis

The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are greatly influenced by different immune cells. Nowadays both T-cell receptor (TCR) and B-cell receptor (BCR) sequencing technology have emerged with the maturity of NGS technology. However, both SLE and RA peripheral blood TCR or BCR repertoire sequencing remains lacking because repertoire sequencing is an expensive assay and consumes valuable tissue samples. This study used computational methods TRUST4 to construct TCR repertoire and BCR repertoire from bulk RNA-seq data of both SLE and RA patients’ peripheral blood and analyzed the clonality and diversity of the immune repertoire between the two diseases. Although the functions of immune cells have been studied, the mechanism is still complicated. Differentially expressed genes in each immune cell type and cell–cell interactions between immune cell clusters have not been covered. In this work, we clustered eight immune cell subsets from original scRNA-seq data and disentangled the characteristic alterations of cell subset proportion under both SLE and RA conditions. The cell–cell communication analysis tool CellChat was also utilized to analyze the influence of MIF family and GALECTIN family cytokines, which were reported to regulate SLE and RA, respectively. Our findings correspond to previous findings that MIF increases in the serum of SLE patients. This work proved that the presence of LGALS9, PTPRC and CD44 in platelets could serve as a clinical indicator of rheumatoid arthritis. Our findings comprehensively illustrate dynamic alterations in immune cells during pathogenesis of SLE and RA. This work identified specific V genes and J genes in TCR and BCR that could be used to expand our understanding of SLE and RA. These findings provide a new insight inti the diagnosis and treatment of the two autoimmune diseases.     

The L10P Polymorphism and Serum Levels of Transforming Growth Factor β1 in Human Breast Cancer

The L10P single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is located in the signal sequence of the transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) gene. The proline-encoding (Pro-) allele of this SNP has been associated with an increased breast cancer risk, which has been attributed to the elevated secretion of this TGFβ1 variant observed in vitro and in male subjects. Here we investigated the association of the L10P SNP with serum levels of TGFβ1 in female breast cancer patients and controls. We genotyped the L10P SNP in 276 breast cancer patients and 255 controls. Serum TGFβ1 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in a subset of the study population (n = 211). We found no evidence for an association of the L10P SNP with breast cancer risk (per-allele odds ratio: 0.91; 95% confidence interval: 0.71–1.16). However, patients with the Pro/Pro genotype exhibited a significantly younger age at breast cancer onset (55.2 ± 14.3 years) than Leu/Leu patients (60.6 ± 13.6 years; p = 0.04), which may reflect the ability of TGFβ to promote tumor progression. Mean TGFβ1 serum levels of Pro-allele carriers were 39.4 ± 7.4 ng/mL, whereas those of Leu/Leu subjects were 37.6 ± 6.0 ng/mL (p = 0.07). Thus, compared to a previous study of male subjects, we observed only a modest increase, if any, in TGFβ1 levels of female Pro-allele carriers.     

Serum Selenium and Ceruloplasmin in Nigerians with Peripartum Cardiomyopathy

The study aimed to determine if selenium deficiency, serum ceruloplasmin and traditional birth practices are risk factors for peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM), in Kano, Nigeria. This is a case-control study carried out in three hospitals, and PPCM patients were followed up for six months. Critically low serum selenium concentration was defined as <70 µg/L. A total of 39 PPCM patients and 50 controls were consecutively recruited after satisfying the inclusion criteria. Mean serum selenium in patients (61.7 ± 14.9 µg/L) was significantly lower than in controls (118.4 ± 45.6 µg/L) (p < 0.001). The prevalence of serum selenium <70 µg/L was significantly higher among patients (76.9%) than controls (22.0%) (p < 0.001). The mean ceruloplasmin and prevalence of socio-economic indices, multiparity, pregnancy-induced hypertension, obesity and twin pregnancy were not different between the groups (p > 0.05). Logistic regression showed that rural residency significantly increased the odds for serum selenium <70 µg/L by 2.773-fold (p = 0.037). Baseline serum levels of selenium and ceruloplasmin were not associated with six-month mortality. This study has shown that selenium deficiency is a risk factor for PPCM in Kano, Nigeria, and is related to rural residency. However, serum ceruloplasmin, customary birth practices and some other characteristics were not associated with PPCM in the study area.     

Towards Quantitative and Standardized Serological and Neutralization Assays for COVID-19

Quantitative and robust serology assays are critical measurements underpinning global COVID-19 response to diagnostic, surveillance, and vaccine development. Here, we report a proof-of-concept approach for the development of quantitative, multiplexed flow cytometry-based serological and neutralization assays. The serology assays test the IgG and IgM against both the full-length spike antigens and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike antigen. Benchmarking against an RBD-specific SARS-CoV IgG reference standard, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody titer was quantified in the range of 37.6 µg/mL to 31.0 ng/mL. The quantitative assays are highly specific with no correlative cross-reactivity with the spike proteins of MERS, SARS1, OC43 and HKU1 viruses. We further demonstrated good correlation between anti-RBD antibody titers and neutralizing antibody titers. The suite of serology and neutralization assays help to improve measurement confidence and are complementary and foundational for clinical and epidemiologic studies.     

Osteoclast Differentiation Is Impaired in a Subgroup of SLE Patients and Correlates Inversely with Mycophenolate Mofetil Treatment

Osteoporosis can arise in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients secondary to medication and/or chronic inflammation. To analyze if patients with SLE have phenotypically-impaired osteoclastogenesis, we differentiated ex vivo monocytes from 72 SLE patients and 15 healthy individuals into osteoclasts followed by TRAP staining and counting. We identified a subgroup of SLE patients (45%) with a significantly impaired osteoclast differentiation, relative to the other SLE patients or healthy individuals (OR 11.2; 95% CI 1.4–89.9). A review of medication indicated that patients with osteoclast counts equal to healthy donors were significantly more likely to be treated with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) compared to patients with impaired osteoclastogenesis. We analyzed expression of RANKL and the MMF target genes IMPDH1 and IMPDH2 in osteoclasts by qPCR, but detected no difference. Since MMF might influence interferon-α (IFNα) and -γ (IFNγ) we measured serum IFNα and IFNγ levels. Patients with very low osteoclast counts also had comparably higher IFNα serum levels than patients with normal osteoclast counts. We conclude that in vitro osteoclastogenesis is impaired in a subgroup of SLE patients. This correlates inversely with MMF treatment and high IFNα serum levels. Further observational study will be required to determine whether this translates into a clinically meaningful effect.     

Proteomic Profiling of Saliva and Tears in Radiated Head and Neck Cancer Patients as Compared to Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome Patients

Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) and patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) may exhibit similar symptoms of dry mouth and dry eyes, as a result of radiotherapy (RT) or a consequence of disease progression. To identify the proteins that may serve as promising disease biomarkers, we analysed saliva and tears from 29 radiated HNC patients and 21 healthy controls, and saliva from 14 pSS patients by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. The study revealed several upregulated, and in some instances overlapping, proteins in the two patient groups. Histone H1.4 and neutrophil collagenase were upregulated in whole saliva of both patient groups, while caspase-14, histone H4, and protein S100-A9 were upregulated in HNC saliva only. In HCN tear fluid, the most highly upregulated protein was mucin-like protein 1. These overexpressed proteins in saliva and tears play central roles in inflammation, host cell injury, activation of reactive oxygen species, and tissue repair. In conclusion, the similarities and differences in overexpressed proteins detected in saliva from HNC and pSS patients may contribute to the overall understanding of the different pathophysiological mechanisms inducing dry mouth. Thus, the recurring proteins identified could possibly serve as future promising biomarkers     

Ⅱ型单纯疱疹病毒糖蛋白D在CHO细胞中的表达及其免疫学特性

目的在CHO细胞中表达Ⅱ型单纯疱疹病毒(Herpes simplex virus-2,HSV-2)糖蛋白D(Glycoprotein D,gD),并检测其免疫学特性。方法采用Vero细胞培养HSV-2,提取总DNA,以其为模板,PCR扩增gD基因,与pCMV-sport载体连接,构建重组表达质粒pCMV-gD,将质粒pCMV-gD转染COS-7和CHO-K1细胞,并进行表达。亲和胶Anti-flag M2 Agarose纯化表达蛋白,经SDS-PAGE和HPLC分析重组蛋白纯度,Western blot分析蛋白反应原性,全波长扫描分析蛋白的光谱曲线,等电聚焦电泳测定蛋白的等电点。以20、40μg纯化的gD免疫BALB/c小鼠,ELISA法检测小鼠血清中HSV-2 gD特异性抗体水平,中和试验测定小鼠血清中和抗体水平。结果酶切鉴定及DNA测序表明,重组表达质粒pCMV-gD构建正确,在COS-7细胞的瞬时表达产物和CHO细胞中的稳定表达产物均可被HSV-2 gD单抗特异性识别,表明该蛋白具有较好的反应原性。纯化的gD在相对分子质量约5 500处可见目的蛋白条带,纯度为65.46%;保留天然HSV-2 gD的反应原性,最适紫外吸收波长为275.50 nm,等电点为8.3。gD 20μg组和40μg组小鼠血清特异性抗体滴度分别为1∶125 000和1∶16 000,中和抗体滴度分别为1∶17和1∶16,表明gD可诱导中和抗体的产生,也可诱导高滴度的HSV-2gD特异性抗体。结论成功在CHO细胞中稳定表达了HSV-2 gD,表达的HSV-2 gD具有较好的免疫原性,为基因工程疫苗的开发奠定了基础。     

Characterization of Extracellular Vesicle Cargo in Sjögren’s Syndrome through a SWATH-MS Proteomics Approach

Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a complex heterogeneous disease characterized by a wide spectrum of glandular and extra-glandular manifestations. In this pilot study, a SWATH-MS approach was used to monitor extracellular vesicles-enriched saliva (EVs) sub-proteome in pSS patients, to compare it with whole saliva (WS) proteome, and assess differential expressed proteins between pSS and healthy control EVs samples. Comparison between EVs and WS led to the characterization of compartment-specific proteins with a moderate degree of overlap. A total of 290 proteins were identified and quantified in EVs from healthy and pSS patients. Among those, 121 proteins were found to be differentially expressed in pSS, 82% were found to be upregulated, and 18% downregulated in pSS samples. The most representative functional pathways associated to the protein networks were related to immune-innate response, including several members of S100 protein family, annexin A2, resistin, serpin peptidase inhibitors, azurocidin, and CD14 monocyte differentiation antigen. Our results highlight the usefulness of EVs for the discovery of novel salivary-omic biomarkers and open novel perspectives in pSS for the identification of proteins of clinical relevance that could be used not only for the disease diagnosis but also to improve patients’ stratification and treatment-monitoring. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD025649.     

血清抗百日咳毒素中和抗体检测方法的建立及应用

目的 建立血清抗百日咳毒素(pertussis toxin,PT)中和抗体的检测方法,并进行应用.方法 将不同浓度的PT蛋白(0.1～105.5 ng/mL)和105个/mL的CHO细胞悬浮液加入96孔板,均100 μL/孔,37℃孵育24 h,显微镜下观察细胞簇集程度,确定中和试验中PT的最适终浓度.将待检血清(1:...     

A Novel Pool of Microparticle Cholesterol Is Elevated in Rheumatoid Arthritis but Not in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients

Microparticles are sub-micron, membrane-bound particles released from virtually all cells and which are present in the circulation. In several autoimmune disorders their amount and composition in the circulation is altered. Microparticle surface protein expression has been explored as a differentiating tool in autoimmune disorders where the clinical pictures can overlap. Here, we examine the utility of a novel lipid-based marker—microparticle cholesterol, present in all microparticles regardless of cellular origin—to distinguish between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We first isolated a series of microparticle containing lipoprotein deficient fractions from patient and control plasma. There were no significant differences in the size, structure or protein content of microparticles isolated from each group. Compared to controls, both patient groups contained significantly greater amounts of platelet and endothelial cell-derived microparticles. The cholesterol content of microparticle fractions isolated from RA patients was significantly greater than those from either SLE patients or healthy controls. Our data indicate that circulating non-lipoprotein microparticle cholesterol, which may account for 1–2% of measured cholesterol in patient samples, may represent a novel differentiator of disease, which is independent of cellular origin.     

肠道病毒71型中和抗体的保护水平

目的通过检测乳鼠模型、健康婴幼儿和疫苗免疫后目标人群的肠道病毒71型(Enterovirus 71,EV71)中和抗体效价,为确定EV71疫苗保护水平提供基础数据。方法 6份不同EV71病毒株免疫血清经中和抗体准确定量后,分别通过两个EV71乳鼠攻毒模型,检测EV71中和抗体保护水平。采用标准化的中和抗体检测法和EV71中和抗体定值标准品,分别对健康婴幼儿及疫苗免疫后血清进行中和抗体准确定量。结果在2个乳鼠攻毒模型中,6份免疫血清的中和抗体保护水平接近,ED50分别为10～50 U和6.1～54.2 U;婴幼儿人群7、12和24月龄抗体阳性率分别为45.0%、48.8%和56.8%,阳性人群的抗体效价分别为113.8、120.3和330.6U/m(l均值为173.2 U/m)l,母亲抗体阳性率和效价分别为86.7%和114.3 U/ml;中、高剂量疫苗2针免疫后,婴幼儿抗体阳性率均为100%,效价为356.0和1 136.2 U/ml,较婴幼儿人群自然感染水平高2.1～6.6倍。结论应用标准化的中和抗体检测法和EV71中和抗体定值标准品,确定了以U/ml为单位的乳鼠攻毒抗体保护水平及婴幼儿人群抗体水平和疫苗免疫后抗体水平,为EV71疫苗免疫人群中和抗体保护水平的确定提供了依据。