面向降低成本求解的产品成本建模

对成本估算模型和降低成本模型进行了对比，指出二者的应用对象不同，而且降低成本模型是以成本估算模型为基础的产品信息更深层次的表达模型．提出集成产品结构树、成本结构及产品设计进程的产品成本模型的层次结构，给出了以产品结构树为基础、嵌套成本结构的产品成本模型的组织形式．以ZUMD-02V油压减振器为例，说明了建模方法的有效性。     

基于实例的多推理机合作变型设计系统

产品变型设计的基本思想就是通过改进已有的系列产品或模块来适应新的设计需求.针对变型设计的基本特点,提出了以基于实例的推理为基础,综合运用规则推理和约束满足方法来完成产品的变型设计活动.结合所开发的“细纱机模块化变型设计系统”,从知识表达模式、推理流程等方面详细讨论了以基于实例的推理为核心方法的多推理机合作变型设计系统的实现.     

基于多BOM的铸件成本估算模型研究

本文分析了铸造企业成本管理的特点和当前成本管理存在的问题,并运用相关的理论、概念和管理方法,结合铸件的生产过程特点,研究了铸件成本估算模型,提出了一种基于多BOM的铸件成本估算模型。本文设计开发了基于多BOM的铸件成本估算系统,包括采购BOM、生产BOM、成本BOM、库存BOM、设备BOM。成本BOM包括成本估算,成本核算,成本统计分析和价格管理模块。成本估算模块以多物料清单为数据基础,通过抽取数据库中存储的模型数据估算出铸件的生产成本;成本核算模块可以根据铸件生产流程上各个工部数据计算出铸件的实际生产成本;成本统计分析模块可以比较和分析估算成本和实际成本,以此帮助管理者标准化生产流程,降低生产成本,提高企业效益。     

面向柔性客户需求的产品变型设计方法

针对柔性的客户定制需求,提出充分重用零件实例的产品变型设计方法.通过分析零件实例重用引起的尺寸约束冲突,提出基于尺寸变化概率和零件变型需求的尺寸约束冲突转移与延迟解决方案,并给出了尺寸变化概率和零件变型需求的统计模型;然后针对零件实例重用引起的客户需求损失提出定制特征指标的补偿作用,并以田口质量损失函数为基础构建了改进的客户需求损失综合模型.最后通过一个实例进行了验证,结果表明在产品变型设计过程中,选择对客户需求影响小的零件实例作为重用对象,可以实现在满足客户需求的同时有效地降低定制产品的成本、缩短交货期.     

客户驱动的大批量定制模型研究

针对具有模块化特性的产品大批量定制问题，提出了一种以客户驱动为基础的大批量定制模型．通过客户驱动参数描述、参数映射、模块特性参数编码规则的建立，得出定量描述的数学模型，从而使产品定制问题转变为模块的组合优化问题．该模型正在汽车产品的客户定制中进行实验研究．     

冶金工业过程动态成本控制系统及应用研究

将工业过程的优化设定控制技术和邯钢成本管理技术相结合，提出了由产品目标成本设定模型、目标成本分解模型、产品实际成本预报模型、工序实际成本预报模型、成本设定补偿模型和成本控制器组成的冶金生产过程成本控制系统结构．采用计算机网络和数据库等信息技术，设计并开发了冶金工业动态成本控制系统软件包，并应用于邯钢生产，降低了生成过程的成本，提高了企业经济效益，增强了企业的市场竞争力．     

产品模块化设计中模块划分的多角度、分级特性讨论

一、概述 当今，市场需求向多样化、个性化方向发展。为了满足日益丰富且快速变化的市场需求，产品开发者要尽可能地加快产品的开发速度并提高产品的适应性。模块化设计方法为快速高效地开发系列化产品提供了有效手段。在模块化设计中，最基础也是十分重要的一步就是模块划分工作。模块划分的结果将直接影响到模块化产品的功能、性能和成本。为了得到合理的模块划分方案，设计者必须从自身的特定角度对产品的功能、结构以及各部分之间的关系做出全面细致的分析。1．模块划分的目的性模块划分具有很强的目的性。有些设计者进行模块划分主要…     

DSP伺服控制系统软件设计

文章首先介绍了DSP伺服系统软件的模块化设计，改进系统信号流图，将软件模块与信号流图模块对应．以对软件进行增量式搭建；其次介绍了利用面向对象技术设计伺服系统的方法，根据面向对象要求确定对象．再给出关键消息定义，指出伺服系统软件使用面向对象设计时应注意的问题。     

复杂产品开发网络中变型设计节点方案评价

当修改配置产品的某个模块后,如何快速查找可能需要修改的模块是产品配置研究中的一个热点问题.为此提出一种复杂产品开发网络中变型设计节点方案评价方法.首先使用评价指标,即节点集介数、信息度和网络聚类系数综合描述变型设计节点集的网络特性;然后结合变型设计的时间与资源约束条件,使用离散粒子群算法优化变型设计节点配置,使得变型设计节点方案能满足控制变型设计传播需求.最后通过某型号真空吸尘器的产品变型设计,验证了文中方法的有效性.对于大规模定制模式下的复杂产品开发网络中,有针对性地选取变型设计节点具有重要意义.     

支持成本度量和过程改进的软件工程环境

描述了如何在软件工程环境中增加面向软件过程的成本度量和成本控制功能。阐述了面向软件过程的成本模型，与产品分解的成本模型不同，提出把可复用的软件过程作为成本度量的对象；介绍了软件过程及成本度量的本体，使得度量的对象和度量数据都有语义背景，并说明如何在软件工程环境下进行成本度量和过程改进，最后给出了功能模块。     

Incorporating customer personalization preferences in open product architecture design

Open product architecture is a key enabler for product personalization, as it allows the integration of personalized modules in a product architecture to satisfy individual customer needs and preference. A critical challenge for integrating personalized modules into a product architecture is determining the optimal assembly architecture when considering market expectations and manufacturing constraints. In this paper, an optimization method is proposed for determining the personalized product design architecture that incorporates individual customer preferences. First, a decision hierarchy is presented to describe the integrated design decisions of the product architecture, including product variety determination, module variant selection, and personalized module configuration. Next, a profit model is formulated as an overall performance metric that incorporates customer preferences and manufacturing cost. The systematic patterns and randomness of diverse customer preferences are modeled by combining conjoint analysis and market segmentation with a multivariate normal mixture model. Individual customer product utilities in the target market and their product purchase intent probability are estimated through Monte-Carlo simulation, which is incorporated into the profit calculation. Manufacturing limitations on processes and materials are included as they influence manufacturer’s planning on candidate module variants and production strategies of personalized modules. These models are used to determine a product family architecture that maximizes profit by optimally determining its offering of product variants, module combinations, and personalized module configuration through a genetic algorithm. The proposed method is demonstrated by a personalized bicycle architecture design example.     

不确定规则推理在预测算法中的应用

文章针对海洋渔业资源的多种预测算法得到的结果集,提出了以框架的知识表示理论为基础的不确定规则推理预测系统修正算法,利用框架系统ＫＢＩＦ（Ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ Ｂａｓｅ ｉｎ Ｆｒａｍｅ）的知识表示理论与黑板结构、不确定推理相结合对预测算法根据不同环境参数进行多种方式的修正,可以对系统预测结果进行有效的分析,以期得到更好的应用。     

Designing an assembly line for modular products

To respond to the challenge of agile manufacturing, companies are striving to provide a large variety of products at low cost. Product modularity has become an important issue. It allows to produce different products through combination of standard components. One of the characteristics of modular products is that they share the same assembly structure for many assembly operations. The special structure of modular products provides challenges and opportunities for operational design of assembly lines. In this paper, an approach for design of assembly lines for modular products is proposed. This approach divides the assembly line into two subassembly lines: a subassembly line for basic assembly operations and a subassembly line for variant assembly operations. The design of the subassembly line for basic operations can be viewed as a single product assembly line balancing problem and be solved by existing line balancing methods. The subassembly line for the variant operations is designed as a two-station flowshop line and is balanced by a two-machine flowshop scheduling method. A three-station flowshop line for a special structure of modular products is proposed and illustrated with an example.     

Design change propagation routing in the modular product

In product engineering, design changes are unavoidable because of the evolution of customer requirements and key technologies. Modularization has been extensively applied as an effective strategy for the development of complex products. In a modular product, although modules are supposed to be functionally independent, the design change in a module can still propagate to other modules because of the interfaces between modules. This propagation leads to numerous potential propagation paths and uncontrollable change in costs. Thus, it is valuable to consider the impact of the modular structure during the optimization of design change propagation. This research offers a glimpse into design change propagation routing in modular products to accelerate design change propagation within the modules. First, the relationships between components were determined to construct the product network model. Subsequently, an optimization model of the design change propagation path was established to minimize the change propagation intensity, which includes the importance of the components, change in cost, and path length. To decrease the number of modules that the design change propagates into, the correlation between the modules was explored as penalties, considering the dependencies of a module on the interface(s) that are defined from aspects of the topological characteristics, change in the propagation characteristics, and cost of design changes. A multiple-population genetic algorithm was developed to solve this model. Finally, a case study of the design change propagation routing of a potato lifter was implemented to expound on the utility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

产品族设计与延迟制造过程决策的主从关联优化

在市场全球化的进程中,延迟仍然是当今企业降低供应链风险的一种有效策略.然而,当前对延迟的研究往往是基于预先已固定好的产品族架构,较少关注到产品族设计与延迟制造过程决策间存在的内在固有耦合关系.鉴于此,提出对这二者的一种主从关联优化方法.首先,通过构建二者间的主从交互评价机制,建立以产品族设计为上层优化、延迟制造过程决策为下层优化的非线性双层规划模型:模型上层为设计产品族架构和决策延迟产品模块类型,从而最大化单位成本的顾客效用;下层分别为非延迟和延迟产品模块决策最优的制造方式以及为终端产品决策最优的组装方式,从而最小化工程成本.然后,设计一种嵌套式遗传算法对模型进行求解,以智能冰箱产品族延迟制造案例验证所提出模型和算法的可行性.最后,通过设计一种嵌套GAPSO算法对嵌套式遗传算法进行改进,并对比分析两种算法的计算过程和结果.     

全数字晶闸管功率控制器的设计

本文介绍了利用RISC结构的单片机作控制核心，设计多功能晶闸管功率控制器的基本思路。描述了功率控制器的硬件模块设计，控制器的各种控制特性分析，同时也介绍了软件的设计要点。实践表明，所介绍的设计方案和使用效果达到了国外同等产品的性能，具有极大的推广和使用价值。     

Extending the reflexion method for consolidating software variants into product lines

Software variants emerge from ad-hoc copying in-the-large with adaptations to a specific context. As the number of variants increases, maintaining such software variants becomes more and more difficult and expensive. In contrast to such ad-hoc reuse, software product lines offer organized ways of reuse, taking advantage of similarities of different products. To re-gain control, software variants may be consolidated as organized software product lines. In this paper, we describe a method and supporting tools to compare software variants at the architectural level extending the reflexion method to software variants. Murphy’s reflexion method allows one to reconstruct the module view, a static architectural view describing the static components, their interfaces and dependencies and their grouping as layers and subsystems. The method consists of the specification of the module view and the mapping of implementation components onto the module view. An automatic analysis determines differences between the module view and its implementation. We extend the reflexion method from single systems to software variants. Because software variants share a very large amount of code, we can expect components of one variant to re-occur in the other variant either identically or at least similarly. We use similarity metrics to determine this type of correspondence among implementation components between two variants. Because the similarity metrics are expensive to compute, we use clone detection techniques to reduce the number of candidate pairs of implementation components for which the similarity is computed. The correspondence is then used to transfer as much as possible of the mapping for the analyzed variants to the next variant to be analyzed. Furthermore, we describe how to unify the individual product architectures into a software product line architecture.     

Multiple platforms design and product family process planning for combined additive and subtractive manufacturing

Industry 4.0 promotes the utilization of new exponential technologies such as additive manufacturing in responding to different manufacturing challenges. Among these, the integration of additive and subtractive manufacturing technologies can play an important role and be a game changer in manufacturing products. In addition, using product platforms improves the efficiency and responsiveness of manufacturing systems and is considered an enabler of mass customization. In this paper, a model to design multiple platforms that can be customized using additive and subtractive manufacturing to manufacture a product family cost-effectively is proposed. The developed model is used to determine the optimal number of product platforms, each platform design (i.e. its features set), the assignment of each platform to various product variants, and the macro process plans for customizing the platforms while minimizing the overall product family manufacturing cost.The multiple additive/subtractive platforms and their process plans are determined by considering not only the commonality between the product variants but also their various manufacturing cost elements and the customer demand of each variant. The design of multiple product family platforms and their process plans is NP-hard problem. A genetic algorithm-based model is developed to reduce the computational complexity and find optimal or near optimal solution. Two case studies are used to illustrate the developed multiple platform model. The model results were compared with a single platform model in literature and the results demonstrate the multiple platform model superiority in manufacturing product families in lower cost. The use of the developed model enables manufacturing product families cost efficiently and allows manufacturers to manage diversity in products and market demands.     

Cost-effective design for injection molding

It is commonly agreed that a large proportion of the ultimate product cost is determined at product design stage. Therefore, a cost-effective design cannot be obtained unless all cost issues are resolved at early design stage. Therefore, instead of performing cost estimation after design, research presented in this paper aims to provide on-line cost evaluation and advisory to help product designers avoid cost-ineffective design. The objective can be obtained by (1) identifying factors that might affect product cost at each product design stage, (2) developing a design for cost effectiveness methodology that accommodates the concepts of concurrent engineering, and (3) developing a computer-based design for cost effectiveness system based on the proposed methodology. In this research, we focus on injection molding product design due to the advantages of injection molding process, such as high production rates, excellent quality and accuracy of the parts, and very long mold life. This paper first reviews and characterizes the conventional molding product development process with an emphasis on the identification of cost factors. Based on the results of process characterization, a cost model is developed, which depicts the relationships between cost factors and product development activities, as well as their relationships with product geometry. According to the product life cycle activities and the cost model, a design for cost effectiveness process is proposed. The process and the cost model are then employed for the development of a computer-based product design for cost effectiveness as one of the module of an integrated design for injection molding environment.     

Web-based modular interface geometries with constraints in assembly models

The use of a modular technique in modeling for assembly can improve design efficiency and reduce the cost of product development. This paper presents an approach to an assembly model that was built using modular interface geometries. This paper proposes a novel, hybrid modular design strategy instead of the traditional, top-down design process. The curve-joint method is used as a simplified process for converting a 3D solid model to a skeleton model with interface geometries in modeling for assembly. This research builds assembly interface geometries with their constraints in the assembly model instead of using information about individual assembly parts for the product. These interface geometries are easy to share, and they deliver the design requirements properly. They also ensure that minimal efforts will be required in the design change process. By implementing this method, the constraints of the features in modular assembly parts can be transferred to interface geometries. Designers can easily add, replace, and delete design parts in the modular product. Module interaction for application programmed interface (MIAPI) is developed using HTML and JavaScript. The module structure of products can be verified via the web-based Internet in VRML format. These simplified assembly models that have fewer constraints allow design project managers to simulate the functioning of the product in the modularized design before the prototype is built. By using the assembly models, customers can easily choose various modules to assemble the exact products they are seeking via the Internet process. A desk lamp model is used as the example for implementation to validate the feasibility of this research.