12年连续施用秸秆和钾肥对土壤钾素含量和分布的影响

为探索潮土钾素肥力培肥的有效途径,本文通过设计不同施钾处理进行田间定位试验。结果表明,不同的处理对土壤速效钾、缓效钾含量的影响在不同的土层深度表现不同。连续12年施入秸秆、钾肥、秸秆加钾肥(年施K2O≥150kg hm-2)对培肥耕层土壤速效钾和缓效钾有积极促进作用,均能显著或极显著提高耕层土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量,但对耕层以下土壤培肥作用不明显。     

风沙土酿酒葡萄基地钾素资源特征和有效性研究

应用化学分析、吸附试验和生物诊断方法 ,系统研究了风沙土钾的丰缺状况及钾的有效性和利用率 .结果表明 :钾素含量受质地影响较大 ,缓效钾和速效钾则随质地变粘而增加 ,风沙土中的钾主要以矿物态钾形态存在 .被土壤固定的钾量也随着施钾量的增加上升 ,无论是速效钾含量或固定钾量均与施钾量呈显著水平正相关 .土壤钾素释放过程表明 ,土壤钾素的释放量不仅随土壤物理性粘粒的增加而增加 ,其释放容量和强度也逐渐增加。钾素对于植株鲜重、根长、根数、百粒重、结果枝率等均有明显的影响 ,且可使酿酒葡萄含糖量、酒精和出汁率增加 ,而使总酸度降低     

淮北变性土性状特点对其生产性能的影响及农业利用对策

本研究基于黄淮海平原多个变性土剖面分层土壤样品的土壤理化性状分析数据,对其肥力特征、生产性能以及培肥改良措施进行了系统研究。相关结果表明,机械组成中粘粒含量高、质地粘重、土壤结构和孔隙性差是变性土主要物理性状特征,受其影响,土壤表现出耕作性能差、蓄水能力弱、保水性能不强等特点;化学性状主要表现为有机质含量不高、质量差,土壤氮素水平仍较低,耕层土壤速效磷含量分异加大,土壤速效钾含量缓慢降低,土壤CEC含量较高,土壤保肥性能强,但供肥性能较差等特点。这些性状特点对土壤生产性能的影响主要表现在土壤适耕期短,易受旱、涝(渍)灾害的危害,土壤有效养分低、营养失调,钙质结核影响土壤蓄水能力和水分运行以及作物根系生长等方面。指出:(1)增加土壤有机质,改良土壤理化性质;(2)合理施肥,促进土壤养分平衡;(3)改进耕作、灌溉技术,调控土壤水分状况等是培育变性土肥力质量、提高土壤生产性能的关键性措施。     

宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄基地土壤酶活性

调查了宁夏御马酿酒葡萄基地不同栽培年限下土壤的蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性,并与土壤的基本理化性质进行了回归分析.结果表明,供试土壤为强碱性反应,耕作施肥对土壤pH和全盐含量影响不显著;土壤有机质、全氮、铵态氮、速效磷、阳离子代换量大都处于最低的六级水平,但肥力随耕种年限的延长显著增加;随栽培年限的延长,表层土壤磷酸酶活性、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性显著增加;蔗糖酶、脲酶活性随剖面深度的加深而显著减小;表土过氧化氢酶活性随栽培年限的延长而显著下降,但不同土地利用下表层以下各层次土壤过氧化氢酶活性总体上高于表层,且差异显著.磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、缓效钾、速效钾之间存在着极显著相关关系;磷酸酶活性、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、缓效钾、速效钾之间存在着极显著相关关系;四种酶之间,磷酸酶与脲酶之间存在极显著相关关系,脲酶与蔗糖酶之间存在极显著相关关系.由此表明,磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性的大小可以代表宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄栽培区土壤肥力的高低.     

快速检测果苹类蔬菜有机磷农药残留结果分析

本文对环江肯福环境移民安置示范区所采 88个表层土样及 4个剖面土样有机质 ,全氮 ,全磷 ,全钾 ,水解氮 ,速效磷 ,速效钾 ,pH等指标进行了测定。结果表明该区表层土壤有机质含量较高 ,土壤氮相对丰富 ,钾含量偏低 ,磷严重缺乏 ,pH偏酸性。土壤剖面发育完整 ,在土壤剖面中有机质、氮、速效磷、交换性钾主要聚集在 2 0cm的表层土壤中 ,全磷随深度的增加而降低 ,全钾和 pH值则随土壤深度增加而上升     

贵州省植烟区土壤pH值和养分空间变异特征的研究

应用地统计学的方法结合GIS空间分析技术,对贵州省植烟区土壤pH值和速效养分区域采集了3309个耕层(0～20cm)土壤样本进行了数据处理,并对其pH值、有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量的空间分异特征进行了研究和探讨。结果表明,贵州省土壤养分pH值、有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾半方差函数曲线的理论模型中,pH值和速效磷为球形(Spherical),有机质、速效氮和速效钾为高斯(Gaussion)。pH值、速效氮和速效磷具有强烈的空间相关性,块金值/基台值小于25%,其变化主要受结构性因子的影响;有机质空间相关性也较强,速效钾具有中等的空间相关性,块金值/基台值在25%～75%之间,其变化主要受随机性因子的影响。利用地统计学分析的方法,对贵州省烟叶种植具有重要的意义。     

太湖地区典型水稻土中速效磷变化规律研究

为了定量研究太湖地区农田土壤中速效磷的变化情况,本文对不同季节太湖地区三种典型水稻土(白土、黄泥土和乌栅土)中土壤速效磷的含量进行了分析.结果表明:速效磷含量在土壤剖面中由上层到下层呈现逐渐递减的趋势.三种土壤均以耕层含量为最高,在45cm以下基本上趋于稳定,但在接近地下水时又略有上升.季节性变化方面,速效磷含量一般在2月份的小麦分蘖-拔节期和9月份的水稻齐穗期较高.影响土壤速效磷含量的因素很多,经分析:土壤速效磷的含量与土壤的有机质含量呈极显著的线性正相关关系;旱作条件下与全磷含量之间呈显著的幂函数相关关系,在水作条件下与全磷含量之间呈极显著的线性正相关关系;与土壤的pH又有显著的线性负相关关系.     

黑龙江省双城市土壤有机质和速效养分的空间变异特征

采用地理信息系统(G IS)和地统计学相结合的方法研究了黑龙江省双城市土壤表层(0~20 cm)有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾这4种土壤养分指标的空间变异性。结果表明:土壤有机质、速效氮、速效钾的理论模型均为球状模型;速效磷的理论模型为指数模型。速效钾含量的C0/(C0 C)为49.96%,存在中等的空间相关性,说明其空间变异是由随机性因素和结构性因素共同作用的结果;速效氮、有机质、速效磷含量的C0/(C0 C)变化范围是8.10%~14.39%,均表现出强的空间相关性,说明其空间变异均受结构性因素的影响。从总体分布趋势来看,4项养分指标均呈现出由西向东、由西南向东北升高的趋势。     

土壤供钾状况及土壤湿度对我国北方烤烟烟叶含钾量的影响研究

田间采样统计分析和框栽试验结果表明 ,土壤钾素状况及土壤的供钾能力是影响我国北方烟区烤烟烟叶含钾量的主要因子之一 ,合理施用钾肥和改善土壤的钾素状况是提高烟叶含钾量的有效措施 ;土壤湿度是保证土壤钾素向烟株根系运动的必要条件 ,在烟株生长期间 ,特别是在烟株移栽 4 0— 50天期间 ,保持土壤的相对含水量 6 0— 70 % ,是促进烟叶吸钾 ,提高烟叶含钾量的重要手段     

常规方法准确测定土壤有效钾素变化可能性的探讨

土壤中的有效钾状况通常用1 mol L-1中性醋酸铵提取的速效钾或1 mol L-1硝酸煮沸法提取的缓效钾量来表征。我国农田土壤中近些年来1 mol L-1中性醋酸铵提取的速效钾量呈普遍下降趋势。但土壤中的有效钾素的实际下降值,到目前为止还没有办法通过测土的方法进行准确评估。本文通过室内培养实验,人为改变土壤有效钾量,对常规土壤有效钾测定方法反应土壤有效钾素变化的效果进行了比较和评价。并对硝酸连续提取法准确测定土壤钾素变化的可能性进行了探讨。结果表明,几种提取方式中,以2 mol L-1冷硝酸超声波连续提取10次获得的外源钾变化的回收率最高,达75%~80%。其次是1 mol L-1硝酸100℃水浴法连续提取6次,测钾变化的累计回收率可达75%。如进一步增加提取次数,可能会有限地提高测钾变化的回收率,但随提取次数的增加,提取过程的可操作性和结果的稳定性将显著下降。因而用硝酸作为提取剂,即使是在高温、超声波等方式下,也很难准确测定强固钾能力土壤中有效钾的变化。能够准确测定土壤有效钾素变化的方法必须能将土壤中易发生变化的有效态钾全部提出,并尽量不提取土壤的原生矿物态钾,寻找这一方法将是未来土壤钾素测定工作中值得关注的问题。     

塑造河流的性格——以郧西县城市河流生态景观规划为例

本文以郧西城市河流生态景观规划为例,论述了河流规划应突出其固有的个性特征,并通过河流驳岸的生态化改造和河流绿化规划,将生态与景观有效结合。     

Using satellite imagery to reveal the course of an extinct river below the Thar Desert in the Indo-Pak region

Digitally processed satellite images have unearthed the hidden course of a major lost river below the sands of the Thar Desert, in the India–Pakistan (Indo-Pak) region. The great Himalayan river of the Vedic period (10?000–8000 BP) is mentioned in ancient Indian literature. It was called the ‘Saraswati’ in India and the ‘Hakra’ in Pakistan and it dried up during 4000–3500 BP. Large numbers of archaeological sites from the Harappan civilization occur along the dry river bed. The mapped course of the river is 4–10 km wide and conforms to the size described in the Rigveda. The newly described course is validated through the drilling of tube wells in the channels and through archaeological, hydrogeological and sedimentary data. An enormous quantity of potable water has been found along these channels. The path of the (main) river course, the likelihood of the river shift and the reasons for its disappearance are discussed.     

黄河下游河势遥感监测系统建设分析

为提高黄河下游河势遥感监测能力,提升河势遥感监测服务水平,深入探讨黄河下游河势遥感监测的现状和存在的问题,提出黄河下游河势遥感监测系统的建设目标及思路。通过充分整合卫星遥感、黄河水利对象等相关数据,最大程度地共享现有数据资料和软硬件资源,设计开发黄河下游河势遥感监测系统,包括卫星遥感数据传输通道建设、遥感数据处理软硬件和存储设施建设、河势信息解译和服务功能开发,以及河势信息数据库建设等。结果表明：黄河下游河势遥感监测系统的建设可强化黄河河势遥感监测的数据计算与存储服务能力,提升河势信息解译的自动化水平,实现河势遥感监测工作的数字化及河势信息服务的高效化,具有很好的推广应用前景。     

Mapping the potential annual total nitrogen load in the river basins of Japan with remotely sensed imagery

The increase of nutrient loads such as nitrogen and phosphorus to a river due to land cover changes in surrounding areas has been one of the major sources of water pollution or eutrophication. Monitoring the influent nutrient load from river basins to rivers is now crucial in the management of river basin environments. The monitoring is not easy, however, because it requires spatial and temporal measurement tools for land cover changes in the river basin and water qualities, and also it requires models relating them.In this study, we first analyzed the relation between the land cover types estimated from monthly maximum Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) imagery calculated from NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imagery and the annual total nitrogen load discharged from river basins. We found that the runoff load factor from urban areas is higher than those of forested areas. We also found that the impacts of land cover such as plantation and field weed communities on the total nitrogen load of each river are higher than the impacts of other land cover types such as Beech and Camellia japonica community type.Finally, we produced two advanced maps of the potential annual total nitrogen load (PTNL) index and the potential annual total nitrogen load for each river basin area (PTNL/area) index by considering the relationship between the land cover types and the annual total nitrogen load discharged from river basins in Japan. The PTNL map will be useful for the risk assessment of total nitrogen load impact on lakes and the sea through rivers from each basin. The PTNL/area index, which considers the effects of river basin areas, will allow evaluation of the state of river basins.     

On the use of ocean color remote sensing to measure the transport of dissolved organic carbon by the Mississippi River Plume

We investigated the use of ocean color remote sensing to measure the transport of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. From 2000 to 2005 we recorded surface measurements of DOC, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), salinity, and water-leaving radiances during five cruises to the Mississippi River Plume. These measurements were used to develop empirical relationships to derive DOC, CDOM, and salinity from monthly composites of SeaWiFS imagery collected from 1998 through 2005. We compared our remote sensing estimates of river flow and DOC transport with data collected by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from 1998 through 2005. Our remote sensing estimates of river flow and DOC transport correlated well (r² ∼ 0.70) with the USGS data. Our remote sensing estimates and USGS field data showed low variability in DOC concentrations in the river end-member (7-11%), and high seasonal variability in river flow (∼ 50%). Therefore, changes in river flow control the variability in DOC transport, indicating that the remote sensing estimate of river flow is the most critical element of our DOC transport measurement. We concluded that it is possible to use this method to estimate DOC transport by other large rivers if there are data on the relationship between CDOM, DOC, and salinity in the river plume.     

Synergetic use of active and passive remotely-sensed and map data in the delineation of part of Godavari palaeocourse

Map information for ( 1937-38 and 1965-66) Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) data of October 1988 and 1990, Landsat-TM data of 1987 and airborne SAR data ( 1988) were used in the identification of river course, geomor-phological features and palaeo channels over part of the Godavari river, India. The change in river course and growth and erosion of the island/ sand bar were measured. The palaeocourse of the river at test sites has been reconstructed. The measured cut-off ratio indicates that the chute cut-off of the river course near Gannavaram is very high. Flood affected areas in the regions could be assessed by this method.     

电子江图河流边界随水位变化自动生成技术

文章首先分析了内河电子江图所显示的河流边界与动态变化的真实河流边界的不一致性给船舶安全航行带来的风险,然后对电子江图河流边界随水位的涨落而自动改变的方法进行了研究,提出了两种获取不同水位对应的河流边界矢量的方法和两种水位发布的方式,并且对提出的方法进行了验证.具有一定的实用价值.     

遥感图像中的黄河主溜线高效提取方法

黄河主溜线的趋向直接影响黄河的防洪决策与规划,而现有的主溜线演进方法需判断每一步河流方向。提出一种河流直向化的预处理方法,利用光谱相似性原理提取河流域,然后轮廓跟踪河流域外边界,对边界内的河流域通过线性插值的方式进行直向化处理;动态演进直向河流的主溜线,随后将其逆映射回原图像,获得原图像中河流域的主溜线。结果表明,运用直向化预处理方法提取主溜线,在没有降低误差精度的基础上,避免了频繁地检测河流走向,简化了主溜线的演进模型。     

民间河灯折纸艺术特征解析

河灯折纸是一种我国民间传统节日活动的用品,具有历史悠久,形式风格简易,制作工艺简单的特点。本文通过河灯折纸历史和艺术特征的研究,阐述河灯折纸独特的艺术魅力,从而为现代设计的提供借鉴意义。     

Modelling the impacts of river stage manipulation on a complex river-floodplain system in a semi-arid region

This paper investigates the complex interaction between a river and a saline floodplain in a semi-arid environment strongly influenced by groundwater lowering using a fully integrated physically-based numerical model. The main objective is to quantify the impacts of river stage manipulation on freshening of the shallow floodplain groundwater through bank storage. It is shown that river stage rises produce a relatively less saline floodplain aquifer with a larger freshwater lens. First, an increase in river stage reduces saline groundwater recharge to the floodplain. Second, the enhanced bank storage is able to freshen the groundwater near the river banks during high-flow pulses by mixing fresh water with saline groundwater. Overall, it was found that river stage manipulation may be considered as a short term salt management technique. However, if longer term strategies are required, it may be possible to implement these salt interception measures periodically.