湿地的生态修复与景观营造——山东临朐弥河湿地公园规划设计

基于山东临朐弥河湿地公园的地理特色,解读了临朐自然浸润、人杰地灵、文风昌盛、世外桃园的地方历史文化精神,在此基础上提出了弥河湿地公园的规划策略和规划内容,从湿地系统的生态修复、休闲系统的统筹构建、地域特征的充分表达等方面,探讨了湿地修复与景观营造的新途径.湿地系统的构建着重于水系设计、地形处理、植被构建、生物多样性营造;休闲系统与湿地系统相叠加,划分为湿地休闲区、湿地娱乐区、人文景观区、湿地科普区和湿地体验区,分别进行特色构建.规划充分解读了场地特征,分别在河流与植物、土壤、人之间寻求一种能量的平衡和物质转化方法,具有一定的实用性.     

三峡库区东溪河湿地保育区建设的生态学途径

湿地公园是国家湿地保护体系的重要组成部分,2009年位于三峡库区的重庆忠县皇华岛被正式批准为国家湿地公园建设试点,东溪河湿地生态保育区是其3个功能区之一.自2008年三峡水库蓄水至173 m后,已经形成消落带新生湿地;其湿地生境典型,湿地植物资源丰富,冬季水鸟种类和数量丰富,成为三峡库区湿地生物多样性的集中富集区.文章从生态学途径对东溪河湿地生态保育区的建设目标及功能定位进行了探讨,提出对消落带湿地生态系统进行修复和生态友好型利用.东溪河湿地生态保育区以湿地生态保育为主,通过在区内构建湿地生态展示亚区(含消落带湿地演替系列展示和湿地植物展示两个功能单元)、湿地花卉苗木培育亚区、湿地生态缓冲控制带以及实施消落带植被恢复与重建工程,达到加强湿地生物多样性保护、建设良好的湿地生物栖息地、营造优美的湿地景观目的,并在此基础上,开展水鸟观赏等湿地生态旅游及科研监测活动.     

中国高原湿地退化与恢复研究进展

高原湿地是我国重要湿地类型之一,生态环境功能独特,极具研究价值.总结了中国高原湿地退化与退化湿地恢复研究进展,并提出了高原湿地退化研究主要优先领域及退化湿地恢复与保护时策.     

四川省湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估

依据<中国湿地百科全书>及四川省林业厅调查数据,将四川省湿地类型划分为河流湿地、湖泊湿地、沼泽和沼泽化草地、水田湿地、池塘湿地、水库湿地两大类6种类型,采用定量货币化方法对四川省湿地生态系统服务功能价值进行了估算,为四川省湿地保护与规划提供生态经济理论依据.结果表明,四川省湿地生态服务功能的总价值达7 483.03亿元人民币,相当于四川省2009年GDP的52.88%,各项湿地生态功能价值中最高的是固碳释氧功能价值达3 422.00亿元人民币,约占45.73﹪,其次是水分调节功能和物质生产功能,说明湿地对四川省的生态环境和国民经济有重要作用,并和人们的生产、生活、娱乐密切相关.     

郑州黄河湿地自然保护区的现状与保护对策

郑州黄河湿地自然保护区在抵御洪水、净化污染、调节气候等方面发挥着不可替代的作用.探讨了郑州黄河湿地自然保护区的资源概况、景观分类、生态特征及功能,分析了郑州黄河湿地与郑州城市发展的关系及目前面临的主要问题,并提出相应的保护对策.     

“海绵城市”建设中人工湿地技术的应用探讨

针对城市的洪水问题,为了进一步推挤进海绵城市建设,提出了可以充分利用人工湿地技术对雨水进行管理的方法。文章首先重点分析了人工湿地技术在海绵城市建设当中的作用,继而再讨论了城市湿地雨洪管理的基本策略,旨在充分发挥人工湿地技术的作用,解决城市雨水问题,并为城市的进一步发展提供一些可行性意见和建议。     

人工湿地在城市建设中的作用

综述了人工湿地在小区生活污水处理、城市景观美化、减轻城市洪涝灾害、生物多样性保护及环境教育等方面的重要作用.     

城市防灾公共绿地规划——以成都活水公园为例

从城市公共绿地的防灾功能入手,分析了城市避难的必要性及重要性,并以成都活水公园为案例,分析了城市防灾公共绿地的规划,进而对城市防灾绿地体系与避难空间规划进行初步探讨,以期对我国发展城市防灾绿地规划建设提供指导.     

河北省湿地功能退化及其综合治理

基于河北省湿地生物资源和水资源状况,从湿地生物生境、湿地生物多样性、湿地水生态过程、湿地污染和湿地水资源等方面剖析了河北省湿地功能退化的现状和趋势,并提出了进行湿地恢复和保护的综合措施.     

河北省山区湿地的类型与成因分析

通过分析研究,根据河北省山区湿地的特点,建立了新的湿地分类系统;发现并命名了新的湿地类型,查清了河北省山区湿地的类型与数量;同时分析了山区湿地的成因.对山区经济发展与湿地生态环境保护有一定指导意义.     

人工湿地在酸性矿山废水处理中的应用

随着经济建设的快速发展,我国矿山废水产生的环境问题日益严重,矿山废水的污染已成为制约矿业经济可持续发展的主要因素之一。文章介绍了酸性主要污染物及其危害,人工湿地处理系统的特点及利用人工湿地系统处理酸性矿山废水的机理与效能。     

Hydraulic Analysis of Orlando Easterly Wetland

Hydraulic testing of the Orlando Easterly Wetland, a constructed treatment wetland located near Christmas, Fla., was performed as part of a more comprehensive study of treatment efficacy of the system. The wetland serves to reduce nutrient loading from tertiary treated wastewater to the St. Johns River, the receiving body. Residence time distribution analysis of bromide tracer tests revealed and quantified inefficiencies (short circuiting and dead zones) in the hydraulic performance within individual treatment cells and the wetland system under the operating conditions studied. Hydraulic efficiencies (ratios of experimentally determined residence times to nominal residence times) of the cells ranged from 11 to 88%, while overall, the wetland was operating at near 50% efficiency during the tracer tests. Short circuiting and dead zones within the wetland are largely the results of historic land alterations, such as ditches, that were not removed during the conversion of the site from drained land to managed wetland. Volume- and area-based system-referenced metrics were developed to identify and prioritize opportunities to improve hydraulics on both cell-by-cell and system scales.     

Mercury Geochemistry in Wetland and its Implications for In Situ Remediation

The objective of this study was to characterize the nature of Hg sorption to a wetland sediment with the intent of providing guidance for the selection of an appropriate in situ remediation strategy. Total Hg concentrations in the sediments were as high as 10 mg/kg, whereas associated pore water Hg concentrations were below detection, <0.010 mg/L. Sediment Hg was not in an exchangeable form, and <8% of it was associated with organic matter. The remainder of the Hg was strongly associated with Fe oxides and/or with a precipitated phase, presumably a sulfide. Sediment Hg concentrations were significantly correlated (r = 0.94) with Fe oxide concentrations. Thermodynamic calculations based on field Eh/pH measurements and laboratory results suggest that under present field conditions metacinnabar (HgS) would not be stable due to the relatively low pH (～4.2) and sulfate concentrations (0.14 mM) and high Eh levels at the study site. However, these calculations indicate that metacinnabar may have formed when the Hg first entered the wetland at elevated concentrations (～5 mg/L). Given the ecologically sensitive nature of the wetland and the fact that the Hg is strongly bound to the sediment, it was concluded that a monitored natural attenuation approach for site remediation may be appropriate.     

宝钢外排综合废水人工湿地生态净化回用处理中试研究

钢铁企业外排综合废水的处理回用是降低吨钢耗新水量的有效途径。通过宝钢围厂河调研可知,围厂河接纳的废水资源量丰富,但较高的Fe、Mn浓度限制了其资源化利用。研究了将锰砂作为填料应用于人工湿地中处理宝钢外排综合废水,结果表明,锰砂人工湿地可有效去除废水中的Fe、Mn等污染物,出水达到了《城市污水再生利用工业用水水质》(GB/T 19923-2005)和宝钢生产用水的水质要求。锰砂人工湿地运行稳定,受水力停留时间HRT、季节、温度等因素影响较小,运行成本较低,具有良好的经济效益。     

Evaluating Four Storm-Water Performance Metrics with a North Carolina Coastal Plain Storm-Water Wetland

Storm-water best management practices (BMPs) are typically assessed using the performance metric of pollutant concentration removal efficiencies. However, debate exists whether this is the most appropriate metric to use. In this study, a storm-water wetland constructed and monitored in the coastal plain of North Carolina is evaluated for water quality and hydrologic performance using four different metrics: concentration reduction, load reduction, comparison to nearby ambient water quality monitoring stations, and comparison to other wetlands studied in North Carolina. The River Bend storm-water wetland was constructed in spring 2007 and was monitored from June 2007 through May 2008. Twenty-four hydrologic and 11 water quality events were captured and evaluated. The wetland reduced peak flows and runoff volumes by 80 and 54%, respectively. Reductions were significant. Concentrations for the following pollutants increased: total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), NH4–N, total nitrogen (TN), and total suspended solids (TSS); inflow and outflow concentrations did not change for total phosphorus (TP), while only NO2–3–N and orthophosphorus (OP) concentrations were lower at the outlet. Using a load reduction metric, results were strikingly different, showing positive load reductions of 35, 41, 42, 36, 47, 61, and 49% for these respective pollutants: TKN, NO2–3–N, NH4–N, TN, TP, OP, and TSS. When comparing the effluent concentrations from the wetland to ambient water quality in the Trent River, all effluent nitrogen species concentration were either similar or lower. TP and TSS concentrations leaving the wetland were higher than ambient water quality data. Finally, by comparing pollutant concentrations among different North Carolina wetlands, it is apparent the River Bend wetland received relatively “clean” water and released water with pollutant concentrations comparable to all other studies examined. Major conclusions from this study include: (1) storm-water wetlands sited in sandier soils (such as those of the North Carolina coastal plain) should be considered a low impact development tool and (2) the selection of performance metric has a pronounced bearing on how a BMP’s performance is perceived. Sole reliance on a concentration reduction metric is discouraged.     

填料在人工湿地中的作用及其强化人工湿地净化性能的研究进展

填料是构成人工湿地系统的核心成分,也是影响人工湿地系统污染物净化能力的关键因素。选择合适的填料对于人工湿地系统的建设和废水水质净化至关重要。首先阐述了填料在人工湿地系统中的作用,其次分析了适宜用于构建人工湿地的填料特点和选择原则,最后总结了当前通过填料改性、制备缓释碳源填料以及采用组合填料来强化人工湿地系统净化污染物的研究进展,并提出了今后的研究方向。可为人工湿地的构建和推广应用提供参考和借鉴。     

High Rates of Ammonia Removal in Experimental Oxygen-Activated Nitrification Wetland Mesocosms

While constructed treatment wetlands are very efficient at polishing nitrate from secondary effluent, they are much less effective at removing ammonia. A key factor that limits ammonia oxidation via biological nitrification in vegetated wetlands is low levels of dissolved oxygen. This study evaluated the effectiveness of side-stream oxygenation to enhance ammonia removal in replicate surface-flow experimental mesocosms containing wetland sediment and plants (Typha spp.). Mesocosms had a water volume of 29.5 L, a hydraulic retention time of 5 days, and a hydraulic loading rate of 4.3 cm/d, and were loaded with synthetic secondary effluent contain 10 mg-N/L of ammonia. Relative to nonoxygenated controls, oxygenation increased ammonia removal rates by an order of magnitude. Areal removal rates increased from 40?mg-N/m2/d to 450?mg-N/m2/d, concentration removal efficiency increased from 10 to 95%, and area-based first-order removal rates increased from <2?m/year to 50–75 m/year. Ammonia removal rates in oxygenated mesocosms were 2- to 4-fold higher than rates reported for full-scale constructed wetlands treating secondary effluent. Results show that oxygen-activated nitrification wetlands, a hybrid of conventional oxygenation technology and wetland ecotechnology, hold promise in economically enhancing rates of ammonia removal and shrinking the wetland area needed to polish ammonia-dominated secondary effluent. Further study is needed to confirm that oxygenation can promote high rates of ammonia removal at the field scale.     

Simulating the Effect of Sulfate Addition on Methylmercury Output from a Wetland

The watershed analysis risk management framework (WARMF) model was applied to Wetland S6 of the Marcell Experimental Forest, using the data from a field experiment, conducted to investigate the effect of sulfate additions on mercury methylation in the wetland. The wetland was modeled as interconnected land catchments. Actual meteorology data and mercury and sulfate concentrations of precipitation were input to the model. To simulate the sulfate sprinkling, the experimental section of the bog was irrigated with sulfate water on the actual dates of sulfate additions. The model simulated wetland outflows that matched the measured outflows with an R-square of 0.856. WARMF also simulated other phenomena observed in the experiment: higher sulfate and MeHg levels at the wetland outlet after every sulfate addition, and higher sulfate and MeHg levels in the pore water of the bog after only the May addition, not the July and September additions. According to WARMF, the low groundwater table in May allowed the sprinkled sulfate to percolate to the soil stratum 10–30 cm below the ground level of the bog, where the pore water was sampled. In July and September, the sulfate could not reach that zone because the percolation was blocked by high groundwater tables. The sampled soil stratum was not the site of methylation that contributed MeHg to the wetland outlet. The saturated zone of the top 10 cm of bog was the site that produced MeHg, which was flushed to the outlet after all sulfate additions. WARMF predicted that quadrupling the sulfate deposition would increase the MeHg output by 216%, which might become lower with more data and better model calibration.     

循环经济发展工业园区综合规划设计

为坚持落实科学发展观,以循环经济"减量化、再利用、资源化"和"减量化优先"为原则,各地和各公司都在积极推动循环经济的可持续发展规划。结合实例探讨了循环经济发展工业园区的综合规划设计的思路,可供相关专业人员参考。     

提高人工湿地脱氮除磷性能的强化技术及其在有色金属工业废水中的应用

人工湿地因具有良好的脱氮除磷性能而广泛应用于生活污水尾水和工业废水的深度处理。然而,随着环保政策要求的日益严格,传统的人工湿地对不同水质污水的处理能力有限,从而导致多数污水处理难以满足达标排放的要求。因此,越来越多的强化技术与手段被应用于人工湿地系统,以增强人工湿地的污染物净化性能。主要从合理设计人工湿地、联合预处理工艺构建复合人工湿地系统以及保温和溶解氧控制等方面综述当前提高人工湿地脱氮除磷性能的强化技术,并简要概述了人工湿地在处理有色金属工业废水中的应用。