Adaptive robust beamformer formulti-pair two-way relay networks with imperfect channel state information

In wideband multi-pair two-way relay networks, the performance of beamforming at a relay station (RS) is intimately related to the accuracy of the channel state information (CSI) available. The accuracy of CSI is determined by Doppler spread, delay between beamforming and channel estimation, and density of pilot symbols, including transmit power of pilot symbols. The coefficient of the Gaussian-Markov CSI error model is modeled as a function of CSI delay, Doppler spread, and signal-to-noise ratio, and can be estimated in real time. In accordance with the real-time estimated coefficients of the error model, an adaptive robust maximum signal-to-interferenceand- noise ratio (Max-SINR) plus maximum signal-to-leakage-and-noise ratio (Max-SLNR) beamformer at an RS is proposed to track the variation of the CSI error. From simulation results and analysis, it is shown that: compared to existing non-adaptive beamformers, the proposed adaptive beamformer is more robust and performs much better in the sense of bit error rate (BER); with increase in the density of transmit pilot symbols, its BER and sum-rate performances tend to those of the beamformer of Max-SINR plus Max-SLNR with ideal CSI.     

Low-complexity optimal spatial channel pairing for AF-based multi-pair two-way relay networks

This paper considers a multi-pair two-way relay system with multi-antenna users and proposes a low-complexity optimal spatial channel pairing （SCP） strategy at the relay station （RS） for such a system. The proposed SCP scheme, following the BD-like beamformer at RS, pairs the uplink spatial subchannels of each user pair with the corresponding downlink spatial subchannels by maximizing sum-rate （Max-SR）. Furthermore, a new mathematical inequality （arrangement inequalities of a product） is developed and applied to obtain sufficient and necessary conditions for achieving Max-SR-SCP. This also yields a simple low-complexity implementation of the proposed SCP in contrast to the NP-hard complexity of the original Max-SR-SCP problem. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed Max-SR-SCP achieves substantial sum-rate gains over other pairing schemes.     

TDD中继系统下行链路自适应方法

为了解决3GPP LTE-A系统中Type-Ⅱ中继不发送下行参考信号导致基站无法获得中继到用户之间的链路质量信息、无法合理选择下行数据调制编码格式的问题,提出了一种TDD中继系统中新的下行链路自适应方法.该方法利用TDD系统上下行信道互惠性和UE周期性发送的上行探测信号更准确的进行信道估计,继而选择更合适的调制编码格式.给出了工作过程及发送接收算法模型,并进而提出基站与中继协作地采用发送分集技术传输下行数据.仿真实验结果表明,新的链路自适应方法及基站与中继发送分集的传输方式,显著地提高了系统频谱利用率.     

Slot allocation algorithms in centralized scheduling scheme for IEEE 802.16 based wireless mesh networks

In IEEE 802.16 based wireless mesh networks (WMNs), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) is employed as the channel access method and only TDD (Time Division Duplex) is supported and there are no clearly separate downlink and uplink subframes in the physical frame structure. As the uplink and downlink traffic has different characteristics in that the uplink traffic decentralizes in each MSS (Mesh Subscriber Station) and the downlink traffic centralizes in the MBS (Mesh Base Station), different scheduling methods should be taken in the uplink and downlink. This paper presents a uniform slot allocation algorithm which is suitable for both uplinks and downlinks. To achieve higher spatial reuse and greater throughput and to avoid switching frequently between receiving and transmitting within two adjacent time slots when a relay node forwards traffic, different link selection criteria are taken into account when allocating slots for uplinks and downlinks. A combined uplink and downlink slot allocation algorithm is proposed for further improving the spatial reuse and network throughput. The proposed algorithms are evaluated by extensive simulations and the results show that it has good performance in terms of spatial reuse and network throughput. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work is the first one that considers combined uplink and downlink slot allocation on the centralized scheduling scheme in IEEE 802.16 based WMNs.     

全双工MIMO中继系统中一种高性能波束成形算法

全双工中继系统相比于半双工中继系统可以极大地提高频谱利用率,但是中继收发端之间的信号泄漏严重影响全双工系统的性能。为了抑制基于译码转发的全双工多输入多输出中继系统的自干扰,提高信息传输速率,提出了一种波束成形算法。该算法在中继站采用基于最小均方误差的接收与发射波束成形,并联合两个波束成形矩阵建立迭代结构以得到最优解。仿真表明,同传统的零空间投影与最大化信干比算法相比,提出的算法能够有效提高系统性能。在中高信噪比时,该算法较最大化信干比算法获得0.8 bit/(s·Hz)左右的速率增益;当误码率达到10-3以及更低时,该算法相比于最大化信干比算法能获得1.5 dB左右的信噪比增益。     

Correlated channel model-based secure communications in dual-hop wireless communication networks

This article is focused on secure relay beamformer design with a correlated channel model in the relay-eavesdropper network. In this network, a single-antenna source-destination pair transmits secure information with the help of an amplify-and-forward (AF) relay equipped with multiple antennas, and the legitimate and eavesdropping channels are correlated. The relay cannot obtain the instantaneous channel state information (CSI) of the eavesdropper, and has only the knowledge of correlation information between the legitimate and eavesdropping channels. Depending on this information, we derive the conditional distribution of the eavesdropping channel. Two beamformers at the relay are studied for the approximate ergodic secrecy rate: (1) the generalized match-and-forward (GMF) beamformer to maximize the legitimate channel rate, and (2) the general-rank beamformer (GRBF). In addition, one lower-bound-maximizing (LBM) beamformer at the relay is discussed for maximizing the lower bound of the ergodic secrecy rate. We find that the GMF beamformer is the optimal rank-one beamformer, that the GRBF is the iteratively optimal beamformer, and that the performance of the LBM beamformer for the ergodic secrecy rate gets close to that of the GRBF for the approximate secrecy rate. It can also be observed that when the relay has lower power or the channel gain of the second hop is low, the performance of the GMF beamformer surpasses that of the GRBF. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the beamformers’ performance.     

Enhanced handoff scheme based on efficient uplink quality estimation in LTE-Advanced system

Asymmetric traffics cause downlink–uplink asymmetric interference. It can lead to a critical unbalance between a downlink and an uplink channel qualities in cell edge areas. This paper proposes an enhanced handoff scheme including an efficient uplink channel estimation method. The proposed handoff scheme determines an appropriate handoff-timing and handoff-direction according to an estimated uplink channel quality and a measured downlink channel quality. In the proposed scheme, an uplink or downlink, whose quality dominantly affects a link failure, becomes the main handoff-criterion. An efficient uplink channel estimation method is also proposed to exploit an uplink channel quality in handoff. The proposed method estimates an uplink signal strength from the measured downlink signal strength and predicts an uplink interference based on the interference-level information from neighbor base stations. We propose two different uplink estimation modes such as the simple and the precise modes. The simple estimation mode calculates the uplink channel quality for the overall bandwidth for a general handoff process. The precise estimation mode finds the best uplink band for the handoff user who wants an elaborate handoff process. In the elaborate handoff, a target base station allocates the best uplink band to a handoff user to provide the better uplink channel quality. Simulation results show that the proposed uplink estimation method can accurately compute the uplink channel quality of neighbor cells where the estimation error rate is less than 0.7% The simulation results also show that the proposed handoff scheme reduces handoff-call-dropping probability by up to 69% compared to LTE-Advanced system. In addition, the end-to-end delay of the proposed scheme can be better than that of LTE-Advanced system by 26%.     

全双工MIMO中继系统中基于最大速率的波束成形算法

全双工系统能实现在同一时隙与同一频率传输数据,相比于半双工系统能大大地提升数据吞吐量和频谱效率。为了进一步提高全双工多输入多输出(Multi-input and multi-output,MIMO)中继系统传输速率,本文基于放大转发(Amplify-and-forward,AF)传输模式,在全双工双向中继系统中引入梯度下降算法,将用户发送端、接收端波束成形与中继端波束成形矩阵相结合设计一种最大化速率的交替迭代算法,并构造出一种最小均方误差（Minimum mean square error,MMSE）迭代算法作为初始条件,在此基础上推导出中继接收端与发射端的波束成形矩阵表达式。仿真结果表明,本文构造的交替迭代算法收敛速度快,而且相比于迫零、最小均方误差以及最大泄信噪比算法,和速率有显著提高。     

Adaptive robust Max-SLNR precoder for MU-MIMO-OFDM systems with imperfect CSI非完美信道状态信息下多用户MIMO-OFDM系统自适应稳健的最大化信泄噪比预编码算法

The accuracy of channel state information (CSI) available at a base station (BS) has a direct impact on the performance of precoding in wideband multi-user multiple input, multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems and depends on many factors, including: the delay between estimation and beamforming at the BS (also called the CSI delay), Doppler spread, the channel estimation method used, the average transmit power of pilot symbols, and the average number of pilot symbols that must be estimated per channel parameter. In this paper, the coefficient of CSI error needed to adapt to fading channels is modeled as a function of Doppler spread, CSI delay, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In terms of the Gaussian-Markov CSI error model, an adaptive robust maximum signal-to-leakage-and-noise ratio (Max- SLNR) precoder is designed to track the statistical parameters of CSI error. The Doppler spread and SNR can be obtained through real-time estimation based on orthogonal pilot patterns. Simulation results show that, compared to non-adaptive robust and non-robust precoders of Max-SLNR, the proposed adaptive robust Max- SLNR precoder performs much better in terms of bit error rate (BER). Moreover, as either the average number of training symbols per channel parameter or the average transmit power increases, the BER performance of the proposed precoder approaches that of a precoder with ideal CSI.     

协同上下行链路的频谱资源分配方案

传统蜂窝网络采用固定的频谱资源分配方式,导致频谱利用率低且无法满足用户高速和高质量通信需求。针对这种局限性提出了一种将分布式天线系统(Distributed Antenna System,DAS)与终端直通 (Device to Device,D2D)通信技术相结合的策略。首先,该方案提出协同上下行链路(Uplink and Downlink Collaboration,UADC)的资源分配算法,并构建了以最大化系统总效率为目标的非线性规划问题。然后,将该问题分为最佳功率选择和信道分配2个子问题,同时利用匈牙利算法为D2D对选择最佳信道。最后,在MATLAB仿真平台进行实验。仿真结果表明,相比于仅复用上行链路的和仅使用DAS系统的方法,所提方案的频谱效率更高。     

Joint base station activation,user admission control and beamforming in downlink green networks

Consider a multicell downlink network, where the base stations (BSs) in different cells cooperate in the precoder level, while those in the same cell are coordinated for joint processing (JP). To achieve green communication, we optimize the network power consumption under some quality-of-service (QoS) constraints. Different from the conventional approaches based on BS activation and beamforming, we further integrate user admission control into network management, and thus minimize the power consumption by jointly optimizing the active BSs, the admissible users and the transmit beamformers. This strategy has two advantages. First, it ensures that the network still works even when some users cannot achieve the QoS requirements. Second, it helps select a subset of users whose QoS requirements can be satisfied with relatively low power cost, thereby improving the power efficiency. However, this problem is challenging due to the mixed-integer programming. To pursue some efficient approximate solution, we first reformulate it as a convex sparse optimization problem and then develop a distributed algorithm to iteratively solve the problem, utilizing the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). The proposed algorithm has very low complexity since each step can be computed in closed form. Its efficacy and efficiency are demonstrated by numerical simulations.     

OFDMA中继系统下行链路公平资源分配算法研究*

为了公平有效地在OFDMA中继系统下行链路进行资源分配,提出了基于效用函数的资源分配算法,并根据凸优化问题的原始分解理论,提出了相应的分布式求解算法,得到了相关问题的全局最优解。理论分析和数值仿真结果表明,提出的资源分配算法具有较低的系统复杂度,可以使系统效用函数最大,从而在保证用户公平性的前提下,使系统的和速率容量最大。     

Joint user association and resource partition for downlink-uplink decoupling inmulti-tier HetNets

Traditional cellular networks require the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) of mobile users (MUs) to be associated with a single base station (BS). However, the power gap between BSs and MUs in different transmission environments results in the BS with the strongest downlink differing from the BS with the strongest uplink. In addition, the significant increase in the number of wireless machine type communication (MTC) devices accessing cellular networks has created a DL/UL traffic imbalance with higher traffic volume on the uplink. In this paper, a joint user association and resource partition framework for downlink-uplink decoupling (DUDe) is developed for a tiered heterogeneous cellular network (HCN). Different from the traditional association rules such as maximal received power and range extension, a coalition game based scheme is proposed for the optimal user association with DUDe. The stability and convergence of this scheme are proven and shown to converge to a Nash equilibrium at a geometric rate. Moreover, the DL and UL optimal bandwidth partition for BSs is derived based on user association considering fairness. Extensive simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, which enhances the sum rate compared with other user association strategies.     

Joint beamforming and scheduling in the downlink of cognitive radio networks

Cognitive radio has been recently proposed as a promising technology to improve the spectrum utilization. In this paper, we consider a system where a licensed radio spectrum is shared by a primary network and a secondary network. Based on the subspace theory, a novel low-complexity algorithm for secondary user selection has been proposed. On the basis of the scheduling scheme, we jointly consider transmit beamforming, scheduling and power allocation, and subsequently present a complete set of solution for secondary network downlink. Simulation results has shown that our proposed scheme not only can limit the introduced interference at primary users within the tolerable range, but also can achieve high sum-rate throughput of secondary network, simultaneously. Furthermore, as is proved by simulation results, our scheme is very robust due to the fact that only a little tolerable performance drop is introduced when simple but nonoptimal equal power allocation is adopted.     

Using traffic asymmetry to enhance TCP performance

A wealth of recent work has gone into optimizing the performance of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) on the downlink channel of wireless networks such as for example, honing its congestion awareness mechanism so that it is minimally affected by random wireless losses, and optimizing achieved fairness of the end-to-end TCP rates. Other work has gone into balancing the allocation of a shared resource between the downlink and uplink in order to optimize TCP performance. We build on such previous research by proposing a cross-layer algorithm for resource allocation in OFDMA systems aiming not only to achieve optimal throughput for competing TCP flows but also to allocate resources appropriately between the downlink and uplink. This is important due to the increasing number of Internet applications where the mobile terminal is the TCP sender (social networking, peer-to-peer, etc.). Therefore, our scheme makes use of the asymmetry in the traffic and by defining the boundary between downlink and uplink capacity dynamically, enhance the TCP performance. Through numerical investigations we show the performance of the proposed scheme in terms of achieved fairness to the receivers and efficient allocation of downlink to uplink ratios based on the TCP traffic.     

中继蜂窝网络能量效率分析

针对宏基站采用单天线技术的中继蜂窝网络能量效率较低的问题,研究宏基站采用多天线技术的中继辅助蜂窝网络的下行传输系统,提出中继采用策略休眠方案。首先根据中继服务的用户数是否超过给定阈值,动态调整中继的工作模式;然后推导出宏基站到用户、宏基站到中继及中继到用户链路的覆盖概率和平均可达速率;最后根据单位面积功耗和单位面积可达速率推导出系统的能量效率。仿真结果表明,当宏基站密度为2×10^-5m^-2时,采用休眠策略的多天线网络的能量效率比没有采用休眠策略的网络的能量效率提高约为5.6%;宏基站采用多天线和采用单天线相比,系统能量效率提高了30%。实验结果表明,多天线中继策略休眠蜂窝网络比单天线中继辅助蜂窝网络具有更高的能量效率。     

Symmetric Complex-Valued RBF Receiver for Multiple-Antenna-Aided Wireless Systems

A nonlinear beamforming assisted detector is proposed for multiple-antenna-aided wireless systems employing complex-valued quadrature phase shift-keying modulation. By exploiting the inherent symmetry of the optimal Bayesian detection solution, a novel complex-valued symmetric radial basis function (SRBF)-network-based detector is developed, which is capable of approaching the optimal Bayesian performance using channel-impaired training data. In the uplink case, adaptive nonlinear beamforming can be efficiently implemented by estimating the system's channel matrix based on the least squares channel estimate. Adaptive implementation of nonlinear beamforming in the downlink case by contrast is much more challenging, and we adopt a cluster-variation enhanced clustering algorithm to directly identify the SRBF center vectors required for realizing the optimal Bayesian detector. A simulation example is included to demonstrate the achievable performance improvement by the proposed adaptive nonlinear beamforming solution over the theoretical linear minimum bit error rate beamforming benchmark.      

基于朴素贝叶斯的室内VLC网络天线选择方法

在室内多天线多用户可见光通信(VLC)网络中,为了改善在发射天线和用户数量增多的情况下,最优天线选择算法存在时间复杂度过高问题,将朴素贝叶斯(NB)方法应用于室内多用户VLC网络下行链路发光二极管(LED)选择问题中.首先,将该LED选择任务建模为多分类问题,利用用户已知信道状态信息生成训练样本集,并通过VLC网络多用户通信和速率最大生成对应类标签;其次,利用生成的训练样本集,通过NB方法得到分类器模型;最后,将训练得到的分类器模型应用于新用户的LED选择.仿真分析表明,与最优多用户VLC网络LED选择算法相比,所提出的基于NB的LED选择方案可以有效地降低时间复杂度,在算法复杂度和用户传输和速率之间实现了较好的平衡.     

一种基于空间特征的自适应对角加载性能的研究

基于TDD-CDMA系统前向与反向链路的互易性，以反向链路的波束成形为基础，分析了在不对称传输情况下前向链路波束成彤、功率控制及信号空间特征之间的联系。首先将前向链路波束调节权值的求解转换为标准的半定规划问题(SDP)，得出权向量与阵列误差之间的近似表达式；其次引入调节权值与加栽量之间的迭代关系，从而得出了阵列响应与自适应加载水平之问的函数表达式及前向链路最优功率分配方案；最后给出了仿真验证及分析。     

NOMA双连接异构网络条件解耦设计架构及性能分析

为了改善异构网络上行链路的性能及提高网络覆盖概率,提出了采用解耦上下行链路级联和双连接方案的NOMA异构网络模型,设计了一种条件解耦上下行链路级联分析框架。同时,考虑了3种可能的上行链路级联场景,在给定的下行链路级联条件下对解耦上行链路级联进行设计和分析,推导了解耦上行链路级联概率表达式,获得了主、次接入距离统计描述。数值和仿真分析首先研究了系统参数对级联概率的影响,分别研究了解耦上下行链路级联和耦合上下行链路级联方案下NOMA异构网络的条件覆盖概率和频谱效率。实验结果表明,在NOMA双连接异构网络中,所提出的DUDA方案的覆盖概率性能优于传统的CUDA方案的。此外,2种方案的频谱效率性能好坏与系统参数相关。