回火工艺对铌钛低碳贝氏体钢组织与性能的影响

通过光学显微镜、透射电镜和力学性能检验,研究了回火温度对TMCP型铌钛微合金化低碳贝氏体钢微观组织结构、第二相析出及力学性能的影响。结果表明,回火后力学性能非单调变化,归因于铌钛微合金化钢在回火过程中,贝氏体内位错亚结构回复软化与第二相析出强化及碳的脱溶机制综合作用。400～500℃回火,Nb、Ti第二相持续析出强化,随回火温度的升高,板条贝氏体回复作用逐渐加强并逐渐达到回复稳定状态。回火温度≥500℃时,M/A岛组织发生分解,贝氏体板条合并、组织粗化,析出相聚集长大,固溶元素脱溶,组织演变为贝氏体和铁素体,强度持续降低,但韧塑性得到改善。550℃回火后钢板具有最佳综合力学性能:抗拉强度为790 MPa,屈服强度为740 MPa,伸长率为16.5%,-20℃冲击吸收能量为250 J。     

回火温度对高强度低碳贝氏体钢组织与性能的影响

利用金相、透射电子显微镜研究了不同回火温度对一种低碳Mn-Mo-Ni-Cu-Cr贝氏体钢的显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢回火后组织变化明显,M/A组元弱化,贝氏体板条出现粗化与合并;板条间界呈锯齿状,原有析出相长大且有细小析出相进一步析出,未被析出相钉扎的位错发生运动并消失;随着回火温度提高,材料的屈服强度增大,抗拉强度和韧性降低。     

回火工艺对低碳贝氏体高强钢组织与性能的影响

采用两阶段控轧控冷工艺轧制低碳贝氏体高强钢,在不同温度下进行一定时间的回火处理,检测回火处理前后钢板的力学性能,并对比分析了显微组织.结果表明,析出强化在回火处理前后起主导作用;随着回火温度的提高,组织从粒状贝氏体向准多边形铁素体过渡;在600 ～750℃进行回火处理,试验钢中的析出相粒子均匀弥散析出,屈服强度上升了90～135 MPa,抗拉强度上升了15 ～ 55 MPa;准多边形铁素体组织在-20℃的冲击功不低于30 J.     

回火温度对A330M超高强度钢组织性能的影响

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和力学性能试验方法，研究了在180～380℃范围内不同回火温度对A330M超高强度钢微观组织及力学性能的影响规律。结果表明，A330M钢的力学性能受回火温度影响比较明显，随着回火温度的升高，冲击性能不断降低。在180～380℃回火时，试验钢冲击断口形貌随回火温度的升高依次为韧窝、准解理和沿晶断裂，试验钢由韧性断裂变为脆性断裂。经不同温度回火处理后，微观组织主要由板条马氏体和残留奥氏体组成，马氏体板条内析出大量彼此平行的针状ε-碳化物，随着回火温度的升高，ε-碳化物的尺寸增大，回火温度较高时会进一步析出渗碳体，产生回火脆性，降低试验钢冲击性能。在220℃进行回火时，可以获得优异的强韧化匹配，基本消除残余应力，具有良好的回火稳定性，抗拉强度达到2207 MPa,冲击吸收能量达到34 J。     

回火温度对超低碳贝氏体钢(ULCB)组织与性能的影响

超低碳贝氏体钢经两阶段控轧控冷,在不同温度进行一定时间的回火,检测了热处理前后钢板力学性能并对比分析了组织特点.结果表明,随着回火温度的升高,贝氏体板条逐渐合并,过渡到粒状贝氏体,随着回火温度的进一步升高,出现粗大的准多边形铁素体组织;在490 ℃～620 ℃范围内进行热处理,试验钢会得到良好的综合性能;粒状贝氏体组织在-20 ℃的低温冲击功在560 ℃热处理达到最小值,之后随着回火温度的升高而大幅提高;而含有板条贝氏体组织钢的-20 ℃低温冲击功随着热处理温度的升高而有所改善.     

X120级管线钢DQ-T工艺试验研究

通过合理的组织、成分设计,采用直接淬火回火(DQ-T)工艺,在实验室成功试制X120级管线钢,并结合金相、透射电子显微技术,研究了不同回火温度对试验钢组织、析出与性能的影响规律.结果表明,随回火温度的升高,屈服强度Rel呈现起伏现象,在450 ℃和650 ℃回火后出现两次峰值,抗拉强度Rm变化趋势与Rel相似,起伏相对平缓;冲击功AKv(-20 ℃)、伸长率A均有一定波动,在450 ℃回火后,AKv(-20 ℃)＞230 J,A＞15%.淬火后450 ℃回火,钢板为下贝氏体与回火马氏体组织,具有最优的综合力学性能,Rel＝845 MPa,Rm＝940 MPa,A＝16.5%,AKv(-20 ℃)＝236 J,各项指标均符合X120管线钢性能要求.     

回火温度对NM600耐磨钢组织和性能的影响

利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等试验方法,对实验室试制NM600耐磨钢热轧后淬火态钢板在不同温度回火后的组织和力学性能进行了观察和测量,研究了回火温度对组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,热轧淬火态试验钢经回火处理后,随着回火温度的升高,显微组织由板条贝氏体+少量马氏体,逐渐过渡到粒状贝氏体+弥散的碳化物;贝氏体板条和马氏体板条发生溶解,位错密度降低;在温度高于200℃时,贝氏体铁素体板条的溶解,析出的碳化物所产生的强化作用已经不再明显,导致试验钢的各项力学性能出现下降。综合分析可知,试验钢在200℃回火时可获得较为优良的力学性能。     

回火温度对TMCP高强钢组织和性能的影响

采用力学性能测试、光学显微镜、透射电镜等方法,研究了回火温度对TMCP高强钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明,经400～650 ℃回火后,钢板强度、冲击吸收能量和屈强比的变化规律明显不同。600 ℃回火时,屈服强度和抗拉强度达到最大值,冲击吸收能量则为最小值,且屈强比随着回火温度的升高而增加。回火后钢板组织以贝氏体为主,析出相为Nb、Ti复合析出,600 ℃时析出少量ε-Cu相,且随着回火温度升高,贝氏体板条逐渐合并,板条宽度增加,Nb、Ti复合析出相数量也随之增加。     

感应回火对1000 MPa级高强度低合金钢碳化物析出行为及韧性的影响

对比研究了电磁感应及传统箱式炉2种不同回火加热方式对1000 MPa级别高强度低合金钢淬火后组织中碳化物的尺寸、形貌、分布及其对力学性能的影响.结果表明,实验钢淬火后组织包括下贝氏体及板条马氏体.2种加热方式回火后,对于下贝氏体组织,随着回火温度由400℃升高至550℃,碳化物由针状向短棒状转变.其中,经550℃传统加热回火后,贝氏体内部碳化物长轴尺寸约为200 nm,而经该温度电磁感应加热回火后其长轴尺寸约为60 nm.对于板条马氏体组织,经传统加热回火后,碳化物主要沿着板条边界连串析出;电磁感应加热回火后,马氏体板条中析出的碳化物在板条内部及边界均匀弥散分布.经550℃传统方式回火后,马氏体中的碳化物尺寸约为200 nm,而电磁感应回火的碳化物尺寸均小于100 nm.经过不同加热方式回火后,实验钢的硬度差别不显著,随着回火温度升高,2种加热方式回火试样冲击功均升高,但感应加热回火后冲击功升高更为显著,实验钢经550℃电磁感应加热回火后-20℃冲击功达到133 J,是传统加热回火工艺的4.5倍,实现了1000 MPa级高强度低合金钢良好的强韧化组合.     

回火温度对低合金高强度贝氏体钢组织和性能的影响北大核心CSCD

研究了回火温度对一种低温压力容器用低合金高强度(HSLA)贝氏体钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明,经过910℃淬火后组织为粒状贝氏体,贝氏体板条界面及板条上分布有条状或块状M-A岛。回火温度在350~550℃区间升温时,M-A岛分解析出渗碳体;回火温度为635℃时,M-A岛完全分解为细小弥散的渗碳体颗粒;回火温度升至700℃时,贝氏体铁素体组织发生再结晶,板条结构消失,成为块状铁素体结构,渗碳体明显粗化。随着回火温度的升高,抗拉强度降低,伸长率和-50℃冲击功增加,屈服强度先升高后降低,冲击断口由脆性解理断口向韧性纤维断口变化。经过910℃淬火+635℃回火后达到最佳的强韧匹配度,抗拉强度为606 MPa,-50℃冲击功达到279 J。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。