Analyzing information-enabled stockout management under vendor-managed inventory

We develop a mechanism under vendor-managed inventory (VMI) by which a manufacturer provides an incentive contract to a retailer to convert lost sales stockouts into backorders. An incentive contract is required since the retailer’s efforts are not directly observable. We first show that when there are no limits on order quantities or inventory levels imposed on the manufacturer, the manufacturer will push inventory onto the retailer. The manufacturer minimizes the possibility for lost sales stockouts by maintaining high inventory levels at the retailer rather than by paying incentives to the retailer. However, modern information systems (IS), such as radio frequency identification (RFID), allow the retailer to monitor inventory at its premises and to enforce limits on order quantities. With strict limits on order quantities, the manufacturer will provide incentives to the retailer to convert lost sales stockouts to backorders. We analyze the conditions under which these incentive payments are likely to be highest.     

Developing economic order quantity model for non-instantaneous deteriorating items in vendor-managed inventory (VMI) system

This paper develops an economic order quantity model for non-instantaneous deteriorating items with and without shortages to investigate the performance of the vendor-managed inventory (VMI) system. This model is developed for a two-level supply chain consisting of a single supplier and single retailer with a single non-instantaneous deteriorating item. A numerical example and sensitivity analysis are provided to illustrate how increasing or reducing the related parameters change the optimal values of the decision variables of the two proposed models. The results show that VMI works better and charges lower cost in all conditions.     

Optimal policy for profit maximising in an EOQ model under non-linear holding cost and stock-dependent demand rate

In this article, we integrate a non-linear holding cost with a stock-dependent demand rate in a maximising profit per unit time model, extending several inventory models studied by other authors. After giving the mathematical formulation of the inventory system, we prove the existence and uniqueness of the optimal policy. Relying on this result, we can obtain the optimal solution using different numerical algorithms. Moreover, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition to determine whether a system is profitable, and we establish a rule to check when a given order quantity is the optimal lot size of the inventory model. The results are illustrated through numerical examples and the sensitivity of the optimal solution with respect to changes in some values of the parameters is assessed.     

A general model for EOQ inventory systems with partial backlogging and linear shortage costs

We present a mathematical model which generalises several known deterministic Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) inventory systems with partial backlogging. This inventory model considers purchasing cost, holding cost, shortage costs and replenishment cost. Shortage costs (backorder cost and lost sales cost) are both made up of a fixed cost and a variable cost which depends on the length of the waiting time for the next replenishment. The optimal policy is characterised through a sequential optimisation procedure. To illustrate the model, numerical examples and sensitivity results are given.     

教材管理系统实现模糊查询功能的方法研究

基于用户模糊查询的功能需求,该文作者论述了ASP.NET下运用模糊查询的设计思路,介绍了精确查询,模糊查询的实现。     

On conflict and cooperation in a two-echelon inventory model for deteriorating items

Four scenarios are proposed concerning cooperative behavior for inventory policies between suppliers and retailers: no information is shared; the supplier is dominant during negotiations with retailers; the retailer is dominant during negotiations with suppliers; and the supplier and retailer cooperate. Unlike other studies, we consider deteriorating items and permit completed backorders, with a fixed service rate, in the models for these four scenarios. We explore the optimality of these models and present a procedure to find the optimal solution. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the procedure, which are also used for sensitivity analysis. The results show that the cooperation scenario with information sharing is the best way to reach a win–win position. However, some compensation programs might be required to persuade suppliers or retailers to cooperate when one of them faces a loss of profits in a cooperative scenario.     

An economist's perspective on multi-agent learning

We comment on the Shoham, Powers, and Grenager survey of multi-agent learning and game theory, emphasizing that some of their categories are important for economics and others are not. We also try to correct some minor imprecisions in their discussion of the economics literature on learning in games.     

粗糙集中若干新的模糊度计算公式

依据模糊集的模糊度和贴近度的公理化定义,基于粗糙集的模糊度和贴近度的基本概念,进一步研究粗糙集的模糊性度量方法,给出了文[3]中模糊度公式的等价形式;同时讨论了粗糙集中由贴近度诱导的模糊度,给出了粗糙集中若干新的模糊度计算公式。     

A descriptive model of information problem solving while using internet

This paper presents the IPS-I-model: a model that describes the process of information problem solving (IPS) in which the Internet (I) is used to search information. The IPS-I-model is based on three studies, in which students in secondary and (post) higher education were asked to solve information problems, while thinking aloud. In-depth analyses of the thinking-aloud protocols revealed that the IPS-process consists of five constituent skills: (a) defining information problem, (b) searching information, (c) scanning information, (d) processing information, and (e) organizing and presenting information. Further, the studies revealed that regulation skills prove to be crucial for the on-going IPS-process. The IPS-I-model depicts the constituent skills, regulation skills, and important conditional skills. The model gives an initial impetus for designing IPS-instruction.     

云计算环境下实体的多属性高效率评估策略设计

鉴于当前在云计算的实体信任评估领域所实施的方法策略无法满足云计算环境的动态模糊性,以遗传自适应学习算法为理论基础,在云计算环境下的信任管理过程中,针对动态评估高效率的需求,设计了多属性信任关系的动态评估模型。其可以评估分析信任管理过程实体的多属性问题,同时可以在持续的评估过程中,自主的学习,使其评估分析的执行能力逐渐提升,最终能够满足上文中阐明的高效性与动态性的要求。经过实验分析表明,本文所设计的模型在直接面对实时变化的云计算网络环境实体参数时,其可以自适应的调整评估策略规则,最终克服了云计算环境的动态模糊性,对实体的多个属性进行了综合评估。     

Learning multiple languages in groups

We consider a variant of Gold’s learning paradigm where a learner receives as input n$n$ different languages (in the form of one text where all input languages are interleaved). Our goal is to explore the situation when a more “coarse” classification of input languages is possible, whereas more refined classification is not. More specifically, we answer the following question: under which conditions, a learner, being fed n$n$ different languages, can produce m$m$ grammars covering all input languages, but cannot produce k$k$ grammars covering input languages for any k>m$k>m$. We also consider a variant of this task, where each of the output grammars may not cover more than r$r$ input languages. Our main results indicate that the major factor affecting classification capabilities is the difference n−m$n-m$ between the number n$n$ of input languages and the number m$m$ of output grammars. We also explore the relationship between classification capabilities for smaller and larger groups of input languages. For the variant of our model with the upper bound on the number of languages allowed to be represented by one output grammar, for classes consisting of disjoint languages, we found complete picture of relationship between classification capabilities for different parameters n$n$ (the number of input languages), m$m$ (number of output grammars), and r$r$ (bound on the number of languages represented by each output grammar). This picture includes a combinatorial characterization of classification capabilities for the parameters n,m,r$n,m,r$ of certain types.     

浅谈在《网页制作》中我如何调动学生的积极性

在课堂教学中,针对自己所教的课程,我对学生进行了学习积极性的调查.我认为,应使每个学生调动积极性,真正的成为学习的主人.激发学生的学习兴趣是调动学生积极性的基础;创设宽松、民主、和谐的课堂氛围,有利于激发学生课上参与的主动性;用现代化的教学手段则是强化学生学习兴趣的工具;老师因势利导,抓住契机启发学生积极思维,使课堂教学充满生命的活力;教给学生一定的学习规律与方法,减少盲目性和被动性.总之,老师要用自己的心血、才智、激情调动学生的积极性,让学生发展成为现代素质的新世纪人才.     

The Multi-agent Learning Model Based on Dynamic Fuzzy Logic

Machine Learning is one of the key problems of Artificial Intelligence, and the agent learning has become an important branch of machine learning. One of the main characters of intelligent agent is that it can adapt to the unknown environment. The ability to learn is the key property of agent. Because the learning act of agent is dynamic and fuzzy, this paper uses the conception of Dynamic Fuzzy Logic （DFL）tl]. Based on DFL, this paper first presents two single-agent learning algorithms, namely, single-agent leaning algorithm based on DFL with immediate reward and single-agent learning algorithm based on DFL with mediate reward. Then the paper gives a multi-agent learning model based on DFL, namely a multi-agent learning model planned on a whole. Furthermore, this paper validates that the model is useful by an example.