Coordinating the ordering and advertising policies for a single-period commodity in a two-level supply chain

This study deals with the news-vendor problem to the case of a two-level supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer, and investigates the combined effects of the cooperative advertising mechanism, the return policy and the channel coordination. The manufacturer and the retailer could maintain the potential market size by making some marketing expenditures on some national brand names and invest in local advertising, but with diminishing returns. The decision problem facing the profit-oriented entities in the supply chain is to determine the optimal advertising and inventory policies for maximizing their own profit. Both the non-cooperative policy and the cooperative policy are formulated to offer structural and quantitative insights into the interplay between upstream and downstream entities of the supply chain. In addition, the implications of a profit-sharing mechanism based on achieving a win–win relationship of the channel members was also proposed.     

Note on “Coordinating the ordering and advertising policies for a single-period commodity in a two-level supply chain”

In a recent paper, Chen (2011) studied a two-level supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer. In this supply chain, demand is random and depends on the advertisements of both the manufacturer and the retailer. There are some serious flaws in the assumptions of the model, and consequently some of the results derived are incorrect. In this note, we point out the flaws and correct them. The corrected model is illustrated with the help of numerical examples.     

Co-op advertising and pricing models in manufacturer–retailer supply chains

Cooperative (co-op) advertising plays a significant role in marketing programs in conventional supply chains and makes up the majority of promotional budgets in many product lines for both manufacturers and retailers. Nevertheless, most studies to date on co-op advertising have only assumed that the market demand is only influenced by the advertising level but not in any way by the retail price. That is why our work is concerned with co-op advertising and pricing strategies in distribution channels consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer. Four different models are discussed which are based on three non-cooperative games (i.e., Nash, Stackelberg retailer and Stackelberg manufacturer) and one cooperative game. We identify optimal co-op advertising and pricing strategies for both firms mostly analytically but we have to resort to numerical simulations in one case. Comparisons are then made about various outcomes, especially the profits, for all cases. This leads to consider more specifically the cooperation case in which profits are the highest for both the retailer and the manufacturer, and how they should share the extra joint profit achieved by moving to cooperation. We solve this bargain problem using the Nash bargaining model.     

关于网络安全管理中的策略冲突检测与解决

本文通过对策略冲突进行系统研究,找到其中的主要因素,按照“策略冲突发生时策略的状态”和“策略冲突发生时策略作用对象之间的关系”给出了策略冲突的两种分类,通过这两种分类解决了“何时检测冲突”和“如何检测冲突”的问题.而后进一步阐述了如何应用冲突数据库来判别策略冲突类型的方法.     

面向应用的IPSec系统策略管理机制

针对现有IPSec系统策略机制的不足,本文提出了一种面向应用的IPSec系统策略管理机制,通过监视应用程序的socket活动,实时地设置好相应的IPSec策略,对IP流实施细粒度的、不同等级的保护;同时,提供高级语言形式的策略设置语句,以满足用户添加和修改细粒度IPSec策略的需要;提供解决策略冲突的算法,将相互冲突的需求转化为无冲突的策略。该机制可以提高现有IPSec系统的性能,使其更好地满足网络实际环境的需要。     

认知无线网络多用户协同频谱感知协作机制研究

认知无线电技术被公认是下一代无线网络的核心架构之一,频谱感知是认知无线电实现的核心手段。通过分析现有的协同频谱感知模型,证明了在多用户进行协同频谱感知的情况下,所有用户进行协同频谱感知所得到总体信道利用率是最高的;进而设计策略促使所有的非授权用户积极进行协同频谱感知,并对所设计的策略进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明,所设计的策略可以有效地促进非授权用户进行协同频谱感知,从而提高频谱资源的整体利用率。     

网络安全管理中的策略冲突检测方法研究

本文通过对策略冲突进行系统研究,找到其中的主要因素,按照“策略冲突发生时策略的状态”和“策略冲突发生时策略作用对象之间的关系”给出了策略冲突的两种分类,通过这两种分类解决了“何时检测冲突”和“如何检测冲突”的问题。而后进一步阐述了如何应用冲突数据库来判别策略冲突类型的方法。     

基于策略代数系统的策略间关系分析

当前分析策略之间关系的研究多集中于访问控制策略,主要根据主体、目标和动作三元组上的重叠关系来划分策略冲突类型,存在划分标准不明确,冲突分类不完善等问题.采用策略代数系统来对策略进行描述,能表示Ponder中的授权策略(访问控制策略)和职责策略.分析了策略对应组成部分间所有可能存在的关系,包括离散、相等、包含、部分包含和交叉等五种,在这些关系的基础上指出了可能存在的冲突,并给出了相应的冲突消解方案.     

一种安全策略的冲突检测与消解方法

安全策略是系统安全管理的基础。分布式环境的复杂性使策略配置中不可避免地存在冲突。如何有效地分析检测策略冲突并解决冲突是应用安全策略的关键。提出了一个极具一般性的安全策略形式化描述方法,并定义了安全策略描述要素间的逻辑关系;给出了安全策略间的冲突分类描述;针对不同的冲突类型给出了相应的冲突检测算法及消解方法。     

策略冲突的检测和解决方法研究

基于策略的方法在分布式系统和网络管理领域已得到广泛实施.策略中的冲突会导致不一致的系统行为.根据策略所作用的协议层次,将策略分为应用级和网络级两类.本文深入研究了每一类策略的冲突现象,并综述了冲突的检测和解决方法,对其优缺点加以分析;最后给出了未来的研究方向.     

Coordination of cooperative advertising models in a one-manufacturer two-retailer supply chain system

This paper considers cooperative advertising issues of a monopolistic manufacturer with competing duopolistic retailers. Four possible game structures (or power configurations), i.e., Stackelberg–Cournot, Stackelberg–Collusion, Nash–Cournot and Nash–Collusion, are discussed. Under each of four game structures, we develop a decision model for the three partners to design the optimal cooperative advertising policies. Through a comparison among the four models, we reveal how cooperative advertising policies and profits of all participants are affected by various competitive behaviors, and then determine whether the partners have any incentives to transit to a different structure. Also presented in the paper are a centralized decision model and a proposed cost-sharing contract, which is able to achieve perfect coordination of the considered channel, where the utility of risk preference is used to determine the fraction of local advertising costs shared by the manufacturer.     

基于描述逻辑的策略冲突检测方法研究及实现

采用基于策略的方法对安全管理、服务质量等进行监管,已经得到广泛应用。本文提供了一种基于描述逻辑的策略建模方式,将策略定义为两种类型,即授权策略和义务策略;建立策略相关的概念,结合概念之间的关系得到基于描述逻辑的策略模型。策略冲突会导致不一致的系统行为,是策略分析最重要的内容。本文深入研究了不同类型的策略 略冲突,在所建立的模型基础上提出了一套基于描述逻辑的策略冲突检测方法,并使用推理机Racer举例验证了这种检测方法。     

Online keyword based advertising: Impact of ad impressions on own-channel and cross-channel click-through rates

Keyword-based ads are becoming the dominant form of advertising online as they enable customization and tailoring of messages relevant to potential consumers. Two prominent channels within this sphere are the search channel and the content channel. We empirically examine the interaction between these two channels. Our results indicate significant cannibalization across the two channels as well as significant diminishing returns to impressions within each channel. This suggests that under certain conditions both channels may need to be used to optimize returns to advertising both for advertisers and service providers such as Google. Our game theoretic analysis which builds upon our empirical findings reveals that for intermediate budget values it is optimal to use both channels whereas for very low (very high) budget values it is optimal to use only the content (search) channel. Further as budget increases the advertiser should offer more for ads displayed on the search channel to optimally incentivize the service provider.     

RBAC策略冲突及其检测算法的研究

针对RBAC模型在实施职责分离、最小特权等安全原则时引起的冲突问题,形式化定义5种RBAC策略冲突类型,分析策略冲突产生的原因,提出一种完整的策略冲突检测算法并进行仿真测试。结果表明,该算法能够有效检测定义的各类策略冲突,为RBAC策略冲突检测实施提供基础。     

一种新的动态策略冲突检测模型

策略是关于系统行为管理的规则的集合.策略的冲突检测是策略广泛应用所要面对的重要问题之一.本文结合目前策略冲突检测算法的研究现状,提出了采用规范化技术和潜在冲突策略库相结合的方法构建了一种新的策略冲突检测模型.该模型可以有效提高策略的检测效率,避免由于运行时策略的检测而引起网络性能的大幅抖动.     

故事性广告的灵活运用

在信息膨胀的今天,人们生活在众多广告所包围的环境中,如何让消费者对一则广告过目不忘?如何让消费者对其广告感兴趣并有所期待?我们试图通过遗忘与记忆的原理来分析。我们发现,往往是有故事情节的广告更能被人们所记牢。因此,为我们的广告创造一定的场景、并赋予其故事性,加大其矛盾冲突,制造抓人眼球的悬疑,使广告的受众对其产生兴趣。从而更好的吸引消费者、强化消费者对其广告的认知并记忆。     

政策描述规范的研究综述*

国内外政策描述规范方面的研究,主要有四个流派：KAoS、Rei、Ponder和PRAL。首先对这几个流派进行了详细的介绍,利用举例的方式阐述它们政策的表示方法、政策类型,同时概括介绍了它们的政策冲突发现和解决方法。按照政策表达、政策类型、政策冲突解决和政策的制定工具这几个角度对四个流派进行分析和比较,指出它们各自的优势与不足。最后,总结分析了当前研究的特点和不足,指出了未来的研究方向。     

协同商务平台的访问控制服务研究与实现

访问控制服务目前已成为安全研究的重要方向，文章分析了访问控制服务在电子商务网站中的重要性，介绍了与访问控制有关的技术方法，通过一个具体的协同电子商务平台，详细说明了如何设计及实现访问控制系统。     

一种ABAC静态策略冲突检测算法

在分布式计算环境下,传统基于属性的静态访问控制策略多存在扩展性差、难以实现等问题.针对上述问题,提出一种基于策略属性分解的冲突检测算法.该算法对策略属性进行分解,构造策略属性分解图,判断策略属性值之间的相交关系,根据静态策略冲突的定义进行策略冲突检测,从而提高策略冲突检测算法的可扩展性和易实现性.实验结果表明,该算法对静态策略冲突的检测率接近85％.