N掺杂Co3O4纳米片的制备以及活化过一硫酸盐的性能研究

采用牺牲模板法合成N掺杂Co₃O₄纳米片（N-Co NS）,通过透射电子显微镜（TEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）和光电子能谱（XPS）对制备材料的形貌结构、化学组成进行分析,并通过催化活化过一硫酸盐（PMS）降解水中双酚A （BPA）来探究催化剂的催化性能.实验结果表明与Co₃O₄纳米颗粒（Co NP）、Co₃O₄纳米片（Co NS）相比,N-Co NS表现出了较高的催化性能.在PMS浓度为2 mmol·L^-1、BPA初始质量浓度为50 mg·L^-1的反应条件下,N-Co NS在10 min内完全降解水中的BPA,表明N掺杂和二维纳米片结构有利于催化剂性能的提升.通过pH及离子影响实验证实N-Co NS在复杂水化学环境中仍具有较高的活性.此外结合自由基捕获实验和电子顺磁共振（EPR）测试证实反应体系中产生了高氧化活性的羟基自由基和硫酸根自由基.     

基于双金属MOFs 制备Co3O4/In2O3 复合物及其气敏性能的研究

以硝酸铟(In(NO₃)₃·xH₂O)、对苯二甲酸(H₂BDC)、六水合硝酸钴(Co(NO₃)· 6H₂O) 为原料, 首先采用一锅油浴法合成了含有Co²⁺ 的铟基金属有机框架材料(MOFs) Co²⁺/CPP-3(In) 材料, 然后在450 ℃ 下焙烧制备Co₃O₄/In₂O₃ 复合物气敏材料, 将Co₃O₄/In₂O₃ 复合物的粉体制作成传感器, 并对其气敏性能进行研究。利用扫描电子显微镜和X 射线衍射仪(XRD) 对双金属MOFs Co²⁺/CPP-3(In) 材料和Co₃O₄/In₂O₃ 复合物进行表征, 采用静态配气法测试其气敏性能。结果表明, Co₃O₄/In₂O₃(n_Co : n_In = 0.4 : 1) 样品的形貌保留了其MOFs 前驱体的棒状结构, 棱柱形框架更为突出, 表面呈凹陷状, 棒体中间粗两边细, 六角截面和棒体均布满了孔洞。结合EDX 和XRD 表征结果, Co²⁺/CPP-3(In) MOFs 前驱体完全转化成Co₃O₄/In₂O₃ 复合物; Co₃O₄/In₂O₃(n_Co : n_In = 0.4 : 1) 复合物在 70 ℃ 下对5×10^-6 H₂S 的气敏性能最优, 响应值达到153, 是同条件下纯备In₂O₃对H₂S 响应值的5 倍, 并且有较好的重复性、选择性和稳定性。     

铁锰复合阴极MFC-EF耦合系统产电及降解RhB效能

为实现微生物燃料电池（MFC）微电的原位利用,结合电芬顿（EF）技术的优势,构建MFC-EF耦合系统.为进一步提高该耦合系统性能,在Fenton催化剂铁的基础上引入类芬顿（Fenton-like）催化剂锰,制备出铁锰双金属复合阴极（FeMnO_x/CF复合电极,其中CF指碳纤维刷）,并与碳纤维（CF）无负载电极、Fe&Fe₂O₃/CF复合电极对比,探究MFC-EF耦合系统的电化学性能及其对目标污染物罗丹明B（RhB）的降解效果.结果表明,铁锰复合电极成功负载了Fe和Mn的二元金属氧化物,提高了耦合系统的最大输出功率（5.47 W/m³）,降低了电池的内阻（109.00 Ω）,提高了RhB的去除率（91.60%）和矿化率（30.84%）.此外,FeMnO_x/CF复合电极摆脱了常规Fenton体系对阴极液pH的严格限制,扩大了MFC-EF耦合系统的阴极液pH范围.本研究实现了污染物处理过程中的资源再生和利用,有望为实际染料废水处理提供新的思路.     

17β-雌二醇降解微生物筛选及环境因素的影响

为提高污水中17β-雌二醇（E2）的去除效率，筛选洱海沉积物中E2的优势降解微生物，并在不同环境条件下进行生物吸附和生物降解E2过程的研究。结果表明：大肠杆菌是E2降解的优势菌种，其对E2的生物去除是快速吸附及持续降解的共同作用过程。经大肠杆菌降解3 d后，1.00 mg/L E2去除率约为70.42%。生物吸附主要受pH值、生物量的限制，在弱碱性（pH=8）环境下吸附效果最佳。在适宜的浓度下，电子供体、H₂O₂、腐殖质和重金属可以有效促进E2的生物降解。当葡萄糖、甲酸钠、H₂O₂、腐殖质、Zn²⁺和Cu²⁺浓度分别为40.0 mg/L、10.0 mg/L、3.0 mmol/L、2.0~15.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L及0.5 mg/L时，E2的生物降解率提高近12.41%~57.47%。由此可见，洱海沉积物中筛选的大肠杆菌具有较好的E2去除能力，但其受众多环境因素的影响，通过调节合适的环境条件可极大程度地促进E2的生物去除效率。     

配体-金属电子转移强化类芬顿技术的破络特性与机制

为有效分解近中性废水中典型难降解强络合物Ni-EDTA,构建配体-金属电子转移强化类芬顿技术（LFGR）,基于Ni(Ⅱ)去除效能等系统分析其在近中性条件下对Ni-EDTA的破络特性,重点探究Fe(Ⅲ)与H₂O₂投加量、pH值、浊度、常见有机酸与常规无机盐对LFGR破络特性的影响。结合H₂O₂消耗观测、自由基淬灭实验、自由基信号检测与降解产物分析等科学识别LFGR体系中主要活性氧物种,并进一步剖析Ni-EDTA的破络过程与主导机制。定量比较分析LFGR与其他UV活化氧化技术去除多种重金属EDTA络合物（M-EDTA）的特性,并进一步阐明LFGR的运行成本优势。对于络合物浓度为1.0 mmol/L的近中性模拟废水,LFGR的优化反应条件为：Fe(Ⅲ)投加量为0.1 mmol/L,H₂O₂投加量为50 mmol/L,UV光照时间为20 min。该条件下,EDTA可完全转化,且经碱沉淀后Ni(Ⅱ)去除率可高达99.40%;LFGR对水中常见有机酸与常规无机盐呈现出良好的抗干扰性;H₂O₂主要通过与配体-金属电子转移产生的Fe(Ⅱ)发生类芬顿反应消耗;LFGR的主要作用过程是Fe(Ⅲ)置换Ni(Ⅱ)并激发配体-金属电子转移反应从而促进EDTA光解,UV进一步驱动Fe(Ⅲ)还原并加快Fe物种循环,进而强化类芬顿技术活性氧自由基（主要为·OH和·O₂^-）的催化作用。LFGR可在近中性条件下实现多种M-EDTA的良好破络效果,水处理费用合计为4.21元/t,具有良好技术经济性。     

低温等离子体处理甲酰胺溶液过程中活性粒子传质的数值模拟

采用一维漂移-扩散流体模型,对活性粒子在甲酰胺溶液中的传质进行了数值模拟。分析了等离子体处理甲酰胺溶液中5种主要活性氧粒子(OH、OH₂、O₃、O₂^- 、H₂O₂)的浓度和渗透深度。结果表明:在甲酰胺溶液中,O₃和OH的渗透深度可以达到13~14 μm,高于水中的7~9 μm;O₂^-渗透深度为580 μm,约为其在水溶液中的50%;甲酰胺浓度在10^-5~10^-3 mol/L内,对活性氧粒子传质过程的影响较明显;溶液中O₂对活性氧离子多样性有积极作用。这些现象表明,可以通过控制实际环境改变活性氧粒子的渗透深度。     

高效CoFe2O 4的制备及其碱性析氧性能

析氧反应(oxygen evolution reaction, OER) 电催化剂存在成本高、效率低等问题。OER 是一个需要高过电 位的四电子-质子耦合反应, 为了降低电解水阳极的OER 过电位和提高钴铁氧化物(CoFe₂O₄) 的电流密度和稳定 性, 采用简单的水浴和煅烧的方法制备不同煅烧温度的非贵金属催化剂CoFe₂O₄。采用XRD、SEM、TGA 等方法 对CoFe₂O₄ 材料进行表征, 电化学研究结果表明, 在1 mol/L KOH 溶液中, 经过300 ℃ 煅烧的CoFe₂O₄ OER 性能最好, 1.58 V 时就可以产生10 mA/cm² 的电流密度, 塔菲尔(Tafel) 斜率为96 mV/dec, 经过1 000 次循环伏安扫描和计 时电流进行稳定性测试后, 其析氧性能依然保持较高的稳定性。     

SO2浸出软锰矿体系连二硫酸锰的生成机制

副产物连二硫酸锰(MnS₂O₆)生成是限制废气二氧化硫还原浸出软锰矿副产硫酸锰工艺工业化应用的技术瓶颈和关键科学问题。迄今,MnS₂O₆的生成机制尚未明确,难以为探究其工艺控制措施提供有效理论依据。基于此,本文研究了SO₂浸出软锰矿体系MnS₂O₆的生成机制,阐明了MnS₂O₆生成速率控制步骤和动力学过程。首先基于反应体系理论分析,提出基于表面吸附和电化学模型的自由基生成机制可用于解释MnS₂O₆的生成机制,其生成速率微观上取决于自由基HSO₃形成速率,宏观上主要取决于体系H^₊和HSO- 3浓度,两者的反应级数均为1,推导的理论生成速率方程为 。随后通过动力学实验考察了体系SO₂浓度、pH和温度对MnS₂O₆生成的影响,研究结果表明,MnS₂O₆生成速率随体系酸度和温度的升高呈现先快速减小后趋势趋缓,随体系SO₂浓度的升高而升高,H^₊和SO₂浓度对MnS₂O₆生成速率的反应级数分别为-0.057和0.9954,反应的活化能为6894.05 J/mol。最后基于液相SO₂解离平衡关系,推导得到H^₊浓度和HSO- 3浓度对MnS₂O₆生成速率的反应级数分别为0.943和0.996,与理论速率方程的级数非常接近。研究结果验证了对MnS₂O₆生成机制的解释和动力学推导过程, 可为该工艺工业化应用时MnS₂O₆生成特性及抑制方法研究提供理论依据和有效途径。     

3A分子筛和Al2O3复合载体催化剂的催化特性

为探究3A分子筛和Al₂O₃复合载体催化剂的结构特征以及对甲苯的催化特性,采用等体积浸渍法制备Al₂O₃与3A分子筛不同掺混比的载体镍基催化剂,并对催化剂进行XRD、H₂-TPR、BET等特性分析,在固定床反应器中对催化剂催化甲苯的特性进行研究. 结果表明:催化剂中活性组分Ni主要以氧化镍NiO和镍铁合金Ni₃Fe的形式存在;Al₂O₃催化剂的比表面积和孔容随着Fe负载量的增加而减小,而不同掺混比催化剂的比表面积和孔容随着γ-Al₂O₃占比的增加而逐渐增大;甲苯的转化率随着反应温度的增加而逐渐增加,但是随着Fe负载量的增加而先增加后下降;对于不同掺混比的催化剂,随着γ-Al₂O₃占比的增加,催化剂的活性逐渐增强而后减弱,甲苯的转化率因此先增大后减小;当反应温度为700 ℃,水碳比为2,停留时间0.6 s,γ-Al₂O₃占比为60%时,甲苯转化率最高.     

2014—2019年北京和南京地区PM2.5和臭氧质量浓度相关性研究

自2014年以来,中国细颗粒物（PM_2.5）浓度大幅度下降,但臭氧（O₃）浓度逐年缓慢上升,厘清PM_2.5和O₃（P-O）相关性尤为关键.在本研究中,2014—2019年北京和南京PM_2.5年均质量浓度下降幅度分别为-6.86和-6.15 μg·m^-3·a^-1;而日最大8小时平均O₃质量浓度（MDA8 O₃）年均增长幅度为1.50和1.75 μg·m^-3·a^-1.研究期间,北京地区MDA8 O₃质量浓度小于100 μg·m^-3,P-O呈负相关;而当质量浓度大于100 μg·m^-3时,P-O为正相关.通过Pearson相关系数研究P-O两者相关性.在两个城市每月相关性分析中,在每日时间尺度5—9月为强的正相关;而小时时间尺度11月至次年2月趋于负相关.在北京,P-O每月和季节相关性变化大于南京.在日变化中,夏季在16时为强的正相关,春秋两季在13—17时为弱的正相关,而在春、秋和冬季8时,却为强的负相关.     

Synthesis of γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles by chemical precipitation method

Highly pure active γ-Al₂O₃ nanoparticles were synthesized from aluminum nitrate and ammonium carbonate with a little surfactant by chemical precipitation method. The factors affecting the synthesis process were studied. The properties of γ-Al₂O₃ nanoparticles were characterized by DTA, XRD, BET, TEM, laser granularity analysis and impurity content analysis. The results show that the amorphous precursor Al(OH)₃ sols are produced by using 0.1 mol/L Al(NO₃)₃ · 9H₂O and 0.16 mol/L (NH₄)₂CO₃ · H₂O reaction solutions, according to the volume ratio 1.33, adding 0.024% (volume fraction) surfactant PEG600, and reacting at 40 °C, 1 000 r/min stirring rate for 15 min. Then, after stabilizing for 24 h, the precursors were extracted and filtrated by vacuum, washed thoroughly with deionized water and dehydrated ethanol, dried in vacuum at 80°C for 8 h, final calcined at 800 °C for 1 h in the air, and high purity active γ-Al₂O₃ nanoparticles can be prepared with cubic in crystal system, O _H ⁷ -FD3M in space group, about 9 nm in crystal grain size, about 20 nm in particle size and uniform size distribution, 131. 35 m²/g in BET specific surface area, 7 – 11 nm in pore diameter, and not lower than 99.93% in purity. Foundation item: Project(03JJY3015) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province     

Luminescent properties of BaO-La2O3-B2O3 glasses with dopant

The luminescent properties of glasses synthesized in air atmosphere by conventional high temperature process were stud{ed. The emissions spectra of Eu^2 and Eu^3 were observed in BaO-La2O3-B2O3-Eu2O3 glasses.The results show that the broad emission peaks at 430 nm correspond to 5d→4f emission transition of Eu^2 , the sharp emission peaks at 592, 616, 650 and 250 nm correspond to 5^D0→1Fj(j=1--4) emission transition of Eu^3 ,respectively, which indicates that the BaO-La2O3a-B2O3-Eu2O3 glass can convert ultraviolet and green omponents of sunlight into blue and red light so as to increase the intensity of blue and red light, respectively. The luminescent in--tensity of Eu^2 increases with increasing the molar ratio of Tb^3 in BaO-La2O3-B2O3-Eu2O3a-Tb4O3 glasses, whereas the luminescent intensity of Eua^3 decreases. So the luminescent intensity of Eu(Ⅲ,Ⅱ) is influenced by Tb^3 .These phenomena can be explained by electron transfer mechanism; Eu^3 (4f6) Tb^3 (4f^8)→Eu^2 (4f′) Tb^4 (4f′). Taking advantage of the luminescent properties of BaO-La2O3-B2O3-Eu2O3 glasses, light-conversion glass for agriculture can be produced.     

Self-cleaning glass coated with Fe^3＋ -TiO2 thin film

The self-cleaning glass coated with Fe^3 -TiO2 photocatalytic thin film was prepared by sol-gel process from the system Ti(OC4H9),-NH(C2H4OH)2-C2H5OH-H2O containing FeCl3. The microstructure and properties of the film were studied using differential thermal analysis-thermogravimetry(DTA-TG), X-ray diffration (XRD) and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The transmittance of the self-cleaning glass was measured by using UV-Vis spectrometer. The effects of content of Fe^3 and the thickness of Fe^3 -TiO2 thin film on the photocatalytic ac-tivity were examined. The results show that the photocatalytic thin films are mainly composed of Fe3O4 and TiO2 particles within 10-100 nm. The appropriate amount of Fe^3 is effective for improving the photocatalytic activities of TiO2. The best photocatalytic activity is obtained when the molar ratio of Fe^3 to TiO2 is 0. 005 and the glass is coated with 9 layers.     

Preparation of LiFePO4 for lithium ion battery using Fe2P2O7 as precursor

In order to obtain a new precursor for LiFePO4, Fe2P2O7 with high purity was prepared through solid phase reaction at 650 ℃ using starting materials of FeC2O4 and NH4H2PO4 in an argon atmosphere. Using the as-prepared Fe2P2O7, Li2CO3 and glucose as raw materials, pure LiFePO4 and LiFePO4/C composite materials were respectively synthesized by solid state reaction at 700 ℃ in an argon atmosphere. X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy（SEM） were employed to characterize the as-prepared Fe2P2O7, LiFePO4 and LiFePO4/C. The as-prepared Fe2P2O7 crystallizes in the Cl space group and belongs to β-Fe2P2O7 for crystal phase. The particle size distribution of Fe2P2O7 observed by SEM is 0.4-3.0 μm. During the Li^＋ ion chemical intercalation, radical P2O7^4- is disrupted into two PO4^3- ions in the presence of O^2-, thus providing a feasible technique to dispose this poor dissolvable pyrophosphate. LiFePO4/C composite exhibits initial charge and discharge capacities of 154 and 132 mA·h/g, respectively.     

Modification of LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode material by CeO2-coating

LiCo_1/3Ni_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ was coated by a layer of 1.0 wt% CeO₂ via sol-gel method. The bared and coated LiMn_1/3Co_1/3Ni_1/3O₂ was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammogram (CV) and galvanotactic charge-discharge test. The results show that the coating layer has no effect on the crystal structure, only coating on the surface; the 1.0 wt% CeO₂-coated LiCo_1/3Ni_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ exhibits better discharge capacity and cycling performance than the bared LiCo_1/3Ni_1/3Mn_1/3O₂. The discharge capacity of 1.0 wt% CeO₂-coated cathode is 182.5 mAh·g⁻¹ at a current density of 20 mA·g⁻¹, in contrast to 165.8 mAh·g⁻¹of the bared sample. The discharge capacity retention of 1.0 wt% CeO₂-coated sample after 12 cycles reaches 93.2%, in comparison with 86.6% of the bared sample. CV results show that the CeO₂ coating could suppress phase transitions and prevent the surface of cathode material from direct contact with the electrolyte, thus enhance the electrochemical performance of the coated material.     

Modification of nano-TiO2 by Al2O3 in-situ coating

A novel technology of in-situ coating Al₂O₃ on the surface of H₄TiO₄ was developed to prevent the aggregation of nano-TiO₂ powders and improve the dispersibility and thermal stability in the way of forming a uniform coating layer. The heterogeneous nucleation was conducted to prepare the precursor of nano-TiO₂ and then Al₂O₃ was coated on the surface of precursor. The effects of Al₂O₃ in-situ coating on the properties of nano-TiO₂ were investigated. The results show that H₄TiO₄ can be dispersed well under alkaline condition (pH 8.5) and the heterogeneous nucleation can be controlled easily. The optimized uniform coating layer is obtained by adding 5% (mass fraction) and 10% of Al₂O₃ and the aggregation of nano-TiO₂ powders is effectively inhibited and the dispersibility is obviously improved. The crystal sizes of TiO₂ powders are 12.3, 11.4 and 8.7 nm after coating 0,5% and 10% of Al₂O₃ respectively. Al₂O₃ on the surface of particulates in amorphous phase could increase the thermal stability of nano-particles after calcined at 550 °C. Foundation item: Project(04GK2007) supported by Hunan Industrial Key Project of Science and Technology     

Preparation of uitrafine α-Al2O3 powders by catalytic sintering of ammonium aluminum carbonate hydroxide at low temperature

The precursor of ammonium aluminum carbonate hydroxide was synthesized by using aluminum sulfate （Al2 （SO4）3 ） and ammonium carbonate（（NH4 ）2CO3 ）. The effects of α-Al2 O3 seeds and mixture composed of α- Al2O3 and ammonium nitrate, as well as multiplex catalysts （AT） on phase transformation of alumina in sintering process were investigated respectively. The results show that the α-Al2 O3 seeds and the mixture of α-Al2 O3 and ammonium nitrate can lower the phase transformation temperature of α-Al2O3 to different extents while the particles obtained agglomerate heavily. AT has great potential synergistic effects on the phase transformation of alumina and reduces the phase transformation temperature of α-Al2O3 and the trends of necking-formation between particles. Therefore the dispersion of powder particles is improved significantly.     

Characteristics of LiCoO2, LiMn2O4 and LiNi0.45Co0.1Mn0.45O2 as cathodes of lithium ion batteries

LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂ was synthesized from Li₂CO₃ and a triple oxide of nickel, cobalt and manganese at 950 °C in air. The structures and characteristics of LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂, LiCoO₂ and LiMn₂O₄ were investigated by XRD, SEM and electrochemical measurements. The results show that LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂ has a layered structure with hexagonal lattice. The commercial LiCoO₂ has sphere-like appearance and smooth surfaces, while the LiMn₂O₄ and LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂ consist of cornered and uneven particles. LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂ has a large discharge capacity of 140.9 mA · h/g in practical lithium ion battery, which is 33.4% and 2.8% above that of LiMn₂O₄ and LiCoO₂, respectively. LiCoO₂ and LiMn₂O₄ have higher discharge voltage and better rate-capability than LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂. All the three cathodes have excellent cycling performance with capacity retention of above 89.3% at the 250th cycle. Batteries with LiMn₂O₄ or LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂ cathodes show better safety performance under abusive conditions than those with LiCoO₂ cathodes. Foundation item: Project(50302016) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(2005037698) supported by the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China     

Molar heat capacities of La2Mo2O9 and La1.9Sr0.1MO209-δ

The molar heat capacities of La2Mo209 and La1.9Sr0.1MO209-δ were obtained using the differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） technique in a temperature range from 298 to 1473 K. The DSC curve of La2Mo209 showed an endothermal peak around 834 K corresponding to a first-order monoclinic-cubic phase transition, and the enthalpy change accompanying this phase transition is 5.99 kJ/mol. No evident endothermal peak existed in the DSC curve of La1.9Sr0.1MO209-δ, but a broad thermal anomaly existed in its heat capacity curve at around 832 K. In addition, the heat capacity values of La2Mo209 and La1.9Sr0.1MO209-δ began to decrease at 1196 and 1330 K, respectively. The non-transitional heat capacity values of La2Mo209 and La1.9Sr0.1MO209-δ were formulated using multiple regression analysis in two temperature ranges.     

Preparation and structure characteristics of nano-Bi2O3 powders with mixed crystal structure

The nano-Bi2O3 powders were prepared by a chemical precipitation method with Bi(NO3)3, HNO3 and NaOH as reactants. The structural characteristics and morphology of nano-Bi2O3 powders were investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The results show that under the optimum condition that 300g/L Bi(NO3)3 reacts at 90℃ for 2 h, the Bi203 powders with 60 nm on the average and 99.5% in purity are obtained. The prepared nano-Bi2O3 powders contain a mixed crystal structure of monoclinic and triclinic instead of traditional structure of monoclinic α-Bi2O3. And the mixed crystal structure is stable in air. The reason for the appearance of the mixed crystal structure may be that the ionic radius ratio of Bi^3 to O^2- changes easily during the formation of nano-Bi2O3 particles by a chemical precipitation method.