Stereoisomers of N-[1-hydroxy-(2-phenylethyl)-3-methyl-4-piperidyl]- N-phenylpropanamide: synthesis, stereochemistry, analgesic activity, and opioid receptor binding characteristics

N-[1-(2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-3-methyl-4-piperidyl]-N-phenylpropanamide (ohmefentanyl,1) is an extremely potent analgesic agent with high affinity and selectivity for opioid mu receptors. There are three chiral carbons in 1, so eight optically active isomers are possible. Respective reaction of optically active 3-methyl-N-phenyl-4 -piperidinamines (5a-d) with (R)- or (S)-styrene oxide produced eight optically active intermediates which were subsequently converted to eight optically active isomers of 1 (1a-h). The absolute configurations of 1a-h were determined by X-ray analysis of (3R,4S,2'R)-(-)-cis-1a and (3R,4R,2'S)-(-)-trans-1g. The analgesic activity (mice, ip, hot plate) revealed their extreme stereodifferences; the ED50 values of (3R,4S,2'R)-(-)-cis-1a and (3R,4S,2'S)-(+)-cis-1b, which are the most potent isomers among eight isomers, were 0.004 65 (2990 times that of morphine) and 0.001 06 mg/kg (13 100 times that of morphine), respectively, while the corresponding antipodes 1d,c were the least potent compounds among the eight isomers. In agreement with pharmacological results, both 1a,b also had the highest receptor affinity and selectivity for the opioid mu receptor. The ratio of K(i)(DPDPE)&K(i)(DAMGO) was 22 800 for 1a and 22 500 for 1b. All isomers except 1c,d strongly inhibited the electrically evoked smooth muscle contraction of GPI and MVD but not that of RVD, and the inhibitory effects could be reversed by naloxone, which indicated that these compounds were potent mu agonists in GPI and MVD. There was a good linear correlation between the analgesic potencies (ED50) and the receptor affinities (K(i)(DAMGO)) or inhibitory effects (IC50) to GPI and MVD. These results suggested that the analgesic effects of ohmefentanyl are mediated by interaction between the agents and opioid mu receptors in the central nervous system and the 3R,4S configuration at the piperidine 3- and 4-carbon atoms and the S configuration at the phenylethyl 2-carbon atom are beneficial for analgesic potency and inhibitory effects in GPI and MVD and the same for an S or R configuration at the phenylethyl 2-carbon atom besides the 3R,4S configuration for receptor mu affinity and selectivity.     

Synthesis, miscoding specificity, and thermodynamic stability of oligodeoxynucleotide containing 8-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine

8-Methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-MedG) was synthesized by reacting dG under the methyl radical generating system and incorporated into oligodeoxynucleotides using phosphoramidite techniques. The site-specifically modified oligodeoxynucleotide containing a single 8-MedG was then used as a template for primer extension reactions catalyzed by the 3' --> 5' exonuclease-free (exo-) Klenow fragment of Escherichia Coli DNA polymerase I and mammalian DNA polymerase alpha. Primer extension catalyzed by the exo- Klenow fragment readily passed the 8-MedG lesion in the template while that catalyzed by pol alpha was retarded opposite the lesion. The fully extended products formed during DNA synthesis were analyzed to quantify the miscoding specificities of 8-MedG. Both DNA polymerases incorporated primarily dCMP, the correct base opposite the lesion, along with small amounts of incorporation of dGMP and dAMP. In addition, two-base deletion was observed only when the exo- Klenow fragment was used. The thermodynamic stability of 8-MedG in the duplex was also studied. The duplex containing 8-MedG:dG was more thermally and thermodynamically stable than that of dG:dG. The duplex containing 8-MedG:dA was more thermodynamically stable than that of dG:dA. We conclude that 8-MedG is a miscoding lesion and capable of generating G --> C and G --> T transversions and deletion in cells.     

8Cr4W9V2钢的热处理工艺和性能

研究了8Cr4W9V2耐温轴承钢的热处理工艺和性能,发现其最佳热处理工艺参数为淬火温度1 230 ℃,回火温度550 ℃;回火3次,每次1.5 h.经上述热处理后,钢的硬度为HRC 64.4,无缺口冲击韧性为48.3 J/cm2,并且具有良好的抗回火软化性能和优异的高温性能,接触疲劳寿命L10=15.12×107次,是Cr4Mo4V钢的2倍.     

Immunochemical study on mannans of genus Candida. I. Structural investigation of antigenic factors 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 13b and 34

Since the late 1960s, we have been conducting a series of immunochemical studies on the mannans of the genus Candida with emphasis on the structural determination of antigenic factors composing of the antigenic formula of medically relevant Candida species proposed by Tsuchiya and his colleagues. This review is a chronological account of the structural studies on 10 antigenic factors conducted by two groups of workers: Fukazawa, the senior student of Tsuchiya, and Suzuki.     

Bioreductive activation of a series of analogues of 5-aziridinyl-3-hydroxymethyl-1-methyl-2-[1H-indole-4, 7-dione] prop-beta-en-alpha-ol (EO9) by human DT-diaphorase

The enzyme DT-diaphorase (NAD(P)H:quinone acceptor oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.99.2.; DTD) is believed to be a good target for enzyme-directed bioreductive drug development because elevated levels of enzyme activity have been described in several human tumour types and it plays a key role in the bioreductive activation of several quinone-based anticancer drugs. As part of an ongoing program to develop new bioreductive drugs, the ability of a series of indoloquinone compounds to serve as substrates for and to be bioreductively activated by purified recombinant human DTD was investigated. Of the seven compounds evaluated, EO9, EO68 and EO4 were substrates for human DTD, but only EO4 was reduced to a DNA cross-linking species, and this DNA damage was both concentration dependent and inhibited by dicoumarol. A broad spectrum of chemosensitivity was observed in the H460 non-small cell lung cancer cell line, with the most potent compounds being EO4 (IC50 = 23.9 nM), EO9 (IC50 = 34.5 nM) and EO68 (IC50 = 37.8 nM). Relatively minor structural changes resulted in major changes in both substrate specificity and cytotoxic potency. Comparative chemosensitivity studies demonstrated that EO4, EO9 and EO68 are preferentially toxic towards DTD-rich H460 cells compared with DTD-deficient H596 cells (ratio of IC50 values for H596 cells to H460 cells were 113.8, 92.2 and 103.9 respectively). In conclusion, this study has identified two new compounds that are substrates for human DTD, one of which (EO4) is reduced to a DNA cross-linking species. Further studies in a broad panel of cell lines and human tumour xenografts are warranted for EO4 and EO68 based upon the result of this study.     

Photochromism of an anticonvulsant, 1-diphenylmethyl-4-(6-methyl-2-pyridylmethylene-amino) piperazine, in the solid state

The light-induced color change of 1-diphenylmethyl-4-(6-methyl-2-pyridylmethyleneamino) piperazine in the solid state was investigated. Light in the 420-700-nm visible region had no effect. Elevated temperature, dissolution, or prolonged storage in the dark at room temperatures restored the intrinsic color of the compound. IR, UV (solution), NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, and GC methods showed no detectable difference between the long wave-length UV light-exposed (yellow) and unexposed (colorless) samples of the pure compound. Long wavelength UV light exposure studies with several substituted piperazine analogs revealed a structure-activity requirement for the color conversion process. The data indicated that the transformation process from colorless (or faint yellow) to bright yellow is photochromism (phototropy) and is dependent on the intensity of the "action spectrum" in the 300-400-nm region. Studies in the solid state showed that heat-induced fading of the color followed apparent zero-order kinetics. The energy of activation, Eb, for the photochromic conversion process from the metastable (yellow) to the stable (colorless) state was estimated to be about 19 kcal/mole.     

NF00659A1, A2, A3, B1 and B2, novel antitumor antibiotics produced by Aspergillus sp. NF 00659. II. Structural elucidation

NF00659A1, A2, A3, B1 and B2, having insecticidal and antitumor activities, were isolated from a culture mycelium of Aspergillus sp. NF 00659. The novel structure of NF00659s were determined mainly by spectroscopic studies including various NMR measurements. NF00659s have a common structure which consists of acyl, alpha-pyrone and 4,5-seco-tricyclic diterpene moieties.     

4-(2-噻唑偶氮)连苯三酚光度法测定钢样中钛(Ⅳ)

在溴化十六烷基三甲基铵存在下,用分光光度法研究了4-(2-噻唑偶氮)连苯三酚与钛(Ⅳ)的显色反应性能。结果表明:在pH 2.0~5.0氯乙酸-氯乙酸钠缓冲溶液条件下,4-(2-噻唑偶氮)连苯三酚与钛(Ⅳ)形成摩尔比为2∶1的红色络合物,其最大吸收波长λmax为560 nm,在25 mL显色液中钛量在0~20μg范围内服从比尔定律,相关系数r=0.999 0,测定的表观摩尔吸光系数ε560=4.07×104L.mol-1.cm-1,方法成功应用于钢样品中微量钛的测定,结果同认定值相符。     

Anandamide- and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-evoked arachidonic acid mobilization and blockade by SR141716A [N-(Piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4 -methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboximide hydrochloride]

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether anandamide induces cannabimimetic responses, mainly mobilization of arachidonic acid, in primary cultures of rat brain cortical astrocytes. Confluent monolayer cultures of astrocytes, prelabeled with [3H]arachidonic acid, were incubated with anandamide or delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) in the presence or absence of thimerosal, a fatty acid acyl CoA transferase inhibitor and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, an amidohydrolase inhibitor. Anandamide and delta9-THC induced a time- and concentration-dependent release of arachidonic acid in the presence, but not in the absence, of thimerosal. Anandamide- and delta9-THC-stimulated arachidonic acid release was pertussis toxin-sensitive, indicating a receptor/G-protein involvement. A novel and selective cannabinoid receptor antagonist, SR141716A [N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4- methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboximide hydrochloride], blocked the arachidonic acid release, suggesting a cannabinoid receptor-mediated pathway. In astrocytes, the magnitude of anandamide-induced arachidonic acid release was equal to that released by equimolar concentrations of delta9-THC. Furthermore, direct assay of amidohydrolase activity indicated that degradation of anandamide into arachidonic acid and ethanolamine was negligible in cortical astrocytes. Our results suggest that anandamide stimulates receptor-mediated release of arachidonic acid, and the receptor may be the cannabinoid receptor. Astrocytes, containing a cannabinoid receptor and lower or negligible amidohydrolase activity, may be an important brain cell model in which to study the cannabimimetic effects of anandamide at a cellular and molecular level.     

9Cr4Mo3Si2WV钢锻造工艺试验

天津特殊钢厂承担了９Ｃｒ４Ｍｏ３Ｓｉ２ＷＶ这种新型模具钢材料的冶炼，锻造的试制工作。文章详细介绍了试制过程中钢锭的质量要求，锻造工艺，热加工温度，化学成分的影响，加热时间的控制等数据，实践证明：这种材料有较高的强度，耐磨性，韧性，是一种经济的冷挤压模具材料，在生产使用效果很好。     

Pharmacological and histopathological aspects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-hydroxy-piperidine (MPIP)

The inhibitory effects of Radix Astragali (RA) on hypoxic structural remodeling of intra-acinar pulmonary arteries (IAPA) and pulmonary hypertension (PHT) were studied in rats, which were fed in hypoxic environment under normal atmospheric pressure (10% O2 10 hours/day). 60 rats were divided into 3 groups; hypoxia group, hypoxia+RA group and control group. On the 15th and 30th day of hypoxia, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and right ventricle hypertrophy index (RVHI) were measured and pulmonary vessel changes were studies under light and electronic microscopes and morphometric analysis. Compared with the hypoxia+RA group, RA could prevent IAPA wall cell damage and dilate the constricted IPIA induced by hypoxia. RA could also inhibit hypertrophic changes in the tunica media and proliferation of adventitial cells of the IAPA and muscularization of non-muscular arteries. Therefore, preserving the IAPA wall cells and dilating IAPA by RA may play an important role in inhibiting structural remodeling of IAPA and pulmonary hypertension.     

2-(5-溴-4-甲基-2-吡啶偶氮)-5-二甲氨基苯胺双波长叠加光度法同时测定钯和铑

以试剂2-(5-溴-4-甲基-2-吡啶偶氮)-5-二甲氨基苯胺(5-Br-4-CH₃-PADMA)为显色剂,建立了双波长叠加分光光度法同时测定铑和钯的新方法。结果表明:钯与5-Br-4-CH₃-PADMA在0.9~4.2 mol/L 高氯酸介质中,形成稳定络合物;而铑与5-Br-4-CH₃-PADMA在pH值为4.2~5.0的近中性介质中形成稳定络合物,络合物一旦形成则很稳定,向其中加入强酸酸化,该配合物不仅不分解,反而吸收峰红移,吸光度增大。研究还发现,铑、钯与5-Br-4-CH₃-PADMA形成的络合物,均呈现两个强弱不等的吸收峰,强峰分别位于605 nm和606 nm,弱峰分别位于558 nm和563 nm。在605 nm和562 nm处,其各自的强弱峰对应的吸光度之和与溶液中铑、钯的质量浓度具有良好的线性关系。铑、钯质量浓度分别在0~0.55 μg/mL 和0~1.04 μg/mL范围内符合比尔定律;利用双波长叠加的分光光度法测得铑、钯的表观摩尔吸光系数分别为ε_Rh=2.64×10⁵ L·mol^-1·cm^-1和ε_Pd= 1.40 ×10⁵ L·mol^-1·cm^-1,铑络合物的组成为n(Rh)∶n(5-Br-4-CH₃-PADMA) =1∶2,钯络合物的组成为n(Pd)∶n(5-Br-4-CH₃-PADMA)=1∶1。方法用于实际样品催化剂中铑和钯的同时测定,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)分别为1.4%和4.9%,测定值与原子吸收光谱法测定值相一致。     

Structural determination of sulfated tetrasaccharides and hexasaccharides containing a rare disaccharide sequence, -3GalNAc(4,6-disulfate)beta1-4IdoAalpha1-, isolated from porcine intestinal dermatan sulfate

In experimental diabetic neuropathy, defective arachidonic acid metabolism characterized by a decrease in the proportion of glycerophospholipid arachidonoyl-containing molecular species (ACMS) occurs and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disorder. In this study, we evaluated the suitability of a tumor-derived human Schwann cell line (NF1T) as a model to investigate the mechanism underlying the loss of ACMS. NF1T cells grown in 30 versus 5.5 mM glucose undergo a marked reduction in ACMS in phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol, in a manner resembling that of diabetic nerve. The depletion of ACMS can be reversed on transferring the cells from 30 mM glucose to medium containing physiological levels of glucose. Cells maintained in 5.5 mM glucose plus 25 mM mannitol or sorbitol did not exhibit decreased ACMS levels, indicating that osmotic effects were not responsible for ACMS depletion. However, growth in 25 mM fructose elicited a reduction of ACMS similar to that produced by 30 mM glucose. Excessive glucose flux through the polyol pathway has been implicated in the neural and vascular abnormalities associated with diabetes. Therefore, we examined the effects of polyol pathway inhibitors, including two aldose reductase inhibitors, zopolrestat and sorbinil, and a sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDI), CP166,572, on ACMS levels in NF1T cells cultured in elevated glucose concentrations. At 200 microM, zopolrestat fully and sorbinil partially corrected ACMS depletion. The SDI at concentrations up to 100 microM failed to affect diminished ACMS levels. Neither zopolrestat nor the SDI restored ACMS levels reduced in the presence of elevated fructose concentrations. These findings suggest that enhanced flux through the polyol pathway and, in particular, elevated aldose reductase activity may play a significant role in the reduction of ACMS levels in the cells brought about by elevated glucose levels.     

Structural studies on the two forms of 8-bromo-2',3'-O-isopropylideneadenosine

The crystal and molecular structures of two forms of 8-bromo-2',3'-O-isopropylideneadenosine have been determined by X-ray methods. In one form, the molecular structure has planar conformation in the sugar moiety and no intramolecular hydrogen bond. On the other hand, the molecular structure of the second form has C(2')-endo conformation and an intramolecular hydrogen bond. No stacking interaction between adjacent bases is found in either form, but two modes of the base-pairing hydrogen bond exist in the second form.     

Enzyme immunoassay of two nicergoline metabolites, 10 alpha-methoxy-9, 10-dihydrolysergol (MDL) and 1-methyl-10 alpha-methoxy-9, 10-dihydrolysergol (MMDL)

Specific and sensitive enzyme immunoassays for two nicergoline metabolites, 10 alpha-methoxy-9, 10-dihydrolysergol (MDL) and 1-methyl-10 alpha-methoxy-9, 10-dihydrolysergol (MMDL) have been developed. The hydroxyl group of hydroxymethyl at position 8 of either MDL or MMDL was carboxymethylated to introduce a carboxyl group for protein conjugation. Antibodies generated from O-carboxymethyl MDL or MMDL recognized the spacer arm between the hapten and the carrier protein and the molecular domain near the conjugation site as well. A heterologous bridge strategy was used to improve the affinity of the hapten-enzyme conjugate to the antibodies. The sensitivity of both assays was greatly increased by using such an approach. Both antibodies are specific for their own haptens. Little cross reactivity was observed with nicergoline and other metabolites. Determination of MDL and MMDL from both spiked plasma and urine showed nearly quantitative recovery. Detection of MDL and MMDL can be as sensitive as 10 pg/ml.