苹果梨果皮中预存抗菌物质的提取、分离与鉴定

膨大期、采收期、采后100d的苹果梨果皮的乙醇（甲醇）-二氯甲烷粗提取液经TLC分离,以链格孢为指示菌进行生物活性分析均有不同比移值的抑菌带出现,采用气-质联用法（GC/MS）对其成分进一步分析表明,三个时期抑菌带成分存在差异。其中棕榈酸甲酯、油酸甲酯、亚油酸甲酯、鱼鲨烯（三十碳六烯）在膨大期含量最高,随着成熟和衰老的进行,含量逐渐降低,至采后100d,其含量分别为膨大期的1.8%、7.3%、19%和26.6%。推测它们是生长期间苹果梨果皮中存在的主要抗菌物质。邻苯二甲酸酯类是采收期和采后100d果皮中含量相对较高的抗菌物质,其中采后100d检出了6种邻苯二甲酸酯,相对含量高达60%。它们可能为采后果皮中主要的抗菌物质。      

苹果梨果实生育期果胶物质的研究

以开发利用苹果梨资源及果实质地的研究为目的,测定了苹果梨生育期果实中细胞壁物质(AIS)以及不同溶解性果胶的含量。结果表明,随着果实成熟,AIS呈先上升后降低的趋势。果皮和果肉AIS中及鲜果果皮中果胶总含量均在果实膨大期含量较高,成熟后期呈下降的趋势,而鲜果果肉中果胶总含量在盛花后第50d含量较高,随后其含量下降,且其含量均低于果皮中的含量。幼果中以碱溶性果胶含量最多,为果胶的主要成分,成熟果中则以酸溶性果胶含量较多,碱溶性果胶含量次之;水溶性果胶和盐溶性果胶在整个生育期中所占比例较少。      

苹果梨果实生育期果胶物质的研究

以开发利用苹果梨资源及果实质地的研究为目的,测定了苹果梨生育期果实中细胞壁物质(AIS)以及不同溶解性果胶的舍量.结果表明,随着果实成熟,AIS呈先上升后降低的趋势.果皮和果肉AIS中及鲜果果皮中果胶总含量均在果实膨大期含量较高,成熟后期呈下降的趋势,而鲜果果肉中果胶总含量在盛花后第50d含量较高,随后其含量下降,且其含量均低于果皮中的含量.幼果中以碱溶性果胶含量最多,为果胶的主要成分,成熟果中则以酸溶性果胶含量较多,碱溶性果胶含量次之;水溶性果胶和盐溶性果胶在整个生育期中所占比例较少.     

苹果梨果皮的7种酚类物质对链格孢的离体抑制作用

为揭示苹果梨果皮的主要酚类物质对果实采后黑斑病菌链格孢(Alternaria alternata)生长的影响,在前期对发育及贮藏期梨果皮酚类物质含量分析的基础上,本文研究了苹果梨果皮的7种酚类物质处理对A.alternata孢子萌发、菌丝生长、菌丝干重及黑色素形成的影响.结果表明,除熊果苷外,酚酸和黄酮类物质均对A.a...     

GC-MS测定不同采收期酸枣仁中脂肪油成分

利用气相色谱-质谱联用(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)技术分析经甲酯化的不同采收期酸枣仁的脂肪油成分组成及相对质量分数的变化。结果表明:3个时期酸枣仁的脂肪油成分总含量增加,经过GC-MS分析共检测出29种脂肪油成分,包括不饱和脂肪酸类、饱和脂肪酸类、碳氢化合物和醇类化合物这4大类组分。3个时期酸枣仁中均有其特殊的脂肪油成分,同时各时期也有相同的脂肪油成分,其中亚油酸甲酯(33.01%~34.27%)和油酸甲酯(43.66%~45.43%)为各个时期中的主要脂肪油物质。     

八角茴香精油及其主要单体成分抑菌机理的研究

实验通过测定菌液中还原糖含量、蛋白质含量以及电导率的变化,将八角茴香精油及其各主要单体成分(大茴香醛、柠檬烯、反式茴香脑)对大肠杆菌的抗菌机理进行了研究.结果表明,各抑菌成分中柠檬烯和八角茴香精油抑菌效果较好;抑菌机理的实验表明,浓度为100 mg/mL的各抑菌成分对检测项影响最大的是柠檬烯和八角茴香精油,它们可使菌液中还原糖含量高达0.89 g/100 g和0.87 g/100 g;二者作用64 h后,菌液中蛋白质含量分别为12.5%和13.7%;二者作用5 min,菌液的电导率分别为182.4 μs/cm和184.3μs/cm.由此可见,八角茴香精油及其主要单体成分中对大肠杆菌抑菌效果最佳的成分为柠檬烯和八角茴香精油.     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法分析脐橙中挥发性成分

目的 探究脐橙果皮和果肉中挥发性成分的种类、相对含量及其风味的差异。方法 将脐橙洗净后切分为果皮及果肉部分, 经粉碎后, 通过顶空固相微萃取(headspace solid phase microextraction, HS-SPME)技术分别富集果皮和果肉的挥发性成分, 再经气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)分析其挥发性成分的种类及相对含量, 同时计算各物质的相对气味活度值(relative odor activity value, ROAV)。结果 脐橙中鉴定出烯烃类、醛类、醇类、酮类、酯类和酸类等挥发性成分共82种, 果皮中有59种, 果肉中有51种, 两者共有成分28种, 其中果皮特有挥发性成分31种, 果肉23种; 对果皮风味起关键作用和修饰作用的挥发性成分分别有20种和7种, 果肉分别有9种和7种。脐橙果皮和果肉中相对含量最高的成分均为D-柠檬烯, 分别达到43.97%和41.25%, 果皮次主要成分为芳樟醇, 含量为5.38%, 果肉次主要成分为巴伦烯亚橘烯, 含量为18.50%; 对果皮风味贡献最高的物质为芳樟醇, 主要提供麻香、青香和花香, 对果肉贡献最高的物质为β-紫罗酮, 主要提供花香; 此外果皮和果肉的木调香和清香差异不大, 但果皮的果香、花香、甜香和脂香更加丰富。结论 脐橙果皮和果肉中挥发性成分的种类和含量差异较大, 且造成其关键香气的物质有明显区别。     

厚皮甜瓜果皮中预合成抗菌物质的提取、分离和鉴定

利用TLC法分离不同发育期甜瓜果实果皮中的甲醇-二氯甲烷提取物,并以A.alternata为指示菌进行生物活性测定,发现各有一条带具有抗菌活性。经气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用分析,鉴定出了邻苯二甲酸二-（2-乙基）-己酯、2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基-酚、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、棕榈酸甲酯、角鲨烯等多种可能的预合成抗菌物质。体外实验表明,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（500μL/100mL）和角鲨烯（4000μL/mL）能够直接抑制A.alternata菌丝的生长。在果实生长发育过程中,预合成抗菌物质的种类和含量均呈下降趋势,果实膨大期种类最多、含量最高,至成熟时有些物质很难检出。      

厚皮甜瓜果皮中预合成抗菌物质的提取、分离和鉴定

利用TLC法分离不同发育期甜瓜果实果皮中的甲醇-二氯甲烷提取物,并以A.alternata为指示菌进行生物活性测定,发现各有一条带具有抗菌活性。经气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用分析,鉴定出了邻苯二甲酸二-（2-乙基）-己酯、2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基-酚、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、棕榈酸甲酯、角鲨烯等多种可能的预合成抗菌物质。体外实验表明,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（500μL/100mL）和角鲨烯（4000μL/mL）能够直接抑制A.alternata菌丝的生长。在果实生长发育过程中,预合成抗菌物质的种类和含量均呈下降趋势,果实膨大期种类最多、含量最高,至成熟时有些物质很难检出。     

海水小球藻中脂类物质的成分分析及其抗菌活性研究

采用GC-MS方法对小球藻中脂类成分进行分析,从中鉴定出9种成分,其中十六烷酸最高,占24.88%。EPA含量为18.45%。抗菌活性实验显示,脂肪酸甲酯成分对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草杆菌的抑菌效果要好于大肠杆菌和绿脓杆菌,而且EPA甲酯的抑菌效果要好于粗脂甲酯和PUFA甲酯。      

Effects of bagging on volatiles and polyphenols in "Wanmi" peaches during endocarp hardening and final fruit rapid growth stages

Fruits of the late-ripening peach cultivar "Wanmi" were bagged at the early period of fruit endocarp hardening, and the bags were removed 1 wk before maturity harvest. The effects of bagging on volatile compounds and polyphenols were studied. Total volatiles and the sum of C(6) compounds, esters from bagged fruits were significantly lower than from nonbagged fruits from the beginning of the final rapid fruit growth stage to maturity. As the most dominant compounds of C(6) compounds and esters, the lower contents of hexanal, trans-2-hexenal, hexyl acetate, cis-3-hexenyl acetate, and trans-2-hexenyl acetate attributed to the lower content of C(6) compounds and esters in bagged fruit. γ-Hexalactone and δ-decalactone were produced earlier in bagged fruits than in nonbagged ones, suggesting that bagging accelerates fruit maturity. Level of γ-decalactone in bagged fruits was significantly lower than in nonbagged fruits at 159 days after full blossom (DAFB), so did δ-decalactone at 166 DAFB. Bagging did not affect chlorogenic acid and catechol contents of either fruit peel or flesh, nor did it affect contents of keracyanin or quercetin-3-rutinoside in fruit flesh during fruit development. However, keracyanin and quercetin-3-rutinoside levels were significantly reduced in bagged fruit peels before ripening compared to nonbagged fruit peels. Considering the large changes in volatiles and polyphenols, the key stage for "Wanmi" fruit maturity was between 126 DAFB and 147 DAFB, about 1 mo ahead of maturity.     

Changes in dry matter concentration gradients in stored apples

Longitudinal and transverse dry matter concentration gradients were measured in Cox's Orange Pippin apples at harvest and during storage. Dry matter concentration was higher at the calyx end of the fruit at harvest than in the central zone and at the stalk end. This difference was maintained as dry matter concentration in the whole fruit declined during cold storage. Dry matter concentration decreased from the peel to the core in median transverse slices at harvest but this gradient diminished during storage at 4°C in either air or 1·25%v/v O₂. After 11 weeks' storage dry matter concentrations became generally lower in all zones of the air-stored fruit than those in apples stored in 1·25% v/v O₂, but transverse distribution patterns of dry matter were similar in apples in either regime throughout storage. Proportions of dry matter in the outer zones declined whilst those in the inner cortex and core increased. The relevance of these changes to the quality of stored apples is discussed.     

The metabolism of alcohols by apple fruit tissue

The interconversion of short-chain aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes and esters by apple fruit has been studied by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the products when substrates (mainly alcohols) were supplied as vapours to fruit slices at 20°C, and to whole fruit during storage at 3°C. In preliminary experiments with fruit from various sources after different periods of storage, cortical tissue slices formed corresponding aldehydes and acetate esters from alcohols; esterification was more rapid with higher alcohols. Esterification by peel tissue slices was more rapid initially but quickly declined. Metabolism was further investigated with a batch of apples during storage under different conditions. Both cortex and peel tissue were capable of acetylating butanol and 2-methyl propanol at all stages of maturity, from the pre-climacteric state at normal harvest time, when endogenous ester levels were low, through 58 days ripening at 12°C. The tissues showed constant hydrolytic activity towards butyl acetate throughout this period. Whole apples in air and 2% O₂ at 3°C took up ethanol but formed little ethyl acetate and retained very little free ethanol. In both atmospheres whole apples metabolised approximately 40% of added hexanol to hexyl acetate and up to 8% to hexanal. The low levels of esters in apples from low oxygen atmospheres (and the absence of esters in unripe apples) are, therefore, a consequence of low rates of alcohol synthesis.     

Delayed harvest and cold storage period influence ethylene production,fruit firmness and quality of ‘Cripps Pink’ apple

The effects of harvest date and cold storage period on ethylene production, fruit firmness and quality of ‘Cripps Pink’ apple were investigated. Fruit were harvested from Perth Hills and Donnybrook (Western Australia) at commercial maturity (CM), 2, 4 and 6 weeks after CM prior to 0, 45, 90 and 135 days cold storage in 2003 and 2004. Delayed harvest significantly increased ethylene production, CIE values a* and C* at both locations in 2 years. Delayed harvest and extended cold storage period increased the internal ethylene production and reduced fruit firmness, soluble solids concentration: titratable acidity (SSC:TA) ratio and reduced CIE values L*, b*, h° during both years and locations. Fruit harvested 2 weeks after CM can be cold‐stored for 90 days with acceptable fruit quality. If the fruit is intended to be sold fresh immediately in local markets, the harvest can be delayed up to 6 weeks after CM to harness substantially improved fruit colour with acceptable fruit quality.     

采前乙酰水杨酸与采后1-MCP处理对厚皮甜瓜冷藏品质及抗氧化能力的影响

以“玛瑙”厚皮甜瓜为试材,通过采前分别在幼果期（花后2 周）、膨大期（花后3 周）、网纹形成期（花后4 周）和采前2 d 4 个时期喷洒乙酰水杨酸和采后1-甲基环丙烯（1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP）熏蒸,研究单独或复合处理对冷藏期间果实品质及抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,采前乙酰水杨酸处理可有效抑制贮藏期间果实的质量损失率的增加,延缓果皮转黄,维持可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量,提高总酚和类黄酮含量,提高抗氧化能力。1-MCP熏蒸能减少果实采后质量损失,维持硬度,增加抗坏血酸含量。复合处理在维持果实可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量、提高总酚和类黄酮的含量方面表现出协同效应。由此表明,乙酰水杨酸和1-MCP处理对维持甜瓜果实采后品质的作用效果与抑制乙烯的产生有关,而果实抗氧化能力的提高则与促进苯丙烷代谢产物及抗坏血酸的积累相关。     

Effect of harvest date on the nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity in 'Hass' avocado during storage

The effect of harvest date on nutritional compounds and antioxidant activity (AOC) in avocado (Persea americana Mill. cv Hass) fruit during storage was determined. The fruits were harvested at seven different dates and ripened at 25 °C following 21 or 35 days of cold storage. The results indicated that the phenolic and glutathione contents were increased and the ascorbic acid content was not significantly different in early harvested fruit (January to March), and the phenolic, ascorbic acid and glutathione contents were increased slightly and then decreased on late harvested fruit (April to June). Similar trends were observed in the changes of AOC. Furthermore, AOC in early harvested fruit after storage for 35 days was much higher than that in late harvested fruit after storage for 21 days. Therefore, avocado can be harvested earlier for economic benefits according to the market and can keep high nutritional value for human health benefits.     

1-MCP处理和打蜡处理对‘早红考密斯’西洋梨贮藏期和货架期保护性酶活性的影响

目的:研究1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)和打蜡等采后处理措施对‘早红考密斯’西洋梨保护性酶活性的影响,为西洋梨果实的贮藏提供理论指导。方法:对‘早红考密斯’西洋梨做打蜡和不同剂量(0.5、1μL/L)的1-MCP处理,研究其果肉和果皮组织在为期90 d的低温(0±0.5)℃贮藏,并在冷藏60、90 d后取样,在25℃进行货架期实验期间保护性酶活性代谢的变化。结果:在低温贮藏期间,1-MCP处理和打蜡处理均提高果肉组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,降低果肉组织抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性,降低果皮组织过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。在冷藏60、90 d后的货架期间,打蜡处理增加果肉组织SOD活性,提高果皮组织POD活性。结论:1-MCP处理对改善果实低温贮藏期间的生理状态有积极意义,0.5μL/L 1-MCP处理作用于果肉组织的效果好于1μL/L 1-MCP处理,而1μL/L 1-MCP处理作用于果皮组织的效果好于0.5μL/L 1-MCP处理。打蜡处理更好地提高货架期果皮组织的效果。另外,在低温贮藏90 d期间和常温货架5 d期间,果皮组织的SOD、CAT、APX、POD的保护性酶活性远高于果肉组织。     

Regulation of the levels of health promoting compounds: lupeol,mangiferin and phenolic acids in the pulp and peel of mango fruit: a review

There is a demand for feasible methodologies that can increase/maintain the levels of health-promoting phytochemicals in horticultural produce, due to strong evidence that these compounds can reduce risk of chronic diseases. Mango (Mangifera indica L.), ranks fifth among the most cultivated fruit crops in the world, is naturally rich in phytochemicals such as lupeol, mangiferin and phenolic acids (e.g. gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and vanillic acid). Yet, there is still much scope for up-regulating the levels of these compounds in mango fruit through manipulation of different preharvest and postharvest practices that affect their biosynthesis and degradation. The process of ripening, harvest maturity, physical and chemical elicitor treatments such as low temperature stress, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA) and nitric oxide (NO) and the availability of enzyme cofactors (Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺ and Fe²⁺) required in terpenoid biosynthesis were identified as potential determinants of the concentration of health-promoting compounds in mango fruit. The effectiveness of these preharvest and postharvest approaches in regulating the levels of lupeol, mangiferin and phenolic acids in the pulp and peel of mango fruit will be discussed. In general spray application of 0.2% iron(II) sulphate (FeSO₄) 30 days before harvest, harvest at sprung stage, storage of mature green fruit at 5 °C for 12 days prior to ripening, fumigation of mature green fruit with 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹ and/or 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹ MeJA for 24 h or 20 and/or 40 µL L⁻¹ NO for 2 h upregulate the levels of lupeol, mangiferin and phenolic acids in pulp and peel of ripe mango fruit. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

STORAGE QUALITY of ETHYLENE TREATED 'ANJOU' and 'BOSC WINTER PEARS

'Anjou' and 'Bosc' pears (Pyrus communis, L.) were harvested one to two days prior to commercial harvest from three orchards in the Wenatchee growing district of Washington. Harvested fruit were treated with 300 ppm ethylene for three days at 20C. Ethylene treatment enhanced yellow color on fruit peel and the reduction of flesh firmness, and increased spoilage after 90 days in either regular atmosphere (RA) storage or controlled atmosphere (CA) storage regardless of cultivar. Ethylene-treated fruit, of both cultivars, stored in CA had a longer storage life than fruit stored in RA. the safe storage period of ethylene-treated 'Anjou'and 'Bosc' pears was 90 and 45 days, respectively, in RA and 120 and 90 days, respectively, in CA.     

红肉蜜柚果实采后贮藏过程中果皮与汁胞能量代谢的差异

为了研究红肉蜜柚果实采后贮藏过程中果皮与汁胞能量代谢的差异,对比2种处理方式(常温25?℃贮藏(对照)、8?℃冷藏)对果实3个部位(汁胞、白皮层和外果皮)的水分质量分数、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量、能量相关物质含量、相关酶活力、能荷(energy charge,EC)和汁胞可溶性固形物质量分数...