Experimental study of culture for mouse fibroblast used conductive polymer films

The purpose of this study is to develop electrodes for electrical stimulation of the nervous system using conductive polymers, polypyrrole (PPy) and/or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), PEDOT. We evaluated biocompatibility in fibroblast and/or myoblast of mouse. Cultured cells on PPy and/or PEDOT extended their neuritis and survived over a week. These experiments have demonstrated that conductive polymers such as PPy, PEDOT, etc. have high biocompatibility, and PPy and/or PEDOT are applicable to nerve stimulation electrodes.     

Electrochemical behaviour of graphene–poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) composite electrodes for supercapacitor applications

In this paper, we report on the electrochemical characteristics of graphene–PEDOT composite electrodes. The electrodes were made of indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates by simple processes of electrophoretic deposition of graphene followed by electropolymerization of EDOT monomer. The composite electrode was obtained by electrochemical measurements, a median specific capacitance of 1410 F/g and a median area capacitance of 199 mF cm ^?2 at a scan rate of 40 mVs ^?1. The composite showed good stability characteristics after repeated scans in cyclic voltammmetry and fared much better than a thin film of PEDOT. The thermal stability of the composite is also much superior when compared to the polymer with a weight loss temperature of 350 °C for the composite and 250 °C for the polymer, respectively. The above electrochemical and thermal behaviours of the composite are correlated to the unique morphology of electrodeposited graphene that provides a conductive and high surface area template for electropolymerization.     

Conducting‐Polymer Nanotubes Improve Electrical Properties,Mechanical Adhesion,Neural Attachment,and Neurite Outgrowth of Neural Electrodes

An in vitro comparison of conducting‐polymer nanotubes of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and poly(pyrrole) (PPy) and to their film counterparts is reported. Impedance, charge‐capacity density (CCD), tendency towards delamination, and neurite outgrowth are compared. For the same deposition charge density, PPy films and nanotubes grow relatively faster vertically, while PEDOT films and nanotubes grow more laterally. For the same deposition charge density (1.44 C cm^?2), PPy nanotubes and PEDOT nanotubes have lower impedance (19.5 ± 2.1 kΩ for PPy nanotubes and 2.5 ± 1.4 kΩ for PEDOT nanotubes at 1 kHz) and higher CCD (184 ± 5.3 mC cm^?2 for PPy nanotubes and 392 ± 6.2 mC cm^?2 for PEDOT nanotubes) compared to their film counterparts. However, PEDOT nanotubes decrease the impedance of neural‐electrode sites by about two orders of magnitude (bare iridium 468.8 ± 13.3 kΩ at 1 kHz) and increase capacity of charge density by about three orders of magnitude (bare iridium 0.1 ± 0.5 mC cm^?2). During cyclic voltammetry measurements, both PPy and PEDOT nanotubes remain adherent on the surface of the silicon dioxide while PPy and PEDOT films delaminate. In experiments of primary neurons with conducting‐polymer nanotubes, cultured dorsal root ganglion explants remain more intact and exhibit longer neurites (1400 ± 95 µm for PPy nanotubes and 2100 ± 150 µm for PEDOT nanotubes) than their film counterparts. These findings suggest that conducting‐polymer nanotubes may improve the long‐term function of neural microelectrodes.     

Growth of different shape Cu2O micro structures using PEDOT coated ITO electrode

Crystalline cuprous oxide (Cu2O) particles were successfully deposited on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) [PEDOT] coated indium tin oxide (ITO) glass. PEDOT film was first prepared on ITO glass by electrochemical polymerization. Crystalline Cu2O particles were then deposited on the PEDOT film by applying various electrochemical synthesis methods using a copper sulfate precursor. The effects of applied electrochemical methods on the compositions, grain sizes and shapes, and surface morphologies of the electrodeposited films were investigated. The micro structures of Cu2O particles were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). When the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) were applied, fine Cu2O particles of cubic and pyramidal phase were formed, respectively. However, bare ITO electrode was used, metallic copper particle was obtained. It shall be assumed that PEDOT might act as a buffer layer in electrochemical reduction of cuprous ion. The details of PEDOT behavior will be the topic of future studies.     

导电聚3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩的制备及性能

以水为溶剂,分别选用对甲苯磺酸钠、高氯酸锂、硫酸钠为支持电解质,用电化学法合成聚3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩(PEDOT)膜。采用线性扫描伏安法(LSV)确定了合适的聚合电位;采用循环伏安法(CV)、电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)研究了PEDOT膜的电化学行为。结果表明,掺杂阴离子种类对膜的循环伏安特性、EIS曲线等有很大的影响;此外研究了掺杂不同阴离子的PEDOT膜对电极的粘接性能,发现粘接性能也与阴离子种类有关。     

Chemical vapor phase polymerization deposition of layer-ordered conducting polymer nanostructure for hole injection layer

Layer-ordered and ultrathin films of conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was prepared through a chemical vapor phase polymerization method. The chemical polymerization of 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene monomer was initiated in as-prepared oxidant LB films,and PEDOT nanofilms with layer-ordered structure was constructed. UV-Vis absorption spectrum and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to confirm an interface polymerization of PEDOT in as-prepared LB films. The results of X-ray diffraction and secondary ion mass spectrometry revealed that conductive PEDOT ultrathin layers were well located at different planes of LB films. The film deposition surface pressure and chemical polymerization time of PEDOT monomer in as-prepared LB films showed distinct influence on surface morphology and conductive performance of the polymerized PEDOT LB films. This layer-ordered conducting polymer ultrathin films was deposited on ITO surface as hole injection layer for organic light-emitting diodes, and the luminescence performance of devices was improved as well.     

Indium tin oxide nanopillar electrodes in polymer/fullerene solar cells

Using high surface area nanostructured electrodes in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices is a route to enhanced power conversion efficiency. In this paper, indium tin oxide (ITO) and hybrid ITO/SiO(2) nanopillars are employed as three-dimensional high surface area transparent electrodes in OPVs. The nanopillar arrays are fabricated via glancing angle deposition (GLAD) and electrochemically modified with nanofibrous PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(p-styrenesulfonate)). The structures are found to have increased surface area as characterized by porosimetry. When applied as anodes in polymer/fullerene OPVs (architecture: commercial ITO/GLAD ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Al, where P3HT is 2,5-diyl-poly(3-hexylthiophene) and PCBM is [6,6]-phenyl-C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester), the air-processed solar cells incorporating high surface area, PEDOT:PSS-modified ITO nanoelectrode arrays operate with improved performance relative to devices processed identically on unstructured, commercial ITO substrates. The resulting power conversion efficiency is 2.2% which is a third greater than for devices prepared on commercial ITO. To further refine the structure, insulating SiO(2) caps are added above the GLAD ITO nanopillars to produce a hybrid ITO/SiO(2) nanoelectrode. OPV devices based on this system show reduced electrical shorting and series resistance, and as a consequence, a further improved power conversion efficiency of 2.5% is recorded.     

Physical,optical, and electrical properties of a new conducting polymer

This work studies the electrical and optical properties of the conducting polymer composite films of polypyrrole–chitosan (PPy–CHI). The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique was used to study the optical properties of PPy and PPy–CHI composite films. Then, the values of the real and imaginary parts of the refractive indexes of PPy and PPy–CHI films were obtained by nonlinear least square fitting using Fresnel equations for a three-layer system of SPR system. The electrical conductivity measurements showed that the conductivity of the electrochemical prepared films improved in the presence of CHI and can be controlled by varying the CHI amount in the composite. The thermal diffusivity of the PPy–CHI composite films was measured by open photoacoustic spectroscopy and it has been shown that the thermal diffusivity is related to the electron migration in the conjugation chain length. The increase in electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) with the increase in electrical conductivity of the films is mostly from shielding by reflection rather than absorption.     

界面法制备三维网状PPy-PEDOT共聚物膜及电容性能

制备具有多电子传输与多孔有序的结构电极是电化学储能技术创新发展的两个重要策略。本工作采用一种界面电化学聚合新法合成聚吡咯-聚3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩(PPy-PEDOT)共聚物薄膜材料。采用FTIR,XPS,EDX,SEM与电化学充放电测试对PPy-PEDOT共聚物膜的化学组成、分布、微观形貌及电容性能进行表征与测试。结果表明:PPy-PEDOT共聚物膜由PPy与PEDOT按一定比例组成,且分布均匀;SEM测试表明共聚物膜具有正反两面各异的特殊形貌,且有机相一侧呈三维网状多孔层状结构。电化学充放电测试表明,PPy-PEDOT共聚物膜表现出优异的超级电容器电极材料的特性,具有较高的比电容,较快的充放电速率与较好的循环稳定性。PPy与PEDOT共聚后实现二者性能互补,提高了共聚物膜的导电性,电荷迁移速率及稳定性,同时三维网状多孔层状结构也有助于充放电过程中电子离子的迁移,使得共聚物膜的储能性能显著提高。     

Solution-processed flexible polymer solar cells with silver nanowire electrodes

The conventional anode for organic photovoltaics (OPVs), indium tin oxide (ITO), is expensive and brittle, and thus is not suitable for use in roll-to-roll manufacturing of OPVs. In this study, fully solution-processed polymer bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells with anodes made from silver nanowires (Ag NWs) have been successfully fabricated with a configuration of Ag NWs/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/polymer:phenyl-C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)/Ca/Al. Efficiencies of 2.8 and 2.5% are obtained for devices with Ag NW network on glass and on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), respectively. The efficiency of the devices is limited by the low work function of the Ag NWs/PEDOT:PSS film and the non-ideal ohmic contact between the Ag NW anode and the active layer. Compared with devices based on the ITO anode, the open-circuit voltage (V(oc)) of solar cells based on the Ag NW anode is lower by ~0.3 V. More importantly, highly flexible BHJ solar cells have been firstly fabricated on Ag NWs/PET anode with recoverable efficiency of 2.5% under large deformation up to 120°. This study indicates that, with improved engineering of the nanowires/polymer interface, Ag NW electrodes can serve as a low-cost, flexible alternative to ITO, and thereby improve the economic viability and mechanical stability of OPVs.     

Effects of a base coating used for electropolymerization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) on indium tin oxide electrode

Electropolymerization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films on indium tin oxide (ITO), using a very thin PEDOT:poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) film as a base coating, was carried out in a non-aqueous solution containing the monomer, an electrolyte and propylene carbonate by a two-electrode system. For comparison, PEDOT film electrodeposited on bare ITO substrate under the same condition was also presented. The PEDOT films deposited on these two substrates were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy disperse X-ray spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that the PEDOT film electrodeposited on bare ITO was not uniform, while the PEDOT film electrodeposited on PEDOT:PSS/ITO has better uniformity. The compositions of the different regions of PEDOT film electrodeposited on bare ITO and PEDOT:PSS/ITO were studied and discussed. Electrochromic devices (ECDs) based on PEDOT films electrodeposited on bare ITO and PEDOT:PSS/ITO were fabricated and characterized by UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometric study. The results show that the display contrast of the ECD based on PEDOT film electrodeposited on PEDOT:PSS/ITO was improved over that on a bare ITO substrate.     

Electrochemical polymerization of an aniline-terminated self-assembled monolayer on indium tin oxide electrodes and its effect on polyaniline electrodeposition

Indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent electrodes were surface modified by a self-assembled monolayer of N-phenyl-γ-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane (PAPTS). Cyclic voltammetry of the PAPTS monolayer in aniline-free aqueous electrolyte showed the typical shape of a surface-confined monomer, due to the oxidation of the aniline moieties. This process resulted in a two-dimensional polyaniline film with uniform thickness of 1.3 nm, as measured by atomic force microscopy. X-ray photoelectron and UV–visible spectroscopic techniques confirm the formation of a conjugated polymer film. The influence of the surface modification of ITO electrodes on polyaniline electrochemical deposition was also studied. The initial oxidation rate of aniline increased in the PAPTS-modified ITO electrodes, although the overall film formation rate was lower than that of unmodified ITO electrodes. The morphology of the electrodeposited polyaniline films on PAPTS-modified and unmodified ITO electrodes was studied by atomic force microscopy. Films of smaller grain were grown in the PAPTS-modified ITO as compared to films grown on unmodified ITO. A blocking effect due to the propyl spacer is proposed to explain the reduced electron transfer in PAPTS-modified electrodes.     

聚吡咯／多壁碳纳米管的合成及电化学行为

在含有多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)的十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)溶液中电化学氧化吡咯(Py)制得聚吡咯/多壁碳纳米管(PPy/MWCNT)导电复合膜。研究了聚合温度、电流密度、吡咯浓度对PPy/MWC-NT复合膜沉积量的影响,采用交流阻抗谱(EIS)法研究了该导电复合膜的电化学行为,并用扫描电子显微镜对其表面形貌进行了观察。实验结果表明,随着温度的降低、电流密度及吡咯浓度的增大,复合膜沉积量变大。与纯PPy膜相比,PPy/MWCNT复合膜有更好的电子传递行为,而复合膜表面更加粗糙、疏松。     

Preparation and characterization of novel polypyrrole-nanotube/polyaniline free-standing composite films via facile solvent-evaporation method

Polyaniline (PANI) is an important conducting polymer and has drawn much attention for its inexpensiveness and chemical stability in the conducting state but its conductivity is rather low. Another well-known conducting polymer is polypyrrole (PPy) with a much higher electrical conductivity but it is hard to prepare films using PPy alone due to its poor film-forming ability. In this work, novel polypyrrole-nanotube (PPy-NT)/polyaniline (PANI) composite films are prepared via a facile solvent-evaporation method. The influence of the PPy-NT content is examined on the film structure, morphology, electrical and mechanical properties. It is shown that PPy nanotubes (PPy-NTs) are uniformly distributed in the PANI matrix. The electrical conductivity is greatly enhanced by 10.2 times by the addition of 10 wt.% PPy nanotubes. Moreover, the mechanical ductility is significantly increased by the addition of PPy nanotubes.     

Ultraporous poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) for nanometric electrochemical supercapacitor

Ultrathin films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) have been prepared by electropolymerization on steel and indium-tin oxide (ITO) substrates under identical experimental conditions. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy indicate that the substrate affects dramatically both the morphology and topography of films when the polymerization times are very short. An ultraporous three-dimensional network involving ultrathin sticks with a fiber-like morphology was formed on ITO. Asymmetric and symmetric supercapacitors have been fabricated by assembling electrodes of PEDOT deposited on ITO and steel. The specific capacitance, electrochemical stability, supercapacitor behavior and Coulombic efficiency measured for devices with an ITO/steel configuration were similar to those reported for advanced PEDOT-inorganic hybrid composites. Furthermore, the performance of the ITO/steel assembly is higher than those determined for symmetric supercapacitors derived from two identical electrodes of PEDOT deposited on steel or on ITO. The unique properties of the asymmetric supercapacitors have been attributed to the ultraporous structure of the ultrathin films deposited on ITO, which is not significantly perturbed when the device is submitted to a very high number of consecutive oxidation-reduction processes, and the different electroactivities of the two electrodes.     

Preparation, characterization and anion exchange properties of polypyrrole/carbon nanotube nanocomposites

In this study, polypyrrole (PPy) thin films were electrodeposited on carbon nanotube (CNT) backbones by applying a constant deposition potential in 0.1 M pyrrole solution with different electrolytes, such as NaCl, NaNO3, or NaClO4. The hybrid films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. SEM images revealed the nanostructrure of PPy films generated on CNT surface. The electrochemical and anion exchange properties of the PPy-CNT composite films have been investigated. Nanostructured composite thin films of PPy-CNTs were studied by cyclic voltammetry between 0.4 and -0.8 V in aqueous solution to evaluate their cycling stability and capacity for electrically switched anion exchange. The presence of the CNT backbone greatly improved the anion exchange capacity and stability of the PPy-CNT composite film, which may be attributed to the high surface area of CNT matrix, nanostructure of the PPy film, and the interaction between CNTs and PPy.     

Photoelectric responses of Langmuir–Blodgett film containing bacteriorhodopsin on ITO modified with polypyrrole film

In this study, we prepared composite film by depositing Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film containing Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) on ITO coated with polypyrrole (PPy). We studied its photoelectric properties and the influence of PPy film on the photoelectric properties of LB films containing bR at different pH. The results showed that PPy film with a certain thickness could increase the photocurrent of bR LB film 30–50% in comparison with that of bR LB film at pH 8.3.     

多功能聚吡咯/聚酰亚胺电磁屏蔽复合膜的制备与性能研究

目的 开发具有优异屏蔽效率、轻质且热稳定性良好的电磁屏蔽材料。方法 以聚酰亚胺(PI)为聚合物基体,聚吡咯(PPy)为添加相,采用静电纺丝-低温原位聚合技术制备PPy/PI电磁屏蔽复合膜。通过在薄膜内部的多孔结构中构建致密的导电网络,赋予复合膜优异的导电性和高效的电磁屏蔽效能。结果 在聚合PPy浓度为0.1 mol/L时,复合膜的电导率和电磁屏蔽效能分别为2.23 S/cm和26.04 dB,且其单位厚度电磁屏蔽效能可达到110.81 dB/mm,展现出优异的电磁屏蔽性能。结论 PPy/PI复合纤维膜表现出良好的力学性能(拉伸强度为11.73 MPa)、优异的热稳定性(>400 ℃)和力学传感性能,具备在恶劣环境下广泛应用的潜力。     

Electrochemical Formation of Polypyrrole-carboxymethylcellulose Conducting Polymer Composite Films

1.IntroductionConjugated polymers such as polypyrrole(PPY),polyaniline,polythiophene and polyphenylene etc.whichexhibit significant level of electrical conductivity andhence are termed as conducting polymers,have gotversatile promising applications in the field of energystorage[1],sensors[2],electronic and optical devices[3]andso on.Many researches have been conducted to pro-duce composites or blends of conducting polymer filmswith some insulating polymers in order to overcome thedrawbacks su…     

Effects of (NH4)2Sx treatment on the electrical and optical properties of indium tin oxide/conducting polymer electrodes

In this study, the effects of (NH₄)₂S_x treatment on the electrical and optical properties of the indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) electrodes were researched. The authors found that (NH₄)₂S_x treatment could result in suppressing the hysteresis-type current-voltage characteristics related to the interfacial capacitance variation and a reduction in the equivalent refractive index of the ITO/PEDOT:PSS electrodes, owing to the improvement in the interfacial stability of the ITO/PEDOT:PSS electrodes and a reduction in the interface trap-states related charge store at the ITO/PEDOT:PSS interface. This implies that the ITO/PEDOT:PSS electrodes fabricated using the (NH₄)₂S_x-treated ITO may produce a higher extraction efficiency for ITO/PEDOT:PSS-based optoelectronic devices.