基于交叉熵的安全Tri-training算法

半监督学习方法通过少量标记数据和大量未标记数据来提升学习性能.Tri-training是一种经典的基于分歧的半监督学习方法,但在学习过程中可能产生标记噪声问题.为了减少Tri-training中的标记噪声对未标记数据的预测偏差,学习到更好的半监督分类模型,用交叉熵代替错误率以更好地反映模型预估结果和真实分布之间的差距,并结合凸优化方法来达到降低标记噪声的目的,保证模型效果.在此基础上,分别提出了一种基于交叉熵的Tri-training算法、一个安全的Tri-training算法,以及一种基于交叉熵的安全Tri-training算法.在UCI(University of California Irvine)机器学习库等基准数据集上验证了所提方法的有效性,并利用显著性检验从统计学的角度进一步验证了方法的性能.实验结果表明,提出的半监督学习方法在分类性能方面优于传统的Tri-training算法,其中基于交叉熵的安全Tri-training算法拥有更高的分类性能和泛化能力.     

基于最大相关熵准则的鲁棒半监督学习算法

分析了噪声对半监督学习Gaussian-Laplacian正则化(Gaussian-Laplacian regularized,简称GLR)框架的影响,针对最小二乘准则对噪声敏感的特点,结合信息论的最大相关熵准则(maximum correntropy criterion,简称MCC),提出了一种基于最大相关熵准则的鲁棒半监督学习算法(简称GLR-MCC),并证明了算法的收敛性.半二次优化技术被用来求解相关熵目标函数.在每次迭代中,复杂的信息论优化问题被简化为标准的半监督学习问题.典型机器学习数据集上的仿真实验结果表明,在标签噪声和遮挡噪声的情况下,该算法能够有效地提高半监督学习算法性能.     

基于半监督学习的变种群规模区间适应值交互式遗传算法

为了减轻用户疲劳并增强算法的搜索性能,本文在变种群规模交互式遗传算法的基础上引入协同训练半监督学习方法,提出基于半监督学习的变种群规模区间适应值交互式遗传算法.根据对大规模种群的聚类结果,给出标记样本和未标记样本的获取方法;结合半监督协同学习器逼近误差的改变,提出高可信度未标记样本的选择策略;采用半监督协同学习机制训练两个径向基函数(RBF)神经网络,构造精度高泛化能力强的代理模型;在进化过程中,利用代理模型估计大种群规模进化个体适应值,并根据估计偏差更新代理模型.算法的理论分析及其在服装进化设计系统中的应用结果说明了算法的有效性.     

变化环境自适应感知与学习研究进展

人工智能的研究问题现已逐步从封闭环境扩展到开放环境,但开放环境中存在各种变化性因素,导致传统基于封闭世界假设和独立同分布假设的学习模型与算法性能明显下降.因此,变化环境下的自适应感知与学习成为当前人工智能研究的前沿热点,文中聚焦其中三个方面介绍相关最新研究进展.针对类别集变化,介绍开放集识别与分布外样本检测、新类别自主发现、类别增量学习等问题;针对数据分布变化,介绍领域自适应、领域泛化、测试时自适应等问题;针对数据质量变化,介绍弱监督学习和标签噪声学习等问题.最后分析未来的研究趋势.     

具有噪声过滤功能的协同训练半监督主动学习算法

针对基于半监督学习的分类器利用未标记样本训练会引入噪声而使得分类性能下降的情形,文中提出一种具有噪声过滤功能的协同训练半监督主动学习算法.该算法以3个模糊深隐马尔可夫模型进行协同半监督学习,在适当的时候主动引入一些人机交互来补充类别标记,避免判决类别不相同时的拒判和初始时判决一致即认为正确的误判情形.同时加入噪声过滤机制,用以过滤南机器自动标记的可能是噪声的样本.将该算法应用于人脸表情识别.实验结果表明,该算法能有效提高未标记样本的利用率并降低半监督学习而引入的噪声,提高表情识别的准确率.     

半监督学习机制下的说话人辨认算法

针对说话人辨认中训练语音有限时系统泛化能力差的问题,提出一种基于半监督学习的复合高斯混合模型算法。通过复合高斯混合模型对所有说话人的特征分布统一建模,基于半监督学习机制下的EM算法对学习样本进行学习。实验证明,该算法能够充分利用未标记样本对系统进行有效的自适应更新,改善系统的性能,获得比传统高斯混合模型更高的识别率,提高系统的泛化能力。     

矩优化 Boosting 算法*

间隔分布是 Boosting 算法的关键,现有的间隔分布泛化误差界难以计算,限制Boosting算法的发展.基于此问题,文中提出直接优化间隔分布的矩优化 Boosting算法(MOBoost).首先,推导基于间隔分布一阶矩和二阶矩的 Boosting 泛化误差界 (Boosting 的矩泛化界),直接刻画间隔分布对 Boosting 的影响.然后,依据Boosting 的矩泛化界,给出Boosting 的矩准则,在最大化间隔分布的一阶矩同时最小化间隔分布的二阶矩.最后,给出求解 Boosting 的矩准则凸二次优化问题的原始形式和对偶形式,为 Boosting 矩准则提供有效的计算方法.理论分析与实验表明,MOBoost有效可靠.     

半监督学习研究与应用

半监督学习问题在现实社会和数据挖掘中得到运用广泛,半监督学习的理论研究成果部分已经应用于实际问题。首先对于半监督学习进行概述,介绍半监督学习方法的几个思路,给出半监督学习的理论研究和实际应用中的一些问题,然后描述半监督学习的几个常用算法,最后阐述半监督学习方法的实际应用。     

噪声可容忍的标记组合半监督学习算法

针对传统机器学习方法在完成分类任务时多数存在人工标记成本较高、泛化能力较弱的问题,提出一种标记组合半监督学习算法。基于集成学习的思想,利用有标记数据训练多个弱模型并进行组合,增强模型的泛化能力。对无标记数据进行预测,生成有噪声的标记并组合建模。在风险最小化的框架下,使模型收敛达到最优。实验结果表明,在2种有监督场景下与现有的支持向量机、分类与回归树、神经网络等算法相比,该算法具有较优的泛化能力。     

基于主动学习的图半监督分类算法

为抑制噪声数据对分类结果的影响,将噪声处理算法与高斯随机域算法相结合,提出一种带噪声系数的高斯随机域学习算法;针对样本集不平衡性数据分类问题,考虑主动学习在样本不平衡问题中的应用,将主动学习与图半监督算法相结合,提出一种鲁棒性强的主动学习图半监督分类算法。利用基于样本划分的主动学习方法,对正类的近邻样本集中样本与特定类样本形成的新样本集做总体散度排序,筛选出能使新样本集中总体散度最小的样本,代替正类的近邻样本集中所有样本,形成平衡类。在UCI标准数据集上的实验结果表明,与标准的图半监督算法相比,该算法的分类精度更高、泛化能力更强。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。