SAPO-34分子筛-水工质对吸附制冷性能研究

选取SAPO-34分子筛作为吸附剂,与水组成吸附制冷工质对。采用真空重量法测定SAPO-34对水的吸附等温线;用热分析天平测定水在SAPO-34上的脱附温度;在吸附制冷循环模拟实验装置上测试不同再生温度对SAPO-34-水工质对吸附制冷性能的影响。结果表明,SAPO-34对水的吸附等温线属于Ⅴ型等温线,吸附温度30℃时,SAPO-34对水的平衡吸附量达0.35 kg?kg?1;水在SAPO-34上的DTA脱附峰顶温度为105℃,完全脱附温度为155℃;蒸发温度10℃工况下,再生温度80~120℃,SAPO-34-水工质对的吸附制冷量为354~430 kJ?kg?1,是硅胶-水的1.1~1.2倍;再生温度150~300℃,SAPO-34-水工质对的吸附制冷量为465~523 kJ?kg?1,是13X-水的1.1~1.7倍。SAPO-34-水工质对既可用于发动机尾气等较高温热源驱动的吸附制冷系统,也可用在以太阳能等低温热源驱动的吸附制冷过程。     

环保型吸附制冷工质对及其制冷性能

选取13X分子筛、凹凸棒土和氯化锶等为主要吸附材料，制备了一系列有着优良吸附性能的复合吸附剂(M4-0132、M1-9906、M1-0001和M2-0003)。测定了水、乙醇在自制复合吸附剂上的吸附等温线。根据吸附等温线拟合参数对水、乙醇与自制复合吸附剂组成的吸附工质对的特征吸附功计算表明：复合吸附剂-水吸附工质对的特征吸附功约为13X分子筛-水的12％-29％；复合吸附剂-乙醇吸附工质对的特征吸附功约为活性炭-乙醇的10％-20％。采用吸附制冷体系(液体-气体-吸附剂)的稳态平衡方程，对水和乙醇与复合吸附剂组成的吸附工质对适合的制冷场合分析表明：M4-0132-水和M1-0001-水工质对可用于大循环量的制冷体系，例如空调系统的场合：M1-9906-乙醇和M2-0003-乙醇工质对可用于低温制冷体系，例如制冰和冷冻系统的场合。M1-9906-水工质对的吸附制冷量是13X-水的2．0～2．5倍；在60～120℃再生条件下，M4-0132-水工质对的吸附制冷量为441～924kJ．kg^-1。40～100℃再生条件下，M1-0001-乙醇工质对的吸附制冷量315～909kJ.kg^-1，是活性炭-乙醇的2.2～5.9倍。     

新型高效复合吸附剂开发及系统仿真

针对一种新型高效复合吸附剂开展了吸附性能实验研究,并假想将该复合吸附剂装填于一固体吸附式空调样机吸附床内进而开展仿真研究。对比研究表明该复合吸附剂不但具有比硅胶强得多的吸附能力,而且再生温度较低。装填该复合吸附剂的吸附式空调不但可以获得比装填纯硅胶时高得多的比制冷功率SCP,而且系统性能系数COP也明显高于纯硅胶系统。     

MnCl_2/CaCl_2-NH_3再吸附系统的制冷性能

利用膨胀硫化石墨为基质研制了固化混合吸附剂,并搭建了低品位热能驱动的MnCl_2/CaCl_2-NH_3为工质对的再吸附制冷系统。对该系统进行实验研究,结果表明:160℃热源温度为制冷性能系数(COP)的拐点温度,最大制冷功率为2.98kW。当热源温度高于160℃时,系统显热负荷增大,继续加热高温床会降低制冷效率。当制冷温度为15℃时,系统COP为0.284~0.396;单位质量吸附剂的制冷功率(SCP)为100.3~338.8W·kg~(-1)。SCP随热源温度的升高而逐渐升高。     

空气中取水用的新型复合吸附剂的吸附和解吸性能

介绍了一种便携式吸附空气取水器 ,以及为了改进现有吸附剂的取水性能研制的一种由粗孔球形硅胶和氯化钙组成的新型复合吸附剂SiO2 ·xH2 O·yCaCl2 ,对氯化钙质量分数分别为 34.9%和 4 3.3%的复合吸附剂样品A ,B。在 2 5℃相对湿度 5 0 %空气中 ,对两个样品和常用吸附剂进行了吸附对比实验 ,结果表明 :复合吸附剂B的平衡吸附量xe 可达 0 .4 5 15kg kg ,是粗孔球形硅胶的 4 .9倍、细孔球形硅胶的 2 .0倍、分子筛 13X的2 2倍。吸附曲线和 80℃下的解吸曲线表明复合吸附剂具有更高的吸水量、更快的吸附和解吸速度 ,可用太阳能加热解吸 ,是一种理想的取水用吸附剂。     

MnCl2/CaCl2-NH3再吸附系统的制冷性能

利用膨胀硫化石墨为基质研制了固化混合吸附剂,并搭建了低品位热能驱动的MnCl₂/CaCl₂-NH₃为工质对的再吸附制冷系统。对该系统进行实验研究,结果表明：160℃热源温度为制冷性能系数（COP）的拐点温度,最大制冷功率为2.98 kW。当热源温度高于160℃时,系统显热负荷增大,继续加热高温床会降低制冷效率。当制冷温度为15℃时,系统COP为0.284~0.396;单位质量吸附剂的制冷功率（SCP）为100.3~338.8 W·kg^-1。SCP随热源温度的升高而逐渐升高。     

氯化钙-氨吸附制冷性能实验研究

建立了化学吸附式制冷实验单元 ,对氯化钙 氨工质对的制冷性能进行实验研究 ,得出不同热源温度下的制冷量、吸附速率、解吸速率等数据 ,并与活性炭 甲醇工质对进行了比较。结果表明 ,在热源温度为 10 0℃时 ,研究中所用工质对的制冷量是活性炭 甲醇的 3.6— 6 .6倍     

固体吸附除湿剂的制备及性能研究

针对固体吸附除湿制冷的特点,开展了高效除湿剂的制备及性能研究。通过正交实验优选出吸附剂的原料配比和制备条件;测定了吸附剂的吸附容量及吸附等温线;对自制吸附剂及13X分子筛的脱附过程进行了热分析研究。结果表明:自制复合型吸附剂NW—162和NW—164的吸附性能优于13X和5A分子筛等常规吸附剂,其中平衡吸附量大于0.7kg·kg~(-1),峰顶温度低于13X分子筛50℃左右,是有着良好应用开发前景的高效固体除湿剂。     

低品位热源驱动的化学吸附蓄冷装置

为了解决能源在时空上的供需矛盾,提高能源利用率,采用新型化学吸附制冷技术设计了一个由低品位热源驱动的蓄冷装置。该装置以MnCl2和NH4Cl的复合固化吸附剂作为工质对,利用氯化铵配合物的解吸热来产生制冷效果。通过实验测量在20～35℃室温下3h内的制冰量,得到该装置单位质量氯化铵的总制冷量,约为475 kJ.kg-1,平均制冷功率(SCP)约为43 W.kg-1,并且其可同时实现-1～6℃冷藏和-16～-14.5℃冷冻的两个功能,有效制冷量占总制冷量的25%～42%。减小金属热容,加强系统的传热传质性能以及装置保温性能,是系统优化设计的重点。     

采用SrCl2-NH4Cl-NH3工质对的二级吸附式冷冻循环性能

吸附式制冷是一种绿色环保节能的制冷技术,在低于100℃的低品位热能如废热能、太阳能等的利用方面具有广阔的发展前景。为了能够利用这部分的能源,提出了由吸附制冷过程与再吸附过程组成的二级吸附式制冷循环。采用SrCl₂-NH₄Cl-NH₃作为工质对,测试不同蒸发温度与冷却温度下吸附剂的吸附与解吸性能。实验测试结果表明：当热源温度为70℃时,二级吸附式制冷也能够实现-25℃下的冷量输出。在测试工况下,氯化锶的最大吸附量达到了理论吸附量的94%。80℃热源、25℃冷源以及-25℃制冷条件下二级吸附式制冷循环的COP和SCP达到了0.250与160 W·kg^-1。这个数值与CaCl₂-BaCl₂-NH₃两级冷冻在85℃驱动热源以及同等的冷源与制冷温度条件下的数据相对比,驱动热源需求降低了5℃,COP提高了4%,SCP提高了10%以上。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。