簇孔式喷油嘴喷雾雾化特性的研究进展

燃油喷雾雾化特性直接影响燃烧,从而也极大地影响了柴油机的各项性能,而喷嘴在很大程度上决定了燃油的喷雾雾化特性。本文基于现有研究文献,介绍了簇孔式喷油嘴的概念及其喷雾雾化特性,通过与传统单孔喷嘴的比较实验,阐述了簇孔式喷嘴的在喷雾贯穿距离,喷雾锥角,雾化能力等喷雾特性上的独特优势。这一新型喷嘴的提出与应用,对改善喷雾雾化与燃烧,提高发动机性能具有重大意义。     

Effects of primary breakup modeling on spray and combustion characteristics of compression ignition engines

Injector flow dynamics and primary breakup processes are known to play a pivotal role in determining combustion and emissions in diesel engines. In the present study, we examine the effects of primary breakup modeling on the spray and combustion characteristics under diesel engine conditions. The commonly used KH model, which considers the aerodynamically induced breakup based on the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, is modified to include the effects of cavitation and turbulence generated inside the injector. The KH model and the new (KH-ACT) model are extensively evaluated by performing 3-D time-dependent simulations with detailed chemistry under diesel engine conditions. Results indicate that the inclusion of cavitation and turbulence enhances primary breakup, leading to smaller droplet sizes, decrease in liquid penetration, and increase in the radial dispersion of spray. Predictions are compared with measurements for non-evaporating and evaporating sprays, as well as with flame measurements. While both the models are able to reproduce the experimentally observed global spray and combustion characteristics, predictions using the KH-ACT model exhibit closer agreement with measurements in terms of liquid penetration, cone angle, spray axial velocity, and liquid mass distribution for non-evaporating sprays. Similarly, the KH-ACT model leads to better agreement with respect to the liquid length and vapor penetration distance for evaporating sprays, and with respect to the flame lift-off location for combusting sprays. The improved agreement is attributed to the ability of the new model to account for the effects of turbulence and cavitation generated inside the injector, which enhance the primary breakup. Results further indicate that the combustion under diesel engine conditions is characterized by a double-flame structure with a rich premixed reaction zone near the flame stabilization region and a non-premixed reaction zone further downstream. This flame structure is consistent with the Dec’s model for diesel engine combustion (Dec, 1997) [1], and well captured by a newly developed flame index based on the scalar product of CO and O₂ mass fraction gradients.     

Effects of nozzle geometry on direct injection diesel engine combustion process

The aim of the current article is to link nozzle geometry, and its influence on spray characteristics, with combustion characteristics in the chamber. For this purpose, three 6-hole sac nozzles, with different orifices degree of conicity, have been used. These nozzles had been geometrically and hydraulically characterized in a previous publication, where also a study of liquid phase penetration and stabilized liquid length in real engine conditions has been done. In the present work, CH and OH chemiluminescence techniques are used to thoroughly examine combustion process. CH-radicals are directly related to pre-reactions, which take place once the fuel has mixed with air and it has evaporated. On the other hand, OH-radicals data provide information about the location of the flame front once the combustion has begun. The analysis of all the results allows linking nozzle geometry, spray behaviour and combustion development. In particular, CH-radicals have shown to appear together with vapor spray, both temporally and in their location, being directly related to nozzle characteristics. Additionally, analysis of ignition delay is done form OH measurements, including some correlations in terms of chamber properties, injection pressure and nozzle diameter.     

Mechanisms of spray formation and combustion from a multi-hole injector with E85 and gasoline

The spray formation and combustion characteristics of gasoline and E85 (85% ethanol, 15% gasoline) have been investigated using a multi-hole injector with asymmetric nozzle-hole arrangement. Experiments were carried out in a quiescent optical chamber using high-speed shadowgraphy (9 kHz) to characterise the spray sensitivity to both injector temperature and ambient pressure in the range of 20-120 °C and 0.5, 1.0 bar. Spray-tip penetrations and ‘umbrella’ spray cone angles were calculated for all conditions. Phase Doppler Anemometry was also used to measure droplet sizes in the core of one of the spray plumes, 25 mm below the injector tip. To study the effect of fuel properties on vaporisation and mixture preparation under realistic operating conditions, a separate set of experiments was carried out in a direct-injection spark-ignition optical engine. The engine was run at 1500 RPM under cold and fully warmed-up conditions (20 °C and 90 °C) at part load and full load (0.5 and 1.0 bar intake pressure). Floodlit laser Mie-scattering images of the sprays on two orthogonal planes corresponding to the swirl and tumble planes of in-cylinder flow motion were acquired to study the full injection event and post-injection mixing stage. These were used to make comparisons with the static chamber sprays and to quantify the liquid-to-vapour phase evaporation process for both fuels by calculating the projected ‘footprint’ of the sprays at different conditions. Analysis of the macroscopic structure and turbulent primary break-up properties of the sprays was undertaken in light of jet exit conditions described in terms of non-dimensional numbers. The effects on stoichiometric combustion were investigated by imaging the natural flame chemiluminescence through the engine’s piston crown (swirl plane) and by post-processing to derive flame growth rates and trajectories of flame motion.     

Numerical study of the impact on high-pressure and evaporating spray behavior of nozzle cavitation at typical diesel engine conditions

In order to more accurately reproduce diesel sprays a strategy including measurement of nozzle inlet pressure at the realistic diesel injection condition, modeling of nozzle cavitating flow and detailed coupling of nozzle exit flow and spray was presented, moreover, the validity of this strategy was firstly verified against the quantitative spray data obtained by planar laser induced exciplex fluorescence (PLIEF) technique. Based on the above strategy, the effect of cavitation phenomenon on spray formation at the typical diesel engine condition was further evaluated. The final numerical results mainly clarified that the contribution of cavitation phenomena to primary breakup is quite appreciable, and subsequently the evolution of the high-pressure and evaporating diesel spray structure greatly changes as cavitation occurs inside fuel injection nozzles. Moreover, evaluating the effects of cavitation phenomena on realistic diesel spray cannot be only confined to primary breakup or near-nozzle field.     

不同喷油压力RP-3航空煤油、柴油碰壁喷雾着火和燃烧特性的对比研究

利用直径0.22mm的单孔喷嘴高压共轨喷油器,以喷油器油量标定数据及控制参数为基础,采用高速相机成像技术在定容燃烧室内在等喷油量变喷油压力的前提下测量了着火点、着火滞燃期、燃烧持续期、火焰面积(AF)和火焰自然发光强度(SINL)的变化规律,对比研究了RP-3航空煤油、柴油碰壁喷雾的着火和燃烧特性。结果表明:在低喷油压力下着火点分布在离壁面较远的区域,在较高喷油压力下着火点位于壁面上,距喷油器中心线的距离随喷油压力的增加而增加,且RP-3航空煤油着火点距喷油器的距离比柴油更远。随着喷油压力的增加,RP-3航空煤油碰壁喷雾火焰的着火滞燃期先降低后增加,柴油碰壁喷雾火焰的着火滞燃期不断降低,且RP-3航空煤油具有更短的着火滞燃期。燃烧持续期随喷油压力的增加而降低,RP-3航空煤油的燃烧持续期比柴油短。喷油压力越高,火焰面积(AF)和自然发光强度(SINL)的变化速率越高,而AF和SINL的最大值及达到最大值所需的时间越小。与柴油相比,RP-3航空煤油的AF、SINL具有更高的变化速率,且AF、SINL的峰值更高,达到峰值的时间更短。     

喷嘴结构参数对喷雾和燃烧特性的影响

为探究高喷射压力条件下小孔径喷嘴内部结构对燃油喷雾和燃烧特性的影响,采用相位多普勒粒子分析系统(PDPA)和高温定容燃烧弹系统试验研究了采用挤研技术处理的喷嘴与簇孔喷嘴的喷雾与燃烧特性。试验结果表明:相同喷射条件下挤研无助于改善燃油喷雾的索特平均直径(SMD),随着喷孔挤研量的增大,喷雾SMD持续增大,燃烧生成的碳烟量不断增多;随着簇孔间距增大,喷雾SMD先增大后减小,而碳烟生成量表现出相同的变化趋势,簇孔间距为0.4 mm时,燃烧峰值放热率最高,单孔与0.2 mm间距簇孔的峰值放热率差别不大。     

基于变海拔柴油撞壁喷雾着火特性可视化研究

使用定容燃烧弹模拟一款重型柴油机在海拔为0、3.0和4.5 km条件下运行时缸内的热力学状态,研究了不同海拔下柴油撞壁喷雾的着火特性.分别使用背光散射成像技术和广域低通化学发光成像技术,实现了喷雾和着火过程的可视化.研究结果表明:高海拔对撞壁着火过程有明显的抑制效果,撞壁距离为57 mm时,海拔从0 km升高到4.5 km,着火延迟从0.57 ms延长到0.89 ms,着火距离从14.83 mm增大到18.68 mm,而且高温着火区域面积增加,出现多区域同时着火的概率增大;相同海拔下不同撞壁距离对着火延迟的影响很小,但是由于平板的存在限制了喷雾向下游的发展,不同撞壁距离会显著影响着火位置,而且海拔越高,不同撞壁距离对着火位置的影响效果越明显.     

稀释气体组分和浓度对柴油喷雾燃烧特征影响

通过一台高温、高压可视化定容燃烧弹,采用高速摄像技术研究了不同稀释气体(Ar、N2和C02)在10％～40％的氧体积分数范围内对柴油喷雾着火和火焰发展过程的影响;采用羟基自发光成像和双色法研究了低氧体积分数下稀释气体组分(Ar和N2)对火焰发展特征和碳烟分布的影响.结果表明:随氧体积分数增加,柴油机喷雾火焰自发光亮度增...     

不同海拔条件下柴油机撞壁喷雾燃烧特性的可视化研究

使用定容燃烧弹模拟一款重型柴油机在海拔0m、3 000m和4 500m条件下运行时缸内的热力学状态,利用多种成像技术实现了撞壁燃烧过程的可视化,研究了不同海拔对撞壁喷雾燃烧的高温着火、火焰传播和碳烟生成特性的影响。结果表明,海拔从0m升高到4 500m,撞壁着火延迟从0.55ms延长到0.88ms,撞壁着火距离从20.38mm增大到26.87mm,高海拔对撞壁着火过程有明显的抑制效果;撞壁火焰呈现圆盘状火焰形态,火焰发展进入稳定阶段后,由于前锋区域的涡流强度增大,撞壁火焰铺展高度、撞壁火焰铺展宽度和撞壁火焰面积都随海拔升高而增大,但在火焰发展初期,由于撞壁平板的冷却作用,撞壁火焰尺寸在海拔升高到4 500m时减小;空间积分火焰亮度和时间积分火焰亮度均随海拔升高而增大,海拔升高到4 500m时碳烟生成速率和氧化速率均增大。     

喷油嘴喷孔夹角的优化设计对柴油机性能的影响

这是为改进喷油嘴喷孔夹角与燃烧室形状间的匹配而提出的一种喷孔夹角设计与计算方法。通过在R100系列柴油机上的试验,证实了采用优化设计的喷油嘴能有效地降低燃油消耗率和排气烟度。为直喷式柴油机燃烧室与喷油嘴的合理匹配提供了一条有效途径,对直喷式柴油机性能改进和提高起到重要作用。     

喷雾特性对改善柴油机性能的试验研究

本文概括地介绍了为改善CR2柴油机的性能,应用激光全息技术对柴油机的喷雾特性(雾场中不同直径范围油滴的频谱分布、空间分布、时间分布、喷注的贯穿度及锥角)进行了初步试验研究。试验采用了不同喷孔长径比与不同压力室参数的长型多孔式喷油嘴,经与柴油机匹配,获得了比较满意的整机性能指标;为合理选择与进气系统、燃烧室的几何形状达到良好匹配的喷油嘴结构参数及喷孔布置提供了依据。     

喷束夹角变化对柴油机燃烧过程影响的研究

以CFD软件为计算平台,数值模拟研究1105型直喷式柴油机不同喷束夹角的燃烧过程,预测了喷束夹角变化对动力性能和排放性能的影响。结论显示:喷束夹角减小,可以提高缸内平均压力和平均温度,改善燃烧室内温度场分布,但同时使NOx和CO的排放增加。因此,喷束夹角的选择需要均衡柴油机动力性和排放性两方面的因素。     

燃油性质与喷油参数对陶瓷隔热复合机燃烧过程的影响

摘要在定容燃烧装置与B1135型单缸机上,对陶瓷隔热复合机的燃烧过程进行了试验研究.结果表明,由于陶瓷隅热复合机的压缩终点温度和压力很高,使滞燃期过短,空气粘度高,着火点在喷油嘴孔口附近,初期火焰横贯喷注,使空气与燃油混合条件差,因而仍沿用常规发动机燃烧系统参数时,燃烧过程恶化、燃油消耗率上升.采用减小喷油嘴孔径、增多喷孔数以改善空气与燃油的混合条件,以及采用低16烷值、低粘度燃油以获得滞燃期加长、着火点远离孔端等措施.对改善陶瓷隔热复合机燃烧过程具有良好的效果.     

Effects of ultra-high injection pressure and micro-hole nozzle on flame structure and soot formation of impinging diesel spray

The effects of ultra-high injection pressure (P_inj = 300 MPa) and micro-hole nozzle (d = 0.08 mm) on flame structure and soot formation of impinging diesel spray were studied with a high speed video camera in a constant volume combustion vessel. Two-color pyrometry was used to measure the line-of-sight soot temperature and concentration with two wavelengths of 650 and 800 nm. A flat wall vertical to the injector axis is located 30 mm away from the injector nozzle tip to generate impinging spray flame. Three injection pressures of 100, 200 and 300 MPa and two injector nozzles with diameters of 0.16 and 0.08 mm were used. With the conventional injector nozzle (0.16 mm), ultra-high injection pressure generates appreciably lower soot formation. With the micro-hole nozzle (0.08 mm), impinging spray flame shows much smaller size and lower soot formation at the injection pressure of 100 MPa. The soot formation is too weak to be detected with the micro-hole nozzle at injection pressures of 200 and 300 MPa. With eliminating the impact of injection rate on soot level, both ultra-high injection pressure and micro-hole nozzle have an obvious effect on soot reduction. Soot formation characteristics of impinging spray flame were compared with those of free spray flame using both the conventional and micro-hole nozzles. With the conventional nozzle, flat wall impingement deteriorates soot formation significantly. While soot formation characteristics of free spray flame with the micro-hole nozzle are not altered obviously by flat wall. Liquid length of the 0.16 mm nozzle is longer than the impingement distance and liquid length of the 0.08 mm nozzle is shorter than the impingement distance. Liquid impingement upon the wall is responsible for the deteriorated soot level of impinging flame compared to that of free flame with the conventional nozzle.     

基于CFD的增压柴油机不同喷油提前角的排放影响分析

在考虑进气涡流比的情况下,对某490增压直喷柴油机不同喷油提前角下的缸内喷雾及燃烧过程进行了三维CFD模拟,给出了4种不同喷油提前角时的缸内火焰、NOx和Soot的时空分布.计算和分析了不同的喷油提前角下,上止点前后喷入缸内的油量比例、着火时刻、上止点温度、最高燃烧温度等对燃烧与排放物的影响.结果表明上止点前后的油量比例对排放有较大影响,对于该机型在喷油提前角较小的情况下,应考虑适当减小喷油锥角以充分利用燃烧室底部的空气.仅靠喷油提前角的变化并不能同时降低NOx和Soot的排量,并通过性能与排放试验进行了验证.     

柴油机椭圆孔喷嘴的实验研究

本文就椭圆孔喷嘴的雾化特点和对柴油机性能的影响进行了探讨。所得出的基本结论是：圆孔喷嘴并非是柴油机燃烧系统最理想的选择。在一定长短轴比情况下，椭圆孔燃油雾化的混合特性明显好于圆孔喷嘴，如果与柴油机燃烧系统匹配适当，可以使柴油机性能大幅度地提高。     

满足国Ⅲ排放标准的高压共轨柴油机燃烧系统开发

为满足国家第三阶段排放标准,作者在一款1.8L高压共轨柴油机上进行了燃烧系统开发试验研究,对不同的压缩比、燃烧室形状、喷油器及喷嘴头部突出高度、增压器以及喷油控制进行了柴油机的外特性对比试验研究,根据试验结果进行了燃烧系统的优化匹配,使得柴油机的排放满足了国Ⅲ法规要求,其中CO、HC、烟度排放达到了国Ⅳ排放要求。     

生物柴油发动机NOx排放影响因素的数值模拟

根据生物柴油与柴油物性参数的差别,对柴油缸内喷雾燃烧模型进行修正,建立了生物柴油的缸内喷雾燃烧模型,利用该模型计算得到的缸内压力示功图与试验结果进行对比,验证了模型的准确性;利用AVL - fire软件,计算了发动机参数对生物柴油NOx排放的影响规律,着重考察了喷孔直径、喷雾锥角、喷油提前角、EGR率对燃烧温度和NOx...     

燃油温度对船用柴油机喷雾及燃烧特性影响的仿真研究

以某型船用柴油机为研究对象,通过对不同燃油温度下喷油嘴内部的流动仿真分析,对喷嘴内部的流动和空穴现象进行了研究,得到合理的喷孔出口处油滴的初始状态;通过喷雾和缸内燃烧的耦合计算,分析不同的燃油温度对柴油机燃烧及排放特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:燃油进机温度直接影响燃油喷雾、破碎、蒸发及燃烧过程,对NOx排放影响更为明显;燃油进机温度须作为柴油机燃烧系统开发试验时的试验基准之一。