Capturing the Intangible and Tangible Aspects of Heritage: Personal versus Official Perspectives in Cultural Heritage Management

In discussions on how to handle local heritage values, local values or insider-ness are often seen as synonymous with intangible aspects of heritage. At the same time, expert knowledge is usually associated with material objects, whereby experts have had the power to define what to preserve. In this study of three Norwegian towns, complementary and interdisciplinary methods have been used to address the relationship between personal and official perspectives on cultural heritage values and their tangible and intangible aspects. Results from interviews asking people to describe places they value in the area in which they live have been compared with results from a study of the official heritage plans in three selected towns. The study shows that a gap has unintentionally been constructed in the understanding of cultural heritage. To bridge the gap additional methods for documentation of cultural heritage and their contexts have to be developed. Experiments with various forms of active user participation are one way to introduce new additional approaches and thereby create local engagement and awareness of the role cultural heritage can play.     

Dalian’s unique planning history and its contested heritage in urban regeneration

ABSTRACT

Dalian is a particular Chinese city, which was occupied for half a century successively by the British, Japanese, and Russian Empires before 1949, with each imposing its own urban planning and building styles onto the city’s development. Since 1984, with China’s open-door policy and economic reform, dramatic changes have taken place in Dalian, transforming it into a modern and famous tourist destination within the country. However, with its rapid urbanisation, the built heritage is being compromised, and the preservation of colonial legacy has become contested. This paper reviews the unique planning history of Dalian and the challenges the city faces regarding its contested heritage, with a special focus on the case of Dongguan Street, which is a colonial legacy without any official designated status. Conflict arises between those who want to erase what they feel is a humiliating past, to make way for the modern city, and the ones who value the legacy to save the endangered heritage that remains.     

Attributes influencing self-employment propensity in urban and rural Sweden

Policies aiming at promoting entrepreneurship are in general formed on national levels, without any consideration of differences between urban and rural areas. Usually, cities are provided with better and more modern infrastructure; cities have better supply of physical, financial and human capital, and connected services, and cities have a more modern industrial structure in the sense that their shares of growing industry are higher. Thus, it is possible that policies for entrepreneurship, which in general are designed for urban areas, might be less effective when they are implemented in rural areas. A first step to test the validity of this hypothesis could be to investigate the differences between cities and countryside regarding self-employment propensity and factors affecting the choice to become self-employed. Based on an exceptionally rich data set containing very detailed socio-economic and geographical information on all residents in Sweden, this paper examines: (a) the scope and structure of self-employment propensity in urban and rural areas, respectively, in Sweden, divided into full-time and part-time self-employment, and (b) the importance of a number of attributes that may have an impact on individuals’ propensity to start an enterprise in the two area types. Variables being tested are connected to demography and education, labor market status, plant characteristics, self-employment experience, financial resources, family links and regional attributes. The main results indicate that self-employment entry is influenced by the same factors in the same way in urban and rural areas. However, countryside’s industrial structure has a smaller share of growing industries. The fact that countryside’s startups follow the existing industrial structure means that this “modernity gap” between densely built up areas and countryside remains. From a policy perspective, this must be seen as a serious problem for countryside’s growth potential. This gives an argument for designing a special entrepreneurship policy for the countryside in order to increase its share of growing trades and thereby modernize its industrial structure.     

Conservation of historical landscapes: What signifies ‘successful’ management?

This paper focuses on the management of an industrial heritage site in Sweden, which local stakeholders and heritage planners have claimed to be successful. This status of excellence is investigated in relation to the general, county-wide applied heritage planning. The results show that key factors for successful management of the industrial heritage site are not related only to conservation work, but also to personal engagement, sense of responsibility, and well-being among participants. However, heritage planners generally lack methods to address immaterial values and socio-economic benefits of engaging in heritage activities, resulting in a separation between physical and communal aspects of heritage planning. The results highlight the issue of professional legitimacy and the challenges for heritage planners to address regional policy objectives, such as finding ways to utilise historic landscapes in destination-driven strategies and to simultaneously support civil engagement in heritage-related issues.     

Conservation,innovation and healing of the well-preserved medieval Ystad

This article investigates the discursive powers that authorise and legitimise heritage practices in Ystad, which has a reputation as one of the best preserved medieval towns in Scandinavia. To maintain this reputation, the discursive and material heritage of certain groups and periods of history are projected at the expense of others, albeit in a legitimised manner. Methods of discursive analysis, supported by Smith’s ‘authorised heritage discourse’ and Harvey’s ‘heritageisation’, show that a static approach to heritage, assimilative and exclusionary in nature, has protected Ystad’s material heritage. This approach has never been challenged but is perpetually adjusted within frameworks of dominant and subversive ideologies, producing adverse and overlooked social and spatial consequences. Heritage practices need new perspectives on entrenched habits of thought and new trajectories within the political dynamics of planning strategies, both of which are often unrecognised by the means commonly used to measure the legitimation of intervention in heritage.     

Urinary mercury in people living near point sources of mercury emissions

As part of the European Mercury Emissions from Chlor Alkali Plants (EMECAP) project, we tested the hypothesis that contamination of ambient air with mercury around chlor alkali plants using mercury cells would increase the internal dose of mercury in people living close to the plants. Mercury in urine (U-Hg) was determined in 225 individuals living near a Swedish or an Italian chlor alkali plant, and in 256 age- and sex-matched individuals from two reference areas. Other factors possibly affecting mercury exposure were examined. Emissions and concentrations of total gaseous mercury (TGM) around the plants were measured and modeled. No increase in U-Hg could be demonstrated in the populations living close to the plants. This was the case also when the comparison was restricted to subjects with no dental amalgam and low fish consumption. The emissions of mercury to air doubled the background level, but contributed only about 2 ng/m(3) to long-term averages in the residential areas. The median U-Hg levels in subjects with dental amalgam were 1.2 microg/g creatinine (micro/gC) in Italy and 0.6 microg/gC in Sweden. In individuals without dental amalgam, the medians were 0.9 microg/gC and 0.2 microg/gC, respectively. The number of amalgam fillings, as well as chewing, fish consumption, and female sex were associated with higher U-Hg. The difference between the countries is probably due to higher fish consumption in Italy, demethylated methyl mercury (MeHg) being partly excreted in urine. Post hoc power calculations showed that if the background mercury exposure is low it may be possible to demonstrate an increase in U-Hg of as little as about 10 ng/m(3) as a contribution to ambient mercury from a point source.     

Urban modernization and heritage in the historic centre of Santiago de Chile (1818–1939)

ABSTRACT

Architecture and urban heritage have been decisive in the modernization of the historical centre of Santiago de Chile. As early as the first half of the nineteenth century they added value to this area of the capital. Public authorities, with the support of regulations, identified valuable urban heritage, incorporating it into urban transformations. For various practical or historical reasons, buildings and public spaces were preserved and eventually reused, giving birth to a renewed idea of planning, which took advantage of this existing heritage. The incorporation of new typologies into the colonial urban fabric, together with the conservation of traditional buildings and public spaces, produced memorable places, both in the republican and modern city. They enriched the urban practices and the city landscapes, offering a valuable continuity with the colonial and republican past. The integration of old and new stimulated the emergence of an urbanism of quality. This article focuses on three specific moments of that peculiar modernization process: the consolidation of the original colonial grid (1818–1846), Vicuña Mackenna’s Transformation Plan (1872–1875) and Santiago's first official Urbanization Plan (1939).     

Good dwellings for all: The case of social rented housing in Sweden

During the last decade many European countries have experienced a decline in the production of social rented housing, and there has also been an increase in sales of such dwellings. However, in Sweden social rented housing is still treated as an integral part of Social Democratic housing policy. According to this policy it should not be regarded as a residual tenure only to people in special need of housing. On the contrary, the official goal is to make it as efficient as other tenures in providing good dwellings for all. In order to popularise this tenure a number of measures have been introduced during the 1980s, such as diversification of the stock, decentralisation of management, increasing tenants’ influence and ambitious renewal programmes. Sales of municipal housing have been kept at a low level, although more sophisticated forms of privatisation have been observable. This paper reviews recent tendencies in social rented housing in Sweden, ending up with a discussion of its political basis and prospects.     

论消费文化涌动下城市文化遗产的克隆

当今许多城市文化遗产都被改造为时尚消费的场所,涌动的消费文化正悄然改变着遗产保护的理念与方式。文章针对由上海新天地引发的全国城市文化遗产克隆热潮,通过消费文化演变阶段、消费文化本身,及保护规划等方面的解读,认为引发热潮的原因在于规划精英们的引领,制造了文化的"同一化"。并进一步揭示了克隆背后更深层的危机:文化与保护规划理念的危机。而这一切的根源在于缺乏历史的心境。所以,解决问题的关键在于培育历史的心境,即在遗产保护中应尽量接近于真实而客观的历史和社会现实,尊重"城市过程"与"遗产本身及其经历"。     

论故宫古建筑测绘成果的技术把控 # ——以养心殿研究性保护项目为例

目前古建筑测绘成果主要以线划图和三维激光扫描影像两种方式呈现,本文结合养心殿研究性保护项目成果,就如何对测稿、正式图纸、CAD 图纸文件这类线划图成果以及三维点云、二维正射影像这类三维激光扫描成果进行技术把控进行了详细阐述。对于古建筑类遗产地而言,测绘成果的需求不同于设计单位和科研单位。本文从工程实践出发,旨在为遗产地专业技术人员提供参考。     

House price indexes: The hedonic technique,and some other methods applied to price movements of single family houses in Sweden

The fact that the quality of goods changes over time has always complicated price index calculations. The hedonic technique was originally developed to tackle this problem. From a theoretical point of view the technique offers the best approach to the estimation of changes in ‘pure’ price of single family houses. It is, however, rather expensive and nowhere in abundant use. The purposes of this paper are on one hand to investigate whether the hedonic method may be substituted for some simpler and cheaper method, and on the other to examine the reliability of the ‘official’ price index of Sweden. This is done by comparing the empirical results of different methods with the price estimates of the hedonic technique. The estimated price changes seem to be very sensitive to the method used and none of the alternative methods presented in the paper is capable of superseding the hedonic technique.     

Strategies for exclusion from social housing

In Sweden most local social authorities sublet flats to homeless clients with special contracts. In spite of this kind of social housing there are people sleeping ‘rough’ or in night shelters. These realities were approached in a case study, where a group of social workers engaged in housing support and supply were interviewed and observed. Two sets of methods in social housing control and exclusion are identified: (a) the landlords’ strategy of border control, split into gate‐keeping and expulsion; (b) the social workers’ strategy of discipline, that is to control individuals, while keeping them inside the domains of responsibility. As landlords, the local social authorities applied both strategies to their clients/tenants. This resulted in reinforced border control and a justification of exclusion, which implied judgements of the clients’ needs and capabilities, as well as placing responsibility on the homeless themselves.     

工业文化遗产保护结合地下空间开发之探讨

主要探讨工业遗产保护结合地下空间开发的策略。首先,藉由对现今我国工业遗产保护的问题进行分析,提出我国工业遗产保护的困难点主要集中地面的土地开发问题。其次,分析工业遗产结合地下空间的开发模式,论证工业遗产保护具有与地下空间结合的可行性。并综合上述两者的分析,提出四项工业遗产与地下空间两者共同开发策略优势与解决的问题。最后,以苏州苏纶厂地块作为实例论证,并提出地下空间开发与工业遗产保护结合后,对于工业遗产保护所可能产生的四种改变。     

Spectacular Heritage: ‘Total Restoration’ at the Site of Carcassonne

This article discusses the rise of the heritage site as spectacular theme park through a case study of Carcassonne in southern France, which has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage site and includes all the trappings of mass European tourism. This medieval town is a meta-site of changing practices in architectural conservation, as it was first subjected to extensive restorations under the direction of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc in the mid-1800s. It is this history of conservation which assists in making the argument that the phenomenon of the heritage site as spectacle is not only a contemporary transformation, but also has roots in nineteenth century practices.     

遗产保护:城市可持续发展的平衡之道——以法国雷恩市为例

遗产保护的概念在法国雷恩市的发展实践中得到了两方面的扩展,一方面以宏观的视角将城市区域作为整体的空间遗产,另一方面以历史的视角融合了传统遗产与当代的建设。在此基础上,遗产保护政策与交通、住房、公共设施和公共空间等城市空间政策有效融合,促进了雷恩城市的快速发展。当前,遗产保护更进一步在城市可持续发展的四项战略对策中,即城市发展的公共控制、城市发展的平衡控制、城市中心的崭新形象和城市公民的信息沟通方面,都发挥了深远的影响。总体上,遗产保护成为了平衡各项城市空间政策、实现城市可持续发展战略框架的核心工具。     

Emma’s Willow: Historical Anxiety,Mormon Pilgrimage and Nauvoo’s Mater Dolorosa

Religious institutions establish collective identities through the production of a usable past, and thereby provide adherents with a sense of heritage. This article examines how this process functions in a Mormon pilgrimage site, Nauvoo, Illinois, where not one but two competing institutions, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) and Community of Christ, have established alternative narratives of identity. I focus on the thousands of (almost exclusively) LDS pilgrims who visit the town each summer. I argue that the presence of multiple interpretations raises significant anxieties for many of these pilgrims. In an attempt to mediate these anxieties a vernacular religious site, a willow tree, is employed to point pilgrims to a Saint figure, Emma Smith, Joseph Smith Jr.’s widow, in order to fortify an alternative narrative existing outside of either official representation of Nauvoo’s past.     

Automatic parameter tuning for functional regionalization methods

The methods used to define functional regions for public statistics and policy purposes need to establish several parameter values. This is typically achieved using expert knowledge based on qualitative judgements and lengthy consultations with local stakeholders. We propose to support this process by using an optimization algorithm to calibrate any regionalization method by identifying the parameter values that produce the best regionalization for a given quantitative indicator. The approach is exemplified by using a grid search and a genetic algorithm to configure the official methods employed in the UK and Sweden for the definition of their respective official concepts of local labour markets.     

城市历史街区文脉传承和活力重塑策略研究

重点阐述了城市发展过程中历史街区文化底蕴的缺失原因,以徽州府衙及其周边街区改造更新为例,探讨了城市发展和更新的过程中如何传承和维护好该街区原有历史文脉,并使其焕发出新的活力。     

“Glocalising” urban landscapes: Athens and the 2004 olympics

This paper deals with transformations of urban landscape in the era of globalization. First, it attempts to describe and understand how particular aspects of urban morphology, such as built heritage and innovative design of space, have become the competitive edge in terms of landscape. Second, it develops the argument that on the basis of their great potential for (a) promoting economic growth and (b) enhancing place identity of cities, both built heritage and innovative design of space appear to be expansively used as major components of contemporary strategic plans of cities for the transformation and improvement of urban landscape. Combining and promoting built heritage and innovative design of space as two central themes in urban landscape transformations generates, for the 21st century city, a new landscape collage dominated by two extremes: (a) that of tradition with rather local spatial references and (b) that of innovation having more universal or global spatial references. Thus, under the forces of globalization, the new emerging urban landscapes may be termed as “glocalised” ones. As a case study, Athens and the landscape transformations for Olympic Games 2004 are analysed.     

西安遗址公园空间演进与评述

西安作为我国首批历史文化名城,在文化遗产保护领域积累了丰富的经验,已经成为国内遗址公园实践的重要先行者之一。从分析西安的遗址特点入手,通过回顾大西安地区重要遗址公园的建设历程,对比了各个公园在建设时间、规模、依托遗址资源、保护内容、面向人群、区位条件几方面的差异,并总结归纳出西安遗址公园的演进特点与发展趋势,分别是：文物保护意识与技术水平逐渐增强、遗址利用模式与展示手段趋于多元、涉及城市问题愈发复杂和内涵与功能更为丰富。