Experimental Evaluation of the Adhesion Properties and Distinctive Features of the Spreading of an Electrorheological Liquid under Electric Action

A study is made of the action of a constant electric field on the process of spreading of a droplet of an electrorheological liquid. It has been revealed that the effective viscosity, the surface tension, and the equilibrium contact angle of the electrorheologicalliquid droplet and the adhesion properties of the liquid depend on the electricfield strength, all other things being equal. During the series of experiments, the influence of surfactants as part of the electrorheological liquids on the value of the contact angle and the rate of spreading of the electrorheologicalliquid droplet on the substrate has been evaluated. The experimentaltheoretical investigations carried out can be employed in developing the concept of using electrorheological liquids as film coatings and in other technologies.     

Existing length of precursor film on inclined solid substrate

The present authors carried out an experimental study with a special interest upon the dynamics of the fluid in the vicinity of the boundary line of three phases; solid-liquid-gas interface, which is so-called ‘contact line,’ and upon the dynamic behavior of the precursor film in front of the advancing contact line. The present system concerned is a tiny droplet of silicone oil traveling on the silicon wafer. Simultaneous observations of the moving droplet with a white light and of the fringe pattern by the interferometer revealed the existence of the precursor film. The precursor film was varying its profile as the droplet traveled on the inclined substrate. In the present study the effect of the static pressure due to the weight of the droplet itself upon the existing length of the precursor film is focused.     

Bitumen spreading on calcareous aggregates at high temperature

In hot asphalt applications, the adhesion between bitumen and mineral aggregate is usually described in terms of bitumen surface tension and contact angle of the bitumen over the aggregate. However, the quantification of the physico-chemical bond between bitumen and aggregate under realistic conditions is a nontrivial task. In this work, we designed a high-temperature goniometer to measure the contact angle of liquid bitumen on mineral aggregate substrates. The drop deposition was conducted once the thermal equilibrium between liquid bitumen and aggregate was attained. We monitored the spreading of sessile drops of viscous naphthenic bitumen and asphaltic bitumen on polished sheets of calcareous aggregates at high temperature (70–100 °C). A near complete wetting with very low contact angles (13– \(24^{\circ }\) ) was reproduced regardless of the bitumen origin and temperature. Furthermore, the coating degree of the naphthenic and asphaltic bitumens on the calcareous aggregates at high temperature was apparently similar. We found that the bitumen-aggregate adhesion is adequately described by dynamic spreading rather than by equilibrium wettability. Spreading kinetics was ruled by the particular properties of each bitumen such as viscosity and acid index. We found evidences of acid etching of the naphthenic bitumen on the calcareous aggregates during spreading at high temperature.     

Spreading Characteristics of liquids

We encounter the spreading phenomenon in the fusing of powder images in Electrophotographic Imaging.

This paper presents a model for droplet spread on a substrate based on Frenkel’s theory. The model yields a set of master curves for spreading characteristics of the droplet. The curves describe the contact angle θ between the boundaries of droplet and the substrate as a function of the normalized time. This normalized time is a function of surface tension and viscosity of the liquid and the size of the droplet.

The other variable is the equilibrium contact angle between the liquid and substrate.

Experiments were carried out to check the validity of this model for a spreading droplet. Both experimental observations and the model verify the functional relationship, θ = f (normalized time, equilibrium contact angle).     

Splat-quench solidification: estimating the maximum spreading of a droplet impacting a solid surface

This study investigates the mechanisms that contribute to determining the maximum spreading of a liquid droplet impacting a solid surface in connection with splat-quench solidification. This paper defines two domains, the viscous dissipation domain and the surface tension domain, which are characterized by the Weber and the Reynolds numbers, and that are discriminated by the principal mechanism responsible for arresting the splat spreading. This paper illustrates the importance of correctly determining the equilibrium contact angle (a surface tension characteristic that quantifies the wetting of the substrate) for predicting the maximum spreading of the splat. Conditions under which solidification of the splat would or would not be expected to contribute to terminating the spreading of the splat are considered. However, our a priori assumption is that the effect of solidification on the spreading of a droplet, superheated at impact, is secondary compared to the effects of viscous dissipation and surface tension.Nomenclature a Thermal diffusivity - C _s Correction factor - C _v Correction factor - d Initial diameter of droplet - D Final diameter of splat - E _k Initial kinetic energy at impact - E _s Rise in surface tension energy - E _v Viscous energy dissipated - s Terminal thickness of splat - t _c Spreading time of splat - u Velocity of impinging droplet - V Volume of splat (droplet) - x Space variable - Madejski's solidification parameter - dynamic viscosity - Dissipation function - Density of liquid - Liquid-vapour surface tension - _e Equilibrium contact angle - D/d (spreading factor) - Pe ud/a (Péclet number) - Re ud/ (Reynolds number) - We u ²d/ (Weber number)     

Interface fluctuations and kinetics of nucleation in helium at ultralow temperatures

Interface fluctuations and kinetics of nucleating droplets are studied in⁴He and³He-⁴He mixtures at ultralow temperatures in the dissipationless regime. We firstly discuss the droplet number density arising as quantum fluctuations and secondly derive the Rayleigh-Plesset equation for a droplet in a metastable fluid. This equation, which is well-known in classical hydrodynamics, governs kinetics of domain growth at very low temperatures. Thirdly, the quantum nucleation rate is shown to be much enhanced by high-frequency acoustic or electric field, however small its amplitude is, when the period of oscillation 2/ is shorter than the time _s of tunnelling through the potential barrier. Fourthly, we examine equilibrium fluctuations of a planar interface which macroscopically separates two phases. The correlation function of the interface displacement is shown to cross over from the classical expression into a newly found quantum expression as the temperature is lowered.     

Mapping electrospray modes and droplet size distributions for chitosan solutions in unentangled and entangled concentration regimes

Chitosan is a natural polymer that exists as a polyelectrolyte in acidic aqueous solutions. The solution viscosity strongly depends on the polymer’s molecular weight and concentration in the solution, and the solution pH. Microparticle production by electrospraying is of significant interest in the drug delivery applications of this biocompatible polymer. We report herein a study aimed at empirical understanding of the influence of electrospray process parameters on the size distribution of microdroplets of chitosan solutions with different molecular weights and concentrations. How the nature of interchain interactions in the solution affects the electrospray mode, was studied for different applied voltages, $V$, over a wide range of solution flow rates, $Q$. Stable cone-jets were observed only for solutions in the unentangled regime. Unlike solutions of non-polymeric electrolytes of comparable viscosities, the chitosan droplet size distribution generally showed a strong dependence not only on $Q$ but also on $V$ and the solution viscosity. Carrying out the electrospraying process at a higher voltage in the stable cone-jet mode resulted in smaller and more narrowly dispersed droplets. For the droplets produced in this mode, We～Re^1.79, where $\mathit{We}$ and $\mathit{Re}$ are the droplet Weber and Reynolds numbers, respectively. The order of dependence of the Sauter mean droplet diameter on $Q$ was found to be 0.26. Diameters of droplets produced in (or close to) the precession mode exhibited a significantly weaker dependence on $Q$. For a given wt% concentration in solution, a polymer of lower molecular weight resulted in a lower droplet size polydispersity index.     

Rheological characterization and thermal degradation of PTFE

PTFE (¯M _n=5×10⁶), when heated near the melting temperature (335 to 337 C) while in contact with carbon black, is characterized by an effective viscosity and a thermal stability which are orders of magnitude lower than those found in the absence of the contacting high surface area material. The penetration of the PTFE into the porous carbon black occurs by the spreading of a very thin polymer film followed by a thickening of this film with time at temperature until a limiting concentration is reached. The lower the average molecular weight of the PTFE, the more rapidly it penetrates into the porous material. Similar phenomena have been observed with high molecular weight PTFE heated near the melting temperature while contacting high surface area metal blacks or porous sintered metals.     

喷墨印刷液滴的铺展特性研究

目的 研究喷墨印刷液滴相关参数对其铺展特性的影响，为喷墨印刷质量的研究奠定基础。方法 采用Fluent软件，基于VOF(Volume of Fluid)法，建立液滴撞击光滑承印物表面并铺展的仿真模型，采用PISO(Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators)算法对速度和压力进行耦合，分析液滴相关参数对其撞击铺展的影响规律。结果 当液滴飞行速度为6 m/s、接触角度为40°、液滴流体黏度为0.005 Pa.s、液滴直径为0.08 mm时，液滴撞击光滑承印物表面的铺展系数最大，铺展程度最好，铺展特性最优。结论 铺展系数随液滴直径、流体黏度和接触角的增大而降低，随飞行速度的增大而增大。     

MOCVD of highly conductive CdO thin films

Thin films of cadmium oxide have been deposited onto alumino–silicate glass substrates by atmospheric pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition using DMCd and n-butanol, a novel oxygen source. Studies were conducted to evaluate how different conditions such as temperature and precursor concentration influenced the film growth. Film characterization showed that at an optimum temperature range of 270–290 °C, CdO exhibits low spreading resistance of 17.1 per square, for a 400 nm film, compared with 10 per square for 1.1 m indium tin oxide film, and high transmittance, between 600 and 900 nm, up to 90% with a band gap of 2.4 eV. Within this optimum temperature range, the grain size and surface roughness are shown to be a minimum.     

Ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for nanoparticles synthesis

This article presents new findings regarding the effects of precursor drop size and precursor concentration on product particle size and morphology in ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Large precursor drops (diameter > 30 m) generated by ultrasonic atomization at 120 kHz yielded particles with holes due to high solvent evaporation rate, as predicted by the conventional one particle per drop mechanism. Precursor drops 6–9 m in diameter, generated by an ultrasonic nebulizer at 1.65 MHz and 23.5 W electric drive power, yielded uniform spherical particles 90 nm in diameter with proper control of precursor concentration and residence time. Moreover, air-assisted ultrasonic spray pyrolysis at 120 kHz and 2.3 W yielded spherical particles about 70% of which were smaller than those produced by the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis of the 6–9 m precursor drops, despite much larger precursor drop size (28 m peak diameter versus 7 m mean diameter). These particles are much smaller than predicted by the conventional one particle per drop mechanism, suggesting that a gas-to-particle conversion mechanism may also be involved in spray pyrolysis.     

The unsteady hydrodynamic force during the collision of two spheres in a viscous fluid

The time-dependent Stokes equations were solved in the vicinity of two spheres colliding in a viscous fluid with viscosity ν to determine the rate of change of the hydrodynamic forces during large accelerations associated with Hertzian mechanical contact of small duration \({\tau_{\rm c}}\). It was assumed that the gap clearance remains finite during contact and is approximately equal to the height σ of surface micro-asperities. The initial condition corresponds to the steady-state axisymmetric solution of Cooley and O’Neill (Mathematika 16:37–49, 1969), and the initial value problem for the time-dependent Stokes streamfunction was solved using Laplace transform methods. Assuming that σ is small compared to the sphere radius a, we used singular perturbation expansions and tangent-sphere coordinates to obtain an asymptotic solution for the viscous flow in the gap and around the moving sphere. The solution provides the dependence of the resistance, added mass and history forces on σ, the sphere velocity and acceleration, and the ratio of the sphere diameters. We found that the relative importance of viscous and mechanical forces during contact depends on a new Stokes number \({St_{\rm c}=\sigma^2/\nu \tau_{\rm c}}\). Integration of Newton’s equation for the motion of the sphere during mechanical contact showed that there is a critical \({St_{\rm c}=O(\sigma/a)}\) for which there is no rebound at the end of contact.     

Spreading of Annular Droplets on a Horizontal Fiber

This paper investigates an annular droplet on a horizontal fiber. The static state and the dynamic spreading process of the droplet is analyzed. A full model describing the profile of a static droplet is derived from the energy variation principle. To study the dynamical spreading of the droplet, we derive a lubrication model which is verified by the full model. It indicates that the lubrication model is valid for a thin droplet. Results of the static droplet reveal that, when the fiber radius is very small, the droplet tends to have a spherical shape; if the fiber radius is very large, the droplet approaches to a parabolic profile. Furthermore, the time-evolution study is carried out to investigate the dynamical spreading of the droplet. It is highlighted that when the fiber radius is small, the droplet can breakup into small droplets or contract into a sharp shape. For a large fiber radius, the droplet spreads to a steady profile. In addition, the liquid viscosity is found to retard the deformation of the droplet and the motion of the contact lines.     

Internal Flow of Acoustically Levitated Droplet

Under the microgravity environment, products of new and high quality materials solidified into homogeneous crystal by under cooling solidification have been the subject of much interest. Manufacture of material under the microgravity environment can be performed more static than that under the normal gravity. Handling technology of molten metal is important for such processes to hold in the limit space. However, when a large levitated droplet exists in the limit space, internal flow can be appeared remarkably. Elucidation of the effect of the internal flow of the levitated droplet is required in order to establish the containerless processing for new material under the microgravity environment. In current research, the internal flow of a levitated droplet was investigated by Zhao et al. (J Acoust Soc Am 106:589–595, 1999a and 106:3289–3295, 1999b) and Trinh et al. (Phys Fluids 12(2):249–251, 2000). These studies were analyzed numerically and theoretically. However, experimental study about the internal flow of the levitated droplet is not enough. According to our study Abe et al. (Microgravity Sci Technol 19(3–4):33–34, 2007), the authors observed internal flow of the water and glycerol droplet in normal gravity environment. In the water droplet, which is a low viscosity fluid, internal flow of both left and right hand rotation was observed. On the other hand, in the glycerol droplet, which is a high viscosity fluid, only rigid body rotation was observed. This research measured only two dimensional flows. It is thought that internal flow in the water is not two-dimensional but three-dimensional flow. Then, in order to investigate a three-dimensional flow structure in levitated water droplet in detail, we try to measure the three-dimensional flow in the levitated droplet. In the present study, test fluid with different viscosity is levitated. And, multidimensional PIV measurement is conducted to investigate the internal flow structure in a levitated droplet. Stereo images at equatorial plane of a levitated droplet are observed for measuring the three-dimensional component of velocity in the levitated droplet. As a result, the velocity of z direction is observed in the water droplet. On the other hand, the v _z is hardly observed in the glycerol droplet. The three dimensional structures of water and glycerol are differed. The difference of such flow structure is supposed to be due to the influence of the viscosity.     

Anisotropy in wetting of oriented sapphire surfaces by liquid Al–Cu alloys

The coexistence of a liquid with a solid and a gas phase causes a contact angle at the triple line and results in a certain work of adhesion. These properties were studied for liquid Al, Cu, and their alloys on single-crystalline sapphire surfaces with C(0001)-, A(11-20)-, and R(1-102)- orientation. Measurements were performed at 1100 °C and under $3 \cdot 10^4\, \hbox{Pa}$ Ar atmosphere in a sessile drop apparatus. There, the sample was heated and melted separately from the substrate within a drop dispenser. Only after the desired measurement conditions were reached, the liquid metal was released. Depending on the alloy composition, the wetting angle approached a constant value within few minutes after the contact of droplet and substrate was established: For pure Cu the contact angle increased to an equilibrium value of 116° ± 5°, which is identical for all the studied sapphire surfaces. For pure Al an anisotropy of the contact angle with regard to these surfaces is found: time evolution of the Al contact angle is only observed for wetting of C-surfaces. Wetting of A- and R-surfaces shows no pronounced time dependence. In these cases, a smaller contact angle of about 90° is observed. Wetting of the different sapphire surfaces by Al–Cu alloys corresponds qualitatively to their wetting by pure Al: again, only for C-surfaces a time-dependent increase of the contact angle is observed. On A- and R-surfaces wetting is not time-dependent and the contact angle increases with Cu content of the alloy.     

Gas-cushioned droplet impacts with a thin layer of porous media

The pre-impact gas cushioning behaviour of a droplet approaching touchdown onto a thin layer of porous substrate is investigated. Although the model is applicable to droplet impacts with any porous substrate of limited height, a thin layer of porous medium is used as an idealized approximation of a regular array of pillars, which are frequently used to produced superhydrophobic- and superhydrophilic-textured surfaces. Bubble entrainment is predicted across a range of permeabilities and substrate heights, as a result of a gas pressure build-up in the viscous-gas squeeze film decelerating the droplet free-surface immediately below the centre of the droplet. For a droplet of water of radius 1 mm and impact approach speed 0.5 m s\(^{-1}\), the change from a flat rigid impermeable plate to a porous substrate of height \(5~\upmu \)m and permeability \(2.5~\upmu \)m\(^2\) reduces the initial horizontal extent of the trapped air pocket by \(48~\%\), as the porous substrate provides additional pathways through which the gas can escape. Further increases in either the substrate permeability or substrate height can entirely eliminate the formation of a trapped gas pocket in the initial touchdown phase, with the droplet then initially hitting the top surface of the porous media at a single point. Droplet impacts with a porous substrate are qualitatively compared to droplet impacts with a rough impermeable surface, which provides a second approximation for a textured surface. This indicates that only small pillars can be successfully modelled by the porous media approximation. The effect of surface tension on gas-cushioned droplet impacts with porous substrates is also investigated. In contrast to the numerical predictions of a droplet free-surface above flat plate, when a porous substrate is included, the droplet free-surface touches down in finite time. Mathematically, this is due to the regularization of the parabolic degeneracy associated with the small gas-film-height limit the gas squeeze film equation, by non-zero substrate permeability and height, and physically suggests that the level of surface roughness is a critical parameter in determining the initial touchdown characteristics.     

Density, Viscosity, Sound Speed, and Thermoacoustical Parameters of Benzaldehyde with Chlorobenzene or Nitrobenzene at 303.15 K, 308.15 K, and 313.15 K

The values of the density, viscosity, and speed of sound for binary liquid mixtures of benzaldehyde with chlorobenzene or nitrobenzene have been measured over the entire range of composition at (303.15, 308.15, and 313.15) K. These values have been used to calculate the excess molar volume ( $V^\mathrm{E}$ V E ), and excess free volume ( $V_\mathrm{f}^\mathrm{E}$ V f E ). McAllister’s three-body interaction model is used for correlating the kinematic viscosity of binary mixtures. The thermophysical properties (density, viscosity, and ultrasonic velocity) under study were fit to the Jouyban–Acree model.