新型铜硫系薄膜太阳能电池材料制备的研究进展

薄膜太阳能电池提供了低成本、大面积的无碳发电应用前景,迅猛发展的纳米科技为高转换效率薄膜太阳能电池的低成本制造提供了新途径。新型铜硫系半导体Cu_2ZnSnS_4(CZTS)薄膜材料具有禁带宽度与太阳辐射匹配性好、光吸收系数大、元素丰度大、价格便宜、无毒等优点,因此将成为最具发展前景的薄膜太阳能电池材料。讨论与分析了CZTS薄膜和纳米晶材料的制备及由这些材料制备绿色、低成本、高效率新型太阳能电池的研究进展。     

微波液相合成法制备Cu_2ZnSnS_4纳米颗粒及其薄膜的研究

采用乙二醇作为溶剂,硫代乙酰胺作为硫源,通过微波液相合成法制备出颗粒大小均一的Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS)纳米颗粒。采用XRD、Raman、EDS、TEM以及UV-Vis-Nir等表征手段对所制备的纳米颗粒的物相、元素比例、形貌以及光学性能进行了分析。测试结果表明,所制备的CZTS纳米颗粒为(112)择优取向的锌黄锡矿结构,纳米颗粒的平均尺寸约为3.4nm,其光学带隙为1.85eV,呈现出明显的量子尺寸效应导致的光学带隙蓝移现象。将CZTS纳米颗粒制成CZTS墨水并滴涂烘干形成了CZTS薄膜,其XRD和SEM结果表明,所制备的CZTS薄膜具有良好的结晶性,且表面较为致密。光照与暗态的I-V曲线测试表明,所制备薄膜具有明显的光电导效应。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备铜锌锡硫材料的研究进展

四元硫化物铜锌锡硫(CZTS)是一种新型薄膜太阳电池材料,具有锌黄锡矿结构,呈p型导电性,带隙约为1.5eV,光学吸收系数高于10~4cm~(-1),这些特性与太阳光谱相匹配。基于上述原因,CZTS薄膜是一种有望能低成本、可规模化开发利用的新型薄膜太阳电池材料。简要阐述了CZTS性质及其薄膜太阳能电池的器件结构,详细介绍了溶胶-凝胶方法制备CZTS薄膜及其相应器件效率的研究进展。最后,总结了此方法制备CZTS薄膜及其相关电池性能难以突破的关键技术问题,并提出了有效的改进措施,对CZTS薄膜太阳电池未来的研究进行了展望。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备铜锌锡硫薄膜及其太阳能电池的研究进展

原料丰富价廉的铜锌锡硫(Cu2ZnSnS4,CZTS)材料与非真空、低成本绿色溶胶-凝胶法相结合在产业化制造高性价比CZTS薄膜太阳能电池方面的应用引人关注。为了了解未来发展方向,综述了溶胶-凝胶法制备CZTS薄膜与器件的研究进展,讨论了不同溶胶-凝胶工艺途径、不同溶剂、硫化等对CZTS薄膜制备与器件特性的影响,分析了Na掺杂及硫化退火对CZTS薄膜的作用,并结合绿色制造的要求探讨了其发展趋势。     

金属纳米颗粒导电墨水制备与后处理工艺的研究进展

印刷电子技术是一种低成本、简捷高效、绿色环保的电子器件制造技术,已在柔性电子制造等诸多领域展现出巨大的潜力。近年来,导电墨水作为印刷电子技术迅速发展的关键材料受到了学术界的广泛关注和报道。结合印刷电子技术的应用和发展现状,对金属纳米颗粒导电墨水的各项性能指标及其机理进行概述,综述了金属纳米颗粒导电墨水的制备和后处理工艺的研究进展,着重介绍了部分有潜力的前沿技术,并分析了这些技术对应的优势与局限及其发展方向。最后结合印刷电子技术目前发展中存在的问题提出了一些观点。     

新型铜硫系薄膜太阳能电池材料制备的研究进展

薄膜太阳能电池提供了低成本、大面积的无碳发电应用前景，迅猛发展的纳米科技为高转换效率薄膜太阳能电池的低成本制造提供了新途径。新型铜硫系半导体Cu。ZnSnS4（CZTS）薄膜材料具有禁带宽度与太阳辐射匹配性好、光吸收系数大、元素丰度大、价格便宜、无毒等优点，因此将成为最具发展前景的薄膜太阳能电池材料。讨论与分析了CZT...     

绿色柔性喷墨打印银纳米墨水研究综述

传统导电薄膜的图形化需使用光刻工艺,涉及显影、刻蚀等多个工艺步骤,存在耗时长、器件各功能层构建复杂、成本高昂等不足。喷墨打印作为一种非真空、非接触、无掩膜、低成本、高通量、精准、便捷的桌面型沉积技术,可用于金属导线直接图形化制备,能够节约材料与时间,在柔性大面积电子器件中的应用潜力日益凸显。高性能环保导电墨水的开发是喷墨打印柔性电极制备技术最主要的瓶颈之一,其应满足无毒安全、低温烧结、高导电等需求。早期有机材料由于具有易溶液加工特性被选作可打印导体材料,如聚苯胺和PEDOT/PSS,但它们的导电性低,且化学、热、电学性质不稳定。而金墨水价格昂贵,铜墨水易氧化。相比较而言,银墨水具有高导电性、抗氧化性、稳定性以及相对合理的成本等优势,在打印电子器件领域引起了更加广泛的关注,目前已经实现商业化生产。随着电子器件在低成本、低能量消耗、高效率生产与柔性方面的需求日益增长,导电纳米银墨水的配制不仅需要考虑打印电子器件的高性能,更要满足绿色环保与低温烧结的要求。近年来,针对环保低温的高导电喷墨打印墨水制备技术,诸多研究者不仅致力于改善墨水体系,开发环保的水性墨水,还关注新型的低温烧结技术。在传统热烧结条件下,以月桂酸为分散剂、硼酸钠为还原剂的银纳米颗粒型墨水在烧结温度为125℃时电阻率为6.6μΩ·cm,而以氨水为络合剂、甲酸为还原剂的无颗粒纯溶液墨水在90℃烧结时电阻率为1.6μΩ·cm。新型烧结技术在一定程度上突破了高性能墨水喷墨打印工艺与低温烧结的限制,目前已使银电极烧结温度降低到100℃以下,电阻率低于6μΩ·cm。水性墨水的开发可减少毒性废料的产生,同时若采用多聚电解质作为分散剂,则稳定性更优于有机墨水,利于大规模生产。本文介绍了水性银纳米颗粒(SNPs)悬浮液和有机银复合物(SOC)溶液这两种水性银纳米墨水,比较了不同分散剂、络合剂、还原剂、颗粒聚集方式的墨水体系,总结了适用于柔性印刷的化学烧结、蒸气还原烧结、热水辅助烧结、光还原烧结等新型低温烧结技术。这些新型墨水体系与烧结技术有助于实现导电墨水高性能、高稳定性与柔性的统一,它们的开发和完善将极大促进柔性低温墨水和柔性打印电子器件的发展。     

Cu2ZnSnS4纳米颗粒及其薄膜的制备与表征

采用热注入法,在油胺(OLA)中合成出Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS)纳米颗粒,并在玻璃衬底上制备了薄膜,研究了不同合成温度对纳米颗粒生成的影响.通过X射线衍射仪、拉曼光谱仪、透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、紫外可见分光光度计对所得纳米晶材料的结构与成分、颗粒大小与形貌、光吸收谱进行了测试分析.研究结果表明:采用热注入法的最佳合成温度在260℃左右,该温度下生成的多晶CZTS纳米颗粒尺寸约10 nm,分散性良好,光学禁带宽度约1.5 eV.     

纳米颗粒及其聚合物复合材料的研究与应用

本文主要介绍了纳米颗粒的性能及其在聚合物纳米复合材料方面的应用,先后列举纳米二氧化硅、纳米碳酸钙、纳米蒙脱土、纳米二氧化钛和碳纳米管五种常用纳米颗粒,就其种类、性能、制备方法以及其在聚合物复合材料上的应用作了综述,并对纳米颗粒及其聚合物复合材料的发展作了展望。     

Cu_2ZnSnS_4纳米晶及其薄膜的制备

以乙酰丙酮铜(Cu(AcAc)2)、乙酸锌(Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O)、氯化亚锡(SnCl2·2H2O)、升华硫(S粉)和十二硫醇为原料,用热注射法合成了Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS)纳米晶。再将Cu2ZnSnS4纳米晶制成胶体墨水,用旋涂法制备出Cu2ZnSnS4薄膜。用X射线衍射(XRD)仪、拉曼光谱(RS)仪、透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能量色散谱仪(EDS)和紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)分光光度计对CZTS纳米晶及薄膜的晶体结构、微观形貌、化学组成及光学性能进行表征,研究了注射温度对纳米晶结构、形貌、晶粒大小以及化学组成的影响以及热处理时间对Cu2ZnSnS4薄膜结构、形貌、化学组成和光学性能的影响。结果表明,在注射温度为180℃时合成的CZTS纳米晶为锌黄锡矿结构,平均粒径为18 nm。在500℃热处理2 h所制备出的薄膜,在可见光范围内其吸收系数高达104cm-1,禁带宽度为1.45 eV。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...