催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯的新方法

研究了以钛酸四丁酯为催化剂合成柠檬酸三丁酯。探讨了催化剂用量、反应温度、酸醇摩尔比和反应时间等因素对反应结果的影响。确定最佳反应条件为：酸醇摩尔比＝1∶4.1,反应温度150 ℃,反应时间4.5 h,催化剂用量为柠檬酸质量的1.2%。在此条件下柠檬酸三丁酯的酯化率达到99%以上,产品纯度经色质联用仪(GC/MS)检测在99.5%以上。     

固体超强酸S2O2-8 /TiO2 催化合成乙酸己酯

以固体超强酸S2 O2 - 8/TiO2 为催化剂合成了乙酸己酯 ,考察了催化剂制备条件对催化活性的影响以及酸醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间对酯化率的影响。最佳反应条件为 :酸醇摩尔比 0 2 0∶0 2 4 ,催化剂用量0 6g ,反应时间 2h ,带水剂苯 1 0ml ,反应温度 1 0 0℃～ 1 1 0℃ ,酯化率可达 96 %以上。     

树脂催化合成无毒增塑剂柠檬酸三辛酯

以树脂作催化剂,合成柠檬酸三辛酯。探讨了催化剂用量、反应温度、酸醇摩尔比和反应时间等因素对酯化反应的影响。结果表明:在150℃,酸醇摩尔比为1∶4.5,催化剂用量为柠檬酸质量的10%,反应1.5 h后,酯化率达到97%以上。催化剂的性能较好,便于与产物分离,可以回收使用。     

癸酸癸醇酯的合成

以氯化亚锡为催化剂,采用癸酸和癸醇为原料合成癸酸癸醇酯,考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、酸醇配比及反应时间对酯化反应的影响。当催化剂用量为总物料重量的0.05%,反应温度为180～190℃,酸醇配比n(癸酸)∶n(癸醇)=1∶1.15,反应时间为6.0 h时,癸酸的酯化率达到99.7%。     

树脂D001负载磷钨酸催化合成肉桂酸酯

以肉桂酸和正丁醇反应为例,采用强酸性阳离子树脂D001负载磷钨酸为催化剂,合成了肉桂酸酯。考察了醇酸摩尔比、反应时间和反应温度、催化剂用量和催化剂的重复使用性对反应酯化率的影响。结果表明,在反应温度100℃、反应时间3 h、酸醇摩尔比1∶3、催化剂质量占肉桂酸总质量15%的较优条件下,酯化率达92.4%。催化剂不经处理重复使用4次,酯化率都在83%以上。依据该较佳的工艺条件,进一步催化合成其他肉桂酸酯,酯化率均超过85%,表明树脂D001负载磷钨酸催化效果良好。     

钛酸四丁酯催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯

以柠檬酸和正丁醇为原料,钛酸四丁酯为催化剂,酯化合成柠檬酸三丁酯。确定了优惠反应条件:酸醇比为1:4.1,反应温度为150℃,反应时间为4.5h,催化剂用量为柠檬酸质量的1.2%,酯化率达到99%以上,用GC/MS色质联用仪检测产品纯度在99.5%以上。     

三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯的合成研究

以醋酸锌为催化剂、丙烯酸与三羟甲基丙烷为原材料合成了标题化合物,对合成的产物进行了羟值测定及IR分析,探讨了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、酸醇物质的量比对合成反应的影响.研究表明,较佳的合成工艺条件为:催化剂用量为反应物质量的0.4%、反应温度180～185 ℃、反应时间4 h、酸醇物质的量比3.3∶1.0,在此工艺条件下,酯化率可达95%以上.     

微波促进下新型碳基固体酸催化合成草酸酯

在微波辐射条件下,以新型碳基固体酸为催化剂催化草酸分别与正丁醇、异丁醇、正戊醇、异戊醇的酯化反应。系统研究了微波功率、酸醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间等诸因素对酯化率的影响。实验结果表明：微波功率为500 W,在n（醇）/n（酸）=4.0︰1,催化剂用量占反应物料总质量的2.3%,反应时间为12 min条件下,不同草酸酯的酯化率均在95%以上。该固体酸重复使用多次,其催化活性基本不变。     

固体酸SO42-/SnO2催化合成柠檬酸三辛酯的研究

以柠檬酸和正辛醇为原料,以自制的固体酸SO42-/SnO2为催化剂合成无毒增塑剂柠檬酸三辛酯(TOC)。探讨了催化剂用量、酸醇物质的量比、反应时间、反应温度对反应结果的影响,对合成的产品进行红外光谱分析。实验结果表明,自制的固体酸SO42-/SnO2催化合成的最佳工艺参数:催化剂用量为3%,酸醇物质的量比为1∶5.5,反应时间为3 h,酯化率可达到98.03%。     

绿色环保增塑剂柠檬酸三正丁酯的催化合成

在固体催化剂氨基磺酸的催化作用下研究了柠檬酸三正丁酯(TBC)的酯化反应,讨论了原料配比、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度等因素对酯化反应的影响,并用GC/MS对酯化后反应产物进行了检测分析。结果表明,氨基磺酸对酯化反应具有良好的催化活性,用它作催化剂合成TBC的最佳条件为:酸与醇的摩尔比为1∶3.8,催化剂用量2.75%,反应时间1.5 h,反应温度116~160℃,酯化率高达98%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。