纤维基纳米复合清洁压裂液性能研究

鉴于早期阳离子型清洁压裂液在低渗透砂岩储层现场应用中存在的问题,选取一种阴离子表面活性剂为主剂,制备了纤维基纳米复合清洁压裂液(F-NCF),并对其悬砂、滤失、破胶、岩心伤害及裂缝导流能力的影响等性能进行了评价。结果表明,阴离子型纳米复合清洁压裂液热稳定性明显增强,在70℃、170 s-1条件下,其表观黏度达50 mPa.s;通过纳米TiO2与粘弹性表面活性剂胶束的拟交联作用,提高了F-NCF的降滤失性能,且不影响破胶性能;纤维网状结构有效地改善了F-NCF的静态悬砂性能,且对裂缝导流能力影响较小;同时,该体系对岩心渗透率伤害小,恢复率约为90%,对于提高低渗透油气藏压裂效果具有良好的应用前景。     

疏水缔合型清洁压裂液体系研究与应用

为了降低压裂改造过程中压裂液对油藏储层和支撑裂缝的伤害,本文报道一种疏水缔合物压裂液,并进行了现场应用。该压裂液具有良好的抗剪切恢复能力;具有很好的悬砂性能,20/40目陶粒可静态悬砂6小时,不沉降;具有优良的破胶性能,破胶液粘度小于5.0mPa.s,破胶后无残渣、无残胶、易返排,对地层伤害小。目前该压裂液已在新疆油田成功运用18井次,取得了较好的应用效果。     

适合致密油藏的低伤害清洁压裂液体系研究

为提高致密油藏压裂施工的效率,降低压裂液对储层的损害程度,室内通过低分子稠化剂、交联剂、黏土稳定剂以及助排剂的优选及评价,研究了一套适合致密油藏的低伤害清洁压裂液体系,并评价了其综合性能.结果表明:该压裂液体系具有良好的耐温抗剪切性能,在90℃、170 s-1的实验条件下,剪切100 min后黏度仍能达到70 mPa·s以上;此外,该压裂液体系还具有良好的携砂性能、滤失性能和破胶性能,并且破胶液对致密油藏储层天然岩心的基质渗透率伤害程度较小,岩心渗透率损害率小于15％,具有低伤害的特点,能够满足致密油藏压裂施工对压裂液性能的要求.     

阳离子型双子高粘弹压裂液体系开发

进行了常规植物胶压裂液残渣含量高、地层伤害大/对改造效果产生巨大影响等调查。对表面活性剂压裂液体系、蠕变原理、粘弹性、抗剪切性、破胶性、助排性、岩心伤害等进行了研究,开发了一种低伤害、粘弹性良好的清洁压裂液。结果表明,当清洁压裂液配方为2.5%DS+1.0%NaBr+0.6%YFZ-1时,在90℃、170 s~(-1)条件下剪切1 h时压裂液粘度稳定在80 mPa·s以上;在f<10 rad/s时,G'>G″,且G'>0.1 Pa,压裂液粘弹性较佳。压裂液与原油或凝析油反应时,破胶液粘度均小于3.274 mPa·s,破胶液表面张力、界面张力分别小于24.916,1.904 mN/m,破胶、助排较好。0.35%胍胶压裂液破胶液岩心伤害率为32.85%,而2.5%双子表面活性剂清洁压裂液破胶液岩心伤害率为7.79%,较之胍胶压裂液对储层伤害率小,有益于保持增产改造的效果。     

阳离子型双子高粘弹压裂液体系开发

进行了常规植物胶压裂液残渣含量高、地层伤害大/对改造效果产生巨大影响等调查。对表面活性剂压裂液体系、蠕变原理、粘弹性、抗剪切性、破胶性、助排性、岩心伤害等进行了研究,开发了一种低伤害、粘弹性良好的清洁压裂液。结果表明,当清洁压裂液配方为2.5%DS+1.0%NaBr+0.6%YFZ-1时,在90℃、170 s^(-1)条件下剪切1 h时压裂液粘度稳定在80 mPa·s以上;在f<10 rad/s时,G'>G″,且G'>0.1 Pa,压裂液粘弹性较佳。压裂液与原油或凝析油反应时,破胶液粘度均小于3.274 mPa·s,破胶液表面张力、界面张力分别小于24.916,1.904 mN/m,破胶、助排较好。0.35%胍胶压裂液破胶液岩心伤害率为32.85%,而2.5%双子表面活性剂清洁压裂液破胶液岩心伤害率为7.79%,较之胍胶压裂液对储层伤害率小,有益于保持增产改造的效果。     

抗高温低摩阻硼交联加重压裂液的制备与性能

针对高温深井致密油气藏压裂液存在的高摩阻、高施工压力和抗高温能力不足的问题,通过硼交联剂的合成和压裂液添加剂的优选,研究得到了一种密度为1.38 g/cm³的低摩阻耐高温加重压裂液。并对该体系进行了交联性能、耐温耐剪切性、降阻率、静态悬砂和破胶性评价。结果表明,该压裂液体系的交联时间达10 min以上,其延迟交联性能有效地降低了管路摩阻(降阻率68.44%);此外在170℃、170 s3的低摩阻耐高温加重压裂液。并对该体系进行了交联性能、耐温耐剪切性、降阻率、静态悬砂和破胶性评价。结果表明,该压裂液体系的交联时间达10 min以上,其延迟交联性能有效地降低了管路摩阻(降阻率68.44%);此外在170℃、170 s^(-1)下连续剪切90 min后黏度始终保持在60 mPa·s以上,95℃高温下可完全破胶,破胶液残渣含量低于行业标准,且具有优良的悬砂性能,对高压深井油气藏压裂改造具有重要意义。     

新型CO_2清洁泡沫压裂液性能研究

筛选了与CO2配伍的新型GRF清洁压裂液,采用大型泡沫循环回路,测试了GRF-CO2清洁泡沫压裂液的动态流变特性、携砂性能,同时评价了泡沫压裂液体系的静态破胶性能、助排性能和岩心伤害特性。结果表明,GRF-CO2清洁泡沫压裂液体系易破胶,破胶后无残渣,表/界面张力低,对岩心基质渗透率伤害低,当CO2泡沫质量达到55%~75%时,清洁泡沫压裂液体系流变性能好、动态携砂能力强,能够满足现场泡沫压裂施工的要求。     

新型CO2清洁泡沫压裂液性能研究

筛选了与CO2配伍的新型GRF清洁压裂液,采用大型泡沫循环回路,测试了GRF-CO2清洁泡沫压裂液的动态流变特性、携砂性能,同时评价了泡沫压裂液体系的静态破胶性能、助排性能和岩心伤害特性。结果表明,GRF-CO2清洁泡沫压裂液体系易破胶,破胶后无残渣,表/界面张力低,对岩心基质渗透率伤害低,当CO2泡沫质量达到55%~75%时,清洁泡沫压裂液体系流变性能好、动态携砂能力强,能够满足现场泡沫压裂施工的要求。     

一元化生物胶压裂液性能研究

开发了一元化生物胶压裂液,根据储层的温度调整一元化生物胶压裂液和水混合的比例制备压裂液,并对一元化生物胶压裂液体系的性能进行评价.结果表明,一元化生物胶压裂液体系具有非常好的耐温耐剪切性能,在130℃下连续剪切120 min,黏度大于30 mPa·s.同时携砂性能良好,破胶彻底,破胶后残渣远低于常规胍胶压裂液残渣,破胶...     

粘弹性清洁压裂液的性能评价与应用

采用一种长链脂肪酸季铵盐类阳离子表面活性剂配制成粘弹性清洁压裂液,室内性能评价结果表明,该压裂液的最佳使用浓度为1.5%².0%;60℃时静态滤失系数为3.15×10-4m/min1/2;静态悬砂速度为0.25 mm/s,常温下与原油混合可迅速破胶;具有良好的耐温性能(65℃)、稳定性和抗剪切性能,与地层水配伍性良好;岩心伤害率9.9%2.0%;60℃时静态滤失系数为3.15×10-4m/min1/2;静态悬砂速度为0.25 mm/s,常温下与原油混合可迅速破胶;具有良好的耐温性能(65℃)、稳定性和抗剪切性能,与地层水配伍性良好;岩心伤害率9.9%¹0.3%,比瓜胶压裂液下降了65%。在同类井况条件下,粘弹性清洁压裂液和瓜胶压裂液现场应用对比实验结果表明,该清洁压裂液在增油效果上具有一定优势,推广应用前景良好。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。