Bandwidth efficient single carrier systems with frequency domain equalisation

A new bandwidth efficient single carrier system with frequency domain equalisation is proposed. Turbo equalisation and cyclic prefix reconstruction are combined together to eliminate the normally required cyclic prefix for such a system. The proposed method achieves much better performance than the residual inter-symbol interference cancellation approach by utilising soft decoded information and introducing turbo equalisation. The performance of the proposed scheme is studied through simulations.     

SFBC single-carrier systems with turbo frequency domain equalisation

A turbo frequency domain equalisation (T-FDE) scheme for space-frequency block-coded (SFBC) single-carrier systems is proposed. The received signal is space-frequency decoded first, then the T-FDE is performed, which exchanges extrinsic information between the minimum mean square error (MMSE)-based frequency domain equaliser (FDE) and the decoder according to the turbo principle. The simulation results demonstrate that better performance can be achieved using the proposed scheme compared with non-iterative detection.     

OFDM系统中基于PN序列的迭代相关检测信道估计

提出了一种基于PN序列进行时域迭代相关检测的信道估计算法,在典型信道下,采用该算法后系统的误码率性能优于传统的频域导频系统.PN序列还可以用于多用户检测、频偏估计和定时同步,因而OFDM系统中使用PN序列的帧结构可以减少系统资源开销,提高频谱利用率.     

Joint channel estimation and turbo equalisation for MIMO-OFDM-IM systems

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) communications are frequently employed to improve the transmitted data rate and the link quality. Index modulated orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM-IM) improves the error rate performance and the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) compared with those of the conventional OFDM system due to the activation of partial subcarriers. The MIMO OFDM-IM can transmit additional information bits via the indices of active subcarriers. Also, in order to reduce the transmission power of the OFDM system, the MIMO OFDM-IM scheme can be employed to approach the demanded data transmission rate and the error rate performance. Multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing index modulation (MIMO-OFDM-IM) is an effective multicarrier transmission scheme and can be proposed as an alternative to conventional MIMO-OFDM system. In this scheme, OFDM-IM is combined with MIMO transmission to take the benefits of these two techniques. In this paper, we propose a joint channel estimation and turbo equalisation receiver for MIMO-OFDM-IM system. Some simulation examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed receiver.     

一种基于APPA的码辅助载波同步算法

在低信噪比环境下,小的频偏和相偏的存在会使Turbo编码系统的译码性能恶化,所以必须结合迭代译码系统,对信号的残留频偏和相差进行估计。该文提出一种改进的残留频偏载波相位估计算法后验概率辅助(APPA)相位估计,该算法将译码器输出的外信息用于辅助迭代的相位估计。环路滤波器将相位误差信号转换成控制信号,控制数控振荡器的输出,这样可以得到待估计的相位误差。仿真表明,在极低信噪比下(比如,SNR-7.8 dB)该算法在同时存在频偏和相偏的时候能正常工作,其性能非常接近理想同步条件下的性能。     

Turbo equalisation in non-Gaussian impulsive noise

Turbo equalisation is a state-of-the-art receiving scheme for coded data transmission over channels introducing intersymbol interference (ISI). The author investigates turbo equalisation performance in the presence of ISI and impulsive noise. The design imperfections contributing to the non-robustness of the standard turbo equaliser to outliers are identified, and a novel turbo equaliser, at almost no additional increase in complexity, is proposed for joint mitigation of ISI and impulsive noise. The proposed turbo equaliser incorporates a Talwar penalty function into the maximum a posteriori (MAP) component equaliser to serve two purposes. First, it improves the estimation of the transition probabilities for all transitions through the trellis and for subsequent determination of the a posteriori log-likelihood ratio. Secondly, it absorbs the outliers and prevents them from spreading into the MAP constituent decoder. Simulation results based on Proakis's channel models show that the proposed turbo equaliser achieves a dramatic improvement over the standard turbo equaliser in impulsive noise. At a bit error rate (BER) of 10/sup -2/, the performance gain is as large as 3.5 to 5 dB, and as large as 7 to 8 dB at a BER of 10/sup -3/.     

Modified back-propagation algorithm applied to decision-feedback equalisation

This study presents a modified back-propagation (BP) algorithm for a multilayer perceptron (MLP) to perfect its ability to cope with the problem of binary phase shift keying channel equalisation. For a typical BP algorithm, the error signal is obtained from the comparison between the target and estimated signal. The error signal is propagated layer by layer from the output layer to the input layer to adaptively adjust all weights in the MLP. Therefore all parameters of the MLP are obtained by a single BP algorithm. However, the structure of the MLP with a hidden layer provides the feasibility to modify the BP algorithm to improve its performance. The MLP can be divided from the hidden layer into two sub-MLPs, and each sub-MLP is optimised by its own BP algorithm. Accordingly, the whole MLP is adjusted by two BP algorithms independently. In this study, the modified BP algorithm is utilised to cope with the problem of channel equalisation. The simulation results show that the modified BP algorithm indeed improves the typical BP algorithm especially for an environment with nonlinear distortion, frequency offset, and phase and timing errors. Moreover, the computation complexity of the proposed algorithm almost equals that of the conventional BP algorithm     

Turbo equalization with sequential sequence estimation overmultipath fading channels

We investigate the performance of a turbo equalization scheme over frequency-selective fading channels, where a soft-output sequential algorithm is employed as the estimation algorithm. The advantage of this scheme comes from the low computational complexity of the sequential algorithm, which is only linearly dependent on the channel memory length. Simulation results of an 8-PSK trellis-coded modulation (TCM) system show that the performance of this scheme suffers approximately 2-dB loss compared with that of the turbo max-log maximum a posteriori (MAP) probability equalizer after 5 iterations     

RBF-based decision feedback aided turbo equalisation ofconvolutional and space-time trellis-coded systems

A reduced-complexity Jacobian radial basis function aided turbo equalisation (TEQ) scheme is proposed, which was found to provide a bit error ratio performance similar to that of the conventional trellis-based TEQ benchmarker at a 14-fold reduced complexity for a serially concatenated systematic convolutional coded and systematic space-time trellis-coded arrangement     

迭代检测算法在比特交织编码调制系统中的比较研究

迭代检测技术不仅局限于在传统的级联码系统中的应用,还可用于解决现代数字通信中的许多检测／译码问题。随着Turbo码的出现,人们对迭代译码算法进行深入研究,并提出一些简化译码算法。比特交织编码调制及迭代检测（bit—interleaved coded modulation with iterative decoding,BICMID）是一种高效数据传输系统。比特交织和迭代译码是BICM—ID系统具有卓越性能的关键因素,译码算法的选择不仅影响接收机的性能,也决定了系统的复杂度。文中研究迭代译码算法对BICM—ID系统性能的影响,分析各种译码算法的计算复杂度。仿真结果表明log-APP算法有好的性能同时复杂度也高,简化的译码算法能降低译码器的复杂度,但会带来一定的性能损失;随着信道条件的改善,算法简化带来的性能损失也随之减小。     

DVB-T与地面数字电视国标信道估计算法分析

介绍了DVB-T基于导频的信道估计算法与国标基于PN序列的迭代相关检测信道估计算法,对其进行了估计精度、均衡后的误码率性能、运算量、信道估计对冗余开销的影响等方面的比较,并理论推导出DVB-T基于导频的信道估计方法加入虚拟载波后导致的误差,最后得出国标信道估计具备令人满意性能的结论.     

IEEE802.16e系统上行链路初始测距算法研究

该文提出了一种适用于IEEE802.16e的OFDMA系统上行链路的初始测距频域改进算法。频域算法利用测距信号具有连续相位的特点,在频域将接收信号与备选码字共轭相关,按照接入用户信号的强弱依次检测出不同用户发送的码字和定时偏差,从而完成初始测距过程。改进频域算法在频域检测方法的基础上结合了串行干扰抵消的思想,提高了多用户同时接入系统时的正确检测概率,降低了虚警概率。通过仿真比较了改进算法和时域、频域算法的性能。结果表明,所提出的算法在计算复杂度和性能上兼有一定的优势。     

Research on the transmission performance of turbo codes in DDO-OFDM system

With the rapid development of optical elements with large capacity and high speed,the network architecture is of great importance in determing the performance of wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network(WDM-PON).This paper proposes a switching structure based on the tunable wavelength converter(TWC)and the arrayed-waveguide grating(AWG)for WDM-PON,in order to provide the function of opitcal virtual private network(OVPN).Using the tunable wavelength converter technology,this switch structure is designed and works between the optical line terminal(OLT)and optical network units(ONUs)in the WDM-PON system.Moreover,the wavelength assignment of upstream/downstream can be realized and direct communication between ONUs is also allowed by privite wavelength channel.Simulation results show that the proposed TWC and AWG based switching structure is able to achieve OVPN function and to gain better performances in terms of bite error rate(BER)and time delay.     

Modification of branch metric calculation to improve iterative SOVA decoding of turbo codes

It is known that the performance of a SOVA (soft output Viterbi algorithm) turbo decoder can be improved, as the extrinsic information that is produced at its output is over-optimistic. A new parameter associated with the branch metrics calculation in the standard Viterbi algorithm is introduced that affects the turbo code performance. Different parameter values show a simulation improvement in the AWGN channel as well as in an uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channel. By choosing the best value of this parameter, a coding gain improvement of 0.25 dB at BER of 10/sup -5/ is achieved compared to existing schemes.     

Least mean squares algorithm for fractionally spaced blind channelestimation

The authors consider the problem of blind estimation and equalisation of digital communication finite impulse response (FIR) channels using fractionally spaced samples. The system input is assumed to be a deterministic but unknown data sequence. Exploiting the periodicity of the transmitted data sequence in the frequency domain in the noise free case, it is shown that it is possible to form a linear system in terms of the unknown channel impulse response. In the presence of noise, a least mean squares (LMS) criterion is used to resolve the channel. The resulting algorithm has an appealing interpretation and can be considered as a single channel counterpart of the multi-channel cross-relation (CR) method. Finally, it is shown that the latter can be derived from the proposed algorithm     

Semi-Iterative Analog Turbo Decoding

Based on multiple-slice turbo codes, a novel semi-iterative analog turbo decoding algorithm and its corresponding decoder architecture are presented. This work paves the way for integrating flexible analog decoders dealing with frame lengths over thousands of bits. The algorithm benefits from a partially continuous exchange of extrinsic information to improve decoding speed and correction performance. The proposed algorithm and architecture are applied to design an analog decoder for double-binary codes. Taking full advantage of multiple slice codes, the on-chip area is shown to be reduced by ten when compared to a conventional fully parallelized analog slice turbo decoder. The reconfigurable analog core area for frames of 40 bits up to 2432 bits is 37 nm² in a 0.25-mum BiCMOS process.     

Cyclic delay diversity with frequency domain turbo equalization for uplink fast fading channels

Cyclic delay diversity (CDD) is an attractive diversity technique due to its low complexity and compatibility to existing wireless communication systems. This letter proposes a CDD with frequency domain turbo equalization (FDTE) for single carrier (SC) transmission, in order to achieve the full spatial diversity of frequency-selective multi-antenna channels. The frequency diversity inherent in SC is picked up from the increased channel selectivity of CDD. The noise or intersymbol interference enhanced by equalization for highly selective channels is then mitigated through applying FDTE at the receiver. Simulation results show that the performance of proposed system approaches the corresponding orthogonal spacetime block coding (STBC) system in slowly fading channels without any data rate loss, and considerably outperforms the STBC system in fast fading channels.     

Turbo Decoding on the Binary Erasure Channel: Finite-Length Analysis and Turbo Stopping Sets

This paper is devoted to the finite-length analysis of turbo decoding over the binary erasure channel (BEC). The performance of iterative belief-propagation decoding of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over the BEC can be characterized in terms of stopping sets. We describe turbo decoding on the BEC which is simpler than turbo decoding on other channels. We then adapt the concept of stopping sets to turbo decoding and state an exact condition for decoding failure. Apply turbo decoding until the transmitted codeword has been recovered, or the decoder fails to progress further. Then the set of erased positions that will remain when the decoder stops is equal to the unique maximum-size turbo stopping set which is also a subset of the set of erased positions. Furthermore, we present some improvements of the basic turbo decoding algorithm on the BEC. The proposed improved turbo decoding algorithm has substantially better error performance as illustrated by the given simulation results. Finally, we give an expression for the turbo stopping set size enumerating function under the uniform interleaver assumption, and an efficient enumeration algorithm of small-size turbo stopping sets for a particular interleaver. The solution is based on the algorithm proposed by Garello et al. in 2001 to compute an exhaustive list of all low-weight codewords in a turbo code.     

Carrier Synchronization for Very Low SNR

The Turbo decoding performance will suffer serious degradation under low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) conditions for the reason of residual frequency and phase offset in the carrier. In this paper, an improved residual carrier frequency offset estimation algorithm based on u priori probability aided (APPA) phase estimation is proposed. A carrier synchronization loop that combines the iterative turbo decoder and the phase estimator together is constructed, where the extrinsic information obtained from the Turbo decoder is used to aid an iterative phase estimation process. The simulation results show that the algorithm performs successfully under very low SNR conditions (for example, less than -7.4 dB) with large frequency offset and phase error and the performance of this algorithm is very close to the optimally synchronized system.     

Power Optimization of Three Dimensional Turbo Code Using a Novel Modified Symbiotic Organism Search (MSOS) Algorithm

In modern communication system error-control coding scheme is used to elevate the immunity of noisy communication channel. Turbo code (TC) is considered as one of the significant channel coding schemes which approaches to the Shannon limit. An upgraded version of TC named as 3 dimensional turbo code (3D-TC) has been emerged as a challenging research area in recent past. Meanwhile, considerable improvement in bit error rate (BER) performance of the TC has been achieved by incorporating suitable optimization algorithms. Motivated by above research trends, a modified symbiotic organisms search (MSOS) algorithm has been proposed by changing the organism structure and selection criteria of a newly developed symbiotic organisms search (SOS) algorithm. Subsequently the proposed MSOS has been used to design an improved 3D-TC. Here an optimal power allocation scheme of a new class of 3 dimensional turbo encoder has been investigated to improve its BER characteristics mainly in high SNR regions. Furthermore, the BER performance of the proposed 3D-TC code has been compared with conventional 2D serially concatenated and parallel concatenated turbo code as well as conventional 3D-TC. Finally, the BER performance of the proposed MSOS optimized 3D-TC has been compared with the SOS optimized 3D-TC and harmony search optimized 3D-TC.