含分布式电源的配电网供电恢复的多代理方法

针对含分布式电源的配电系统，特别在考虑了由分布式电源和负荷组成微网运行的情况下，建立了以恢复负荷最多、开关操作数最少为目标的供电恢复模型。在提出配网调度中心、微网、分布式电源三者的分层协调控制策略的基础上，应用多代理理论，建立了一个由全系统控制协调代理（CAG）、微网控制代理（MGAG）、分布式电源代理（DGAG）以及母线代理（BAG）组成的多代理系统，在保证配电网辐射状运行、满足配电网电压与电流及馈线容量等约束条件的情况下进行供电恢复。通过分析一个含2个变电站、14条母线和4个分布式电源的配电系统的单重及多重故障供电恢复问题验证了该方法的有效性。     

黑麇峰抽水蓄能电站黑启动可行性研究

黑启动是电力系统故障后迅速恢复的重要措施之一,本文对黑麋峰抽水蓄能电站机组黑启动的可行性和必要性进行了分析,并通过各黑启动电源的比较,确定了柴油发电机组作为黑启动电源的方案。     

惠州抽水蓄能电站黑启动备用电源的容量选择

黑启动是电力系统故障后迅速恢复的重要措施之一，可减少系统事故损失，满足紧急事故备用的要求。本文对惠州抽水蓄能电站黑启动备用电源设置的必要性、可行性做出了分析，并根据参加黑启动所必需的厂用电负荷，计算出启动这些负荷所需的电源容量。     

基于社会效益最大化的黑启动电源规划

通过论述电力系统恢复的步骤和策略,分析了黑启动电源对电力系统恢复的影响。建立了以社会停电损失最小为目标的黑启动电源规划模型,用以优化黑启动电源的安装位置及容量。模型考虑了2种情况,分别研究黑启动电厂对口支援非黑启动电厂和互联电网情况下黑启动电源规划问题,并考虑了用户停电损失率随时间变化的问题。应用遗传算法求解互联电网黑启动电源规划问题,并给出算例对所提出的规划模型进行了验证。最后总结了影响黑启动电源布置的因素。     

电力市场环境下互联电网恢复控制的评述

阐述现代互联电网对恢复控制的要求;比较不同的恢复控制策略，包括自下至上（bottom-up）、自上至下（top-down）及混合策略;讨论其优化与协调。根据各种恢复策略涉及的技术与经济因素，讨论决策支持系统应具备的功能。提出基于风险的自适应决策优化，分析市场环境对启动电源（包括黑启动）服务和恢复控制的影响，提出经济层面的优化及其与技术层面的协调。强调以量化指标反映启动电源服务的技术性能及停电风险，兼顾启动电源的经济性与可靠性。     

宁波溪口抽水蓄能电站黑启动功能探讨

宁波溪口抽水蓄能电站具备当电力系统发生紧急故障（如灾难性事故）停电后,快速启动机组发电,为大型火电厂提供厂用电源,从而实现宁波电网恢复供电的黑启动功能。文中介绍并探讨电站发电机黑启动的过程、路径及相关设备在黑启动过程中的应用与功能,以及有关问题。     

用户自备分散电源同时启动对配电网的影响及其措施分析

用户在市场环境下与电网公司的博弈过程中,将倾向于在电网负荷较高时启动用户自备的分散电源（DG）并网。文中首先建立了含异步型分散电源（IDG）的配电网启动模型,根据该模型对杭州局某10 kV配电网进行了多IDG的启动模拟,仿真结果表明,多IDG同时启动将造成并网过程中的电压骤降或电流增大,对系统运行和保护配置等都将产生重要影响。随后,提出了采用并联电容器组就地补偿方法和采用自耦减压启动器降压启动的解决方法,并分别进行了算例仿真研究。     

含高渗透率DG的配电系统区域纵联保护方案

近年来分布式发电技术得到了快速发展,配电系统中分布式电源（DG）的渗透率水平不断提高。多个DG的并入将会使配电系统短路电流的大小、流向和分布发生较大变化,将会导致传统的阶段式过电流保护无法正常工作。为了满足含高渗透率DG的配电系统对继电保护的要求,解决现有保护技术存在的问题,提出了一种以纵联比较保护原理为基础、以通信为支撑、以包含DG的配电变电站及其馈线为保护对象的主从式区域纵联保护方案。讨论了保护系统工作的方式,研究了故障检测与定位的基本方法。     

二滩水电站黑启动电源配置与测试试验

黑启动作为电力系统安全运行的重要措施之一,在大系统故障后的恢复起着至关重要的作用。从黑启动的应用背景出发,介绍了二滩水电站黑启动电源配置,并重点介绍了5号机组黑启动测试试验方法和步骤,试验结果表明二滩机组具备B类黑启动能力。     

流溪河水电厂作为黑启动电源点可行性分析

黑启动作为电力系统安全措施之一，对电力事故后整个电网恢复具有重要意义。阐述影响黑启动的不利因素及解决办法，分析流溪河水电厂作为黑启动电源点的有利条件，并通过机组黑启动试验，证明流溪河水电厂机组具备“黑启动”条件，在电网系统发生事故时能够迅速黑启动，进而安全、快速地为广州抽水蓄能电厂厂用电后备电源提供有力保证，为恢复广东电网提供了一道重要安全保障。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。