人工加糙明渠糙率值与水流流态关系试验

采用3种不同粒径粗糙度的人工加糙明渠和光滑PVC壁面明渠,在9种不同底坡、6组不同的流量条件下,研究了明渠均匀流中糙率值与粗糙度、弗汝德数间相关关系。研究结果表明:(1)相同流量条件下:随着弗汝德数Fr的增大,糙率n值逐渐增大。同一弗汝德数Fr下,粗糙度Δ越大,糙率n值越大。(2)不同绝对粗糙度下:随着弗汝德数Fr增大,糙率n值增大。当Fr0.70时(即缓流),糙率n值与弗汝德数Fr有关,与绝对粗糙度Δ关系不大,即n=f(Fr);当0.7Fr1.0时(即缓流),糙率值n与弗汝德数Fr和绝对粗糙度Δ都有关系,即n=f(Fr,Δ);当Fr1.0时(即急流),糙率n值与绝对粗糙度Δ有关,与Fr关系不大,即n=f(Δ)。     

矩形渠道人工加糙壁面阻力规律试验研究

为研究矩形渠道水流的阻力规律,采用了3种不同粗糙度的人工加糙渠道进行试验。研究结果表明在均匀流条件下,对同一粗糙度明渠,水力条件变化时糙率系数不是恒定不变的,它会随着流量的加大而呈对数减小,随着渠道宽深比的增大而呈对数增大,同时随着雷诺数Re和弗汝德数Fr的增加而呈幂函数减小。同时表明,不同的壁面粗糙度对糙率系数影响很大,进而影响水流的水力特性。即流量相同条件下,当壁面粗糙度增大时,断面水深增大,平均流速减小,雷诺数和弗汝德数均减小。并根据试验资料拟合出了糙率系数和等效粗糙度之间的关系式。     

底坡对人工渠道糙率影响的试验

为探究不同底坡对渠道糙率的影响,采用9种不同底坡的人工渠道,在6种不同的流量条件下研究糙率随底坡和流量变化的规律。试验结果表明:在明渠均匀流条件下,随着底坡的变化,渠道糙率存在3种不同的变化规律。当Fr<1时,随着流量的增大,糙率逐渐减小;当11.51时,随着流量的增大糙率逐渐增大。当流量相同时,随着底坡的增大,糙率逐渐增大。在缓流渠道中,渠道糙率随底坡变化的速率很快;在急流渠道中,渠道糙率随底坡变化的速率较慢,糙率趋于某一常数。     

水深与卵石粒径同量级下的河道糙率分析

通过水槽试验,探讨了卵石河道糙率在水深与卵石粒径同量级情况下随不同比降、流量的变化规律.结果表明:对于同一卵石河床,糙率不为常数,糙率随着水深和断面平均流速的增大而减小,当h/d＞2.5时糙率趋于定值;当h/d＜2.5时,糙率随着水深和断面平均流速的减小而增大.     

不同粗糙壁面人工渠道糙率影响因子试验研究

通过线性相关分析和投影寻踪回归分析,对不同粗糙壁面人工渠道糙率系数的试验结果进行数据分析,根据前期研究结果,确定弗劳德数Fr、流量Q、渠道平均水深h、绝对粗糙度Δ、底坡坡降i和雷诺数Re为影响因子,探讨各水力要素对人工渠道糙率系数影响的主次关系。结果表明:对不同粗糙壁面人工渠道糙率系数重要的影响因子为底坡坡降i、渠道平均水深h和弗劳德数Fr,其中弗劳德数Fr为改变人工渠道糙率系数较重要的影响因子,明渠水流的糙率系数随着流态的变化而变化。     

不同边壁条件下矩形明渠水力特性实验研究

为了研究明渠水流水力特性变化规律,在室内实验的基础上,采用矩形明渠变坡水槽,通过改变边壁条件、坡度和流量进行实验,得到了较好的实验数据。实验结果表明:边壁条件和坡度相同的情况下,随着流量的增加,水深呈线性增加,平均流速和雷诺数呈现幂函数增大;当Fr1时,弗劳德数随着流量的增加而增加;当1Fr1.526时,弗劳德数随着流量的增加先增加而后减小;当Fr1.526时,弗劳德数随着流量的增加而减小;曼宁糙率系数随着流量的增加呈对数减小趋势。边壁条件和流量相同的情况下,随着坡度的增大,水深呈减小趋势,平均流速、雷诺数、弗劳德数和曼宁糙率系数均呈现增加的趋势。并由实验数据得出了雷诺数与坡度和流量关系的经验公式。     

新疆阿勒泰哈巴河县养殖渠人工渠道糙率的试验分析

人工明渠糙率值确定及其变化规律研究,是水力学的重要课题之一,当前并无糙率随流量变动趋势关系的定论。以新疆阿勒泰哈巴河县养殖渠人工渠道为例,通过试验对不同底坡条件及相同底坡条件下糙率随流量变化的趋势规律进行研究。结果表明,流态是影响哈巴河县养殖渠人工渠道糙率的主要因素,此外,渠道糙率的取值及变动趋势还与底坡、弗汝德数、水深等因素有关。结果可为糙率特性的研究和水力计算中糙率准确取值的确定提供理论依据。     

不同断面形状对人工渠道糙率影响的试验研究

为探究不同断面对渠道糙率的影响,采用2种不同断面的人工渠道,在2种底坡及5种不同流量的条件下研究糙率随流量、底坡的变化规律。试验结果表明:在明渠均匀流条件下,在相同底坡、不同断面的人工渠道中,糙率的变化与流态有关,当Fr<1时,糙率值随着流量的增大逐渐减小;当Fr>1时,糙率值随着流量的增大逐渐增大。人工渠道断面形状发生变化时,糙率与各水力要素之间关系的变化规律基本相同,渠道的断面形状并不是影响渠道糙率变化的因素之一。     

不同加糙方式对明渠水力要素的影响探究

渠道糙率的变化会造成渠道各个水力要素产生相应的改变。通过对梯形渠道进行不同方式的加糙,并用电磁流速仪测量流速,分析在不同加糙方式下流速变化、不同形状的加糙形式对水流流速引起的变化以及糙率和各水力要素之间的关系。分析结果表明：当流量不变、加糙方式一定时,糙率随着设计水深的增大而增大;断面平均流速随着糙体间距的增大而增大;当流量不变、水深一定时,糙体布置间距越小,水流的纵向紊动强度越大;水深和糙体间距不变时,随着流量的增大,水流的纵向紊动强度增大,但变化不明显。     

不同水力要素对人工渠道糙率影响的主次关系

对于不同粗糙壁面的人工渠道中的均匀流,选取弗劳德数Fr、底坡比降i、雷诺数Re、流量Q、渠道平均水深h为参数,通过水力模型试验,确定这些因素对糙率系数的影响程度,分析各要素间的主次关系及相关关系。结果表明:对糙率影响较大的水力要素排序依次为弗劳德数Fr、渠道平均水深h和底坡比降i,糙率与流量、雷诺数无关。     

含淹没植被明渠水位及糙率变化试验研究

采用概化水槽试验研究了在不同植物间距、水流条件下,含淹没植被明渠水位、曼宁糙率系数的变化特征,给出了含淹没植被明渠的糙率经验公式.试验结果表明:相同的流量、水深条件下,明渠的水位壅高值和水面比降均随植物间距的减小而逐渐增大,当植物枝叶相互间贴近或交叉时,植物对明渠水位、比降的影响程度相对较大;水深基本相同、植物排列方式相同的情况下,随着流量的增加,水面比降基本呈线性增大趋势;水深相同的条件下,含淹没植被明渠糙率受水流流速的影响较小.     

The spatial arrangement of Neritina virginea (Gastropoda: Neritidae) during upstream migration in a split‐channel reach

This paper relates differences in flow hydraulics between a main channel (MC) and a side channel (SC) of a river to patterns of upstream migration by Neritina virginea (Neritidae: Gastropoda), a dominant diadromous snail in streams of Puerto Rico (Greater Antilles). Near‐bed water velocity, snail density and shell size were measured on a weekly basis between August and December 2000 along cross‐sections in a main channel (MC) and an adjacent channel (SC) under a bridge crossing of the Río Mameyes of Northeastern Puerto Rico. Near‐bed velocity and water depth were used to compute Reynolds (Re) and Froude (Fr) numbers, and to classify flows within each channel. During base flow conditions (<2 m³ s⁻¹), flow was chaotic and supercritical (Fr > 1) in the MC, and non‐chaotic and subcritical (Fr < 1) in the SC. Higher mean densities (>100 ind m⁻²) of relatively small snails (mean ± s.d., 6.3 ± 2.8 mm) were consistently recorded in the MC. Conversely, the SC had lower mean densities (<20 ind m⁻²) and significantly larger snails (7.6 ± 2.4 mm). Within the MC, migratory groups preferred near‐bed velocities > 0.8 m s⁻¹. Within the SC, they preferred the channel thalweg and depths > 30 cm. The spatial arrangement that was observed between and within the channels may be related to food resources, predation pressure or biomechanics. Characteristics of preferred upstream migration pathways of N. virginea must be accounted when building road crossings in coastal streams with diadromous fauna. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河岸与河底相对粗糙度对河道平衡形态的影响研究

边界条件对河流地貌形态具有重要影响,基于河道边界阻力水力半径分割方法,利用变分方法研究河岸与河底相对粗糙度对冲积河流平衡河道形态的影响.结果表明,河岸与河底相对粗糙度对河流达到平衡时的最大输沙率有一定的影响,但对河道平衡形态的影响非常显著.在临界和平均水力几何形态关系式中,随着河岸与河底相对粗糙度的增大,河宽关系式的系...     

连续弯道水流特性的试验研究

对正弦派生曲线生成的连续弯曲型河道开展试验,采用日本ACM2-RS型X-Y方向2轴电磁流速计对水流流速进行了测量,并对水流特性进行了分析。结果表明:连续弯曲河道纵向时均流速在弯顶处靠近凸岸处较大,而凹岸处较小,且沿河宽的分布沿程是变化发展的;弯顶水流纵向时均流速分布接近抛物线型,最大流速点位于上部水面以下,整体上大下小,而顺直过渡段水流纵向时均流速分布最大流速点位于底部,整体上小下大;连续弯曲河道水流阻力系数随着过水断面平均水深的增大而增大,随着过水断面宽深比的增大而减小。     

基于原型观测的输水渠道糙率取值及变化分析

为了研究长距离渠道糙率的合理取值,依据北疆输水工程总干渠2011—2016年逐日水位、流量数据,采用曼宁公式反算典型断面糙率,并构建一维非恒定流水动力模型对渠段糙率进行校核,分析长距离渠道糙率在渠段间的差异及边壁粗糙度随运行时间的变化情况。结果表明:断面的实测糙率与顺直渠段糙率相符,总干渠顺直段糙率在0.015～0.016,弯道明显的渠段,弯度校正因子在1.15～1.50,大小与弯道复杂程度相关;渠道糙率随运行时间呈增长趋势,总干渠等效粗糙度中期运行的年增幅约为18.54%。     

倒伏植被茎秆粗度对坡面水流特性的影响

为深入探索植被倒伏条件下水流结构的内在规律,开展植被茎秆直径对坡面流水流特性影响的试验研究。试验固定坡度为1. 0%,倒伏角度为20°,取茎秆直径为2 mm、3 mm、4 mm进行室内明渠流模拟试验。结果表明:在相同直径条件下,随水深增大,Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数逐渐增大,雷诺数呈线性增大,弗劳德数呈幂函数形式下降;在相同水深条件下,随茎秆直径增大,DarcyWeisbach阻力系数增大,雷诺数与弗劳德数随之而减小,且当茎秆直径每增加1 mm,阻力系数平均增大33. 76%,雷诺数平均减小2. 57%,弗劳德数平均减小8. 33%。     

Influence of roughness changes on offtaking discharge in irrigation canals

The paper shows how a change in irrigation canal roughness can influence the flow passing through offtakes. HEC-RAS steady state model was calibrated with changing Manning's “n” and used for flow simulation in a modern irrigation system in Iran. Results showed that the Manning's “n” obtained from the model calibration procedure (0.025) was different significantly from its primary value (0.015) along the canal. The increase was due to poor canal maintenance. The changes in roughness of about − 20%, − 40%, 40%, and 100% of the primary value can significantly influence the upstream water level and the discharge passing through some offtakes. In order to better evaluation and comparison of offtakes, sensitivity indicator “offtake sensitivity to roughness” was introduced. An analytical approach helped us to define an equation for direct estimation of the sensitivity indicator under steady state uniform conditions for trapezoidal canals. Evaluation of water level fluctuations and the sensitivity indicator shows that only two of the offtakes are sensitive to roughness changes because of being located at the upstream of submerged cross-regulators. It can be concluded that the effects of roughness changes could be more important for offtakes located far from the downstream cross-regulators or near the submerged cross-regulators.     

不同布置形态下刚性淹没植被对水流特性的影响

自然河道中植被呈现多种多样的分布状态,为探究不同布置形态下刚性淹没植被对水流特性的影响,利用室内水槽模拟含刚性淹没植被的明渠进行试验研究。结果表明:刚性淹没植被的布置形态对明渠流水流特性影响显著。在本文研究的植被布置形态下的水深、植被阻力系数与植被粗糙系数均增大,表现为交错型布置斑块型布置线性布置;流速与雷诺数均减小,表现为线性布置斑块型布置交错型布置;糙率n随着平均流速与水力半径之积VR的增大而减小。     

Effect of side slope of main channels on formation and penetration of scour hole in confluences

In an open‐channel confluence, deep scour holes and depositional point bars are usually formed due to high bed‐shear stresses and secondary circulations. In the present study, presuming the effectiveness of channel geometry on the flow dynamics at the confluence, some variables including different side slope angles of the main channel (θ = 45°, 60°, 75°, 90°), lateral to downstream discharge ratio (Q_r), and downstream densimetric Froude number (Fr_g3) were experimentally studied under clear‐water condition for the confluence angle α = 90°. According to the results, the increase of θ led to a greater penetration of scour hole across the main and tributary channels, whereas a little scour development was observed along those channels. Meanwhile, an increase in Q_r and Fr_g3 caused further scouring, but their effects on the dimensions of scour hole diminished with increase of θ. Thus, with increase of Q_r from 0.194 to 0.552, the mean penetration rate of scour hole to all directions for θ = 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90° was obtained 42.8%, 32.4%, 25%, and 20.5%, respectively. In addition, considering the effect of θ, Q_r, and Fr_g3, some empirical relationships were obtained for estimating the penetration length of scour hole. The derived relationships show that Fr_g3 plays more important role on the dimensions of scour hole than θ.