不同湿度条件下伊犁黄土湿陷性与压缩量的关系

新疆伊犁河流域的黄土,不同于西北台塬地区的黄土,为了解该地区黄土湿陷性与压缩量的关系,依托新疆伊犁河流域阿克达拉水电站引水渠道工程,现场提取不同埋深的原状黄土,在室内进行了不同湿度条件下黄土的湿陷性试验,分析了不同湿度条件下湿陷性随压力变化的规律及湿陷比例与压缩比例的变化规律。结果表明,在土样湿度相同时,同一深度的土样湿陷系数随压缩模量的增大而减小;在施加相同压力条件下,压缩模量随土样湿度增大而减小,湿陷比例的大小与土的湿度变化呈负相关,而土样压缩比例随湿度增加呈正相关。     

湿陷性黄土现场浸水试验研究

结合湿陷性黄土现场浸水试验,采用浅标点与深标点观测试验区地面湿陷和深层湿陷变形,基于试验实测数据分析沉降变形时间、空间的发展规律,并探求了试验区黄土湿陷性的特点。试验结果表明,该方法可准确判定场地黄土湿陷类型,对工程地基处理具有指导意义。     

高湿度黄土隧洞的监测分析与施工稳定控制

根据双村隧洞高湿度黄土不稳定围岩的施工监测结果，探讨隧洞变形随施工因素的变化规律和压力的分布规律，提出控制这类隧洞施工稳定性的方法和标准。这一研究较好解决了汉村隧洞的技术难点，并为施工带来显著效益。     

湿陷性黄土强夯施工技术

黄延高速公路第六标段位于较为典型的陕北黄土高原地区,路基地基一般为湿陷性黄土,湿陷等级:II～IV级。为消除黄土湿陷性影响,对特殊路基填方及浅挖地段进行强夯处理,重点介绍了黄延线特殊路基强夯处理的施工工艺、工艺特点及施工方法。     

黄土三轴蠕变试验与Singh-Mitchell模型修正

为研究陕西省咸阳市扶风地区黄土边坡的稳定性,利用SR-60型双联三轴蠕变仪对非饱和重塑黄土进行了三轴固结排水蠕变试验。试验结果表明,试样含水率、固结围压和偏应力水平对蠕变变形具有明显的影响,表现为当含水率较大、固结围压较小时,蠕变形变量大,蠕变现象明显;当其他条件一定时,在偏应力水平较大条件下,试样变形大,蠕变现象明显。同时,利用Singh-Mitchell模型和修正后的Singh-Mitchell模型对试验数据进行拟合发现,修正后的模型克服了偏应力水平对原始模型模拟精度的限制,拟合精度高,且后期趋势基本吻合,能较好地模拟该地区黄土蠕变过程。     

流固耦合传热对蒸汽湿度测量传感器的影响

采用流固耦合法,分析计算了不同蒸汽参数及流速条件下谐振腔内的温度分布;加载温度载荷,计算了不同条件下谐振腔体的热变形量;根据谐振腔体有效部分内表面节点热变形量的平均值,分析了谐振腔体节点热变形对谐振频率的影响.结果表明:随着蒸汽温度升高和流速增大,谐振腔体温度升高,热变形量增大,谐振频率偏移量增大.应从谐振腔的材料、结构设计及蒸汽湿度测量方案等方面进行改进,以降低谐振腔体节点热变形对蒸汽湿度测量的影响.     

应力条件的变化对非饱和黄土吸力状态特性的影响

本文对均压加、卸荷、偏压加、卸荷等应力条件下不同起始密度～湿度状态的非饱和黄土的吸力状态特性规律进行了系统的三轴试验研究，对比了各因素的影响，提出了统一吸力状态方程的表达式。     

土工格栅加筋土石坝的试验和数值模拟研究

为进一步了解土工格栅加筋土石坝的变化特性,对土工格栅和堆石料接触面特性进行了拉拔试验,发现接触面上的剪应力较大,且随上覆压力的增加而增加;试验拉拔位移主要为土工格栅的伸长量,接触面上的相对位移较小,因此加筋土石坝数值模拟应设置土工格栅和堆石料接触面变形协调,并将试验结果应用于加筋土石坝的数值模拟中,分析了土石坝加筋前后应力变形特性和动力响应的变化规律。结果表明,加筋对土石坝变形的抑制效果主要体现在地震工况下;加筋后坝体的地震永久变形有所减小,加筋对顺河向的地震永久变形抑制效果大于震陷;加筋后顺河向永久变形指向下游,最大震陷位于坝顶。     

深挖渠道边坡工程防护中的高压摆喷灌浆试验研究

南水北调中线一期工程总干渠辉县一标段为全开挖方渠道,开挖后渠坡上分布有中等—强湿陷性黄土和较厚层的强透水性卵石层,虽在渠坡、渠底采取了全衬砌混凝土等防渗措施,但黄土湿陷及卵石层强渗透压力仍可破坏渠坡。为保证渠坡稳定性,拟采用高压摆喷灌浆三管法形成截渗墙法以加固左右岸黄土并防渗。为摸索出施工工艺并验证设计的可行性,布置了三种孔距进行灌浆试验。结果表明,采用孔距1.0m时可达到加固黄土及防渗要求,进而给出了施工参数,可大规模推广应用于辉县一标段渠道高压摆喷灌浆施工中。     

超高心墙堆石坝长期运行应力变形研究

鉴于超高心墙堆石坝的长期变形规律对其正常运行维护具有重要意义,基于广义塑性模型,综合考虑坝料流变和湿化特性,采用三维固结有限元法对300m级超高心墙堆石坝进行变形和应力分析,分别讨论了循环水荷载、坝料流变及湿化特性对大坝长期变形的影响。结果表明,三维固结有限元计算得到的坝体变形满足安全要求,符合土石坝变形基本规律;统一广义塑性模型可反映坝体心墙在循环加、卸载作用下的塑性变形累积现象,流变对超高心墙堆石坝的长期变形有重要影响;大坝长期运行过程中,上游坝壳的湿化特性所引起的大幅湿陷变形是后期沉降的主要原因,同时会导致坝体向上游倾斜;竣工期大坝心墙内存在一定的孔隙水压力,水库蓄水运行后,随着大坝变形趋于稳定,坝体应力分布亦趋于稳定状态。     

喷射器结构分析及两类喷射器性能比较

对气力输送喷射器内部流场进行了模拟,从数值计算的角度分析了影响喷射器性能的几个重要因素,并介绍了一种新型的同心气力输送喷射器,将其与传统的气力输送喷射器进行了比较,得出了这种喷射器的优点和实际操作中需要注意的问题。     

锅炉自动控制系统节能改造的实现

我国工业锅炉控制自动化程度不高,其操作基本上停留在手工和简单模拟仪表操作的水平,操作人员不仅劳动强度大,还容易造成运行事故。文中介绍了一种工业锅炉自动控制系统,并讨论了系统的整体构成方案。将可编程序控制器与工业控制计算机相结合,制定出先进的计算机控制系统替代了传统的控制方法。根据这种控制方法控制系统,很容易被实现,并且将达到很好的控制效果。     

汽轮机通流部分改造后机组的回热系统优化

在火电厂中应用先进的气动技术对汽轮机的通流部分进行改造后，汽轮机的膨胀效率会得到提高，而回热系统则偏离了最佳的设计工况。为了解决这个问题，采用非线性优化方法通过变动汽轮机的抽气参数得到回热系统的给水焓升最佳分配方案，从而进一步提高了机组的热力性能。研究方法和结果对火电厂机组的改造具有参考价值。图2表3参8     

浅论电能质量的问题与改善措施

现代电网与负荷构成出现新的变化趋势,由此带来的电能质量问题一直是电力用户的生产需求驱动的,提出了电能质量的问题,阐明了电能质量的内涵和指标,分析了电能质量的检测内容与方法,提出了改善电能质量的方法和措施。     

美国清洁能源产业发展战略及对我国的政策启示

美国奥巴马政府把发展清洁能源产业作为战胜危机、占领经济制高点的法宝。本文介绍了美国清洁能源产业发展的重点领域,政府为支持清洁能源产业发展采取的战略举措,并针对我国的现状提出了政策建议。     

烟气加热器转子制造工艺介绍

介绍了目前烟气脱硫装置中2种烟气加热器(GGH)转子的结构型式及特点,在制造过程中的一些制造要求及相应的工艺措施,如焊接材料的成分及选用、焊接方法的比较和选择、零件加工的要求、转子组装的要求、工艺程序和多次制造积累的相关经验介绍。制造工艺的日趋成熟,为今后开拓广阔的烟气加热器市场打下了扎实的基础。     

全氢炉氢气角度对内罩中气流影响的数值模拟

以国内某钢铁厂常用的全氢炉为例,使用计算机仿真技术对全氢炉炉台氢气进口角度改变后内罩内各处氢气流量的变化进行了仿真研究,研究结果表明氢气入口速度矢量的轴向夹角与切向夹角的变化会主要会引起顶部流通通道、第一、第二层对流板处氢气流量的变化,第三、第四层对流板处氢气流量随着氢气入口速度矢量变化范围不大,且存在"均匀轴向夹角"和"均匀切向夹角",当氢气入口速度矢量的轴向夹角和切向夹角分布在此范围时,顶部流通通道和第一、第二层对流板处氢气流通通道的氢气流量较为均匀,此时有助于内罩内各个钢卷与四周环境的换热。     

燃油注汽锅炉烟气余热回收技术

本文对稠油油田注汽锅炉余热利用潜能进行了分析,探讨了回收烟气余热的必要性。对注汽锅炉烟气余热回收方式进行了研究,提出了注汽锅炉烟气余热回收的方案。经现场实施和测试,分析证实了注汽锅炉烟气余热回收的效果。     

Analysis of the influence of the current-voltage characteristics of the voltage rectifiers on the static characteristics of hydrogen electrolyzer load

Traditionally, the determination of static load characteristics is one of the main stages in the preparation of a design model of an electric power system. It is especially important to correctly take into account energy-intensive industries, which make a huge contribution to the formation of these characteristics. In particular, the increased interest in hydrogen technologies observed in the world as one of the most promising high-tech areas of energy development, and an increase in the share of the installed capacity of generation units based on renewable energy sources determine the prospects for the development of hydrogen production by water electrolysis. Accordingly, a significant increase in the scale of application of hydrogen technologies, in particular, in accordance with the “Hydrogen Strategy for Climatically Neutral Europe”, the European Commission for the production of “green” hydrogen, determines the task of forming correct mathematical models of these devices in terms planning of modes, analyzing their impact on the parameters of electric power systems. Determination of static load characteristics on the basis of a physical experiment will not allow obtaining a characteristic with a significant increase or decrease in voltage in the node of the electric power system, which occur only in emergency modes of operation of the power system. Therefore, it seems relevant to analyze and determine the electrical characteristics of consumers by mathematical modeling of the power circuit. This article presents the results of correcting the static load characteristic of a high-power electrolyzer used in the production of hydrogen. The analysis of these results obtained with the MATLAB software is carried out using least squares regression to procure polynomial functions of the static load characteristics. According to this analysis, the static characteristics of the considered electrolyzer, being close to linear within the control range, outside the control range acquire parabolic dependences of active and reactive power on voltage. The static load characteristics of the installation are determined by the parameters of the power circuit and the current-voltage characteristic of the rectifiers displacing the vertices of the parabolas from the origin, which should be taken into account to increase the reliability of the design scheme.     

Evidence of the illegitimacy of the additive approach to the determination of the thermophysical properties of coal-water fuel with glycerol

For the fuel ignition, the thermal conductivity and heat capacity are the key properties that determine the pre-ignition behavior of the drop of the fuel. The classic monophase fuels, such as natural gas, liquid propellants, or solid one-component fuels, have been investigated for a long time; and their thermophysical properties are well known in most of the cases. Composite fuels, which have recently attracted the attention of the researchers, have complex contents. In many cases, composite fuel is a mixture of solid and liquid components in the form of a slurry. Coal-water fuel and its derivatives with different additives are examples of such type fuels. For those fuels, the thermophysical properties are usually unknown. Nowadays, researchers use simple additivity theory for the calculation of the thermophysical properties of complex fuels for the first approach. Authors of this research believe that the simple additivity approach is not correct and can lead to the wrong results in the case of the numerical research of the ignition and burning processes of such a fuel. In the present research, the thermophysical properties of coal-water fuel with glycerol additives were experimentally obtained. It was found that the coefficient of thermal conductivity increases with temperature and varies in the range of 0.45 to 0.53 W/(m·K). The heat capacity of the fuel also increases with the temperature and varies from 4.7 to 5.5 kJ/kg·K. The higher the glycerol content, the lower the thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the composite fuel in the investigated temperature range. The results confirm the failure of the approach of the additivity law usage. Neither, thermal conductivity coefficient or heat capacity of the coal-water fuel with the addition of up to 20% glycerol complies with the additivity law. Differences between real values of the thermophysical properties and calculated ones are more than 30% to 50%. Empirical expressions for calculation of the thermophysical properties of coal-water fuel with the addition of up to 20% glycerol are presented.