涂铁砂过滤去除水中磷的研究

试验制备一种涂铁砂(IOCS)滤料用于对水中磷的去除,与石英砂相比IOCS表面粗糙,空隙多,比表面积大,且附有α-Fe_2O_3晶体,吸附能力增强。通过过滤试验研究了IOCS滤料在不同的试验条件下(pH、空床接触时间、进水磷浓度、滤床深度等)对水中磷的去除效果。结果表明:中性条件下磷的去除效果最佳,pH太高和太低都不利于磷的去除;中性条件下,当空床接触时间为13min,进水磷浓度为1.0 mg/L,滤床深度为50 cm时,去除效果较好,平均去除率可达82%;空床接触时间、进水磷浓度、滤床深度等是影响过滤运行周期的主要因素。     

锁磷剂Phoslock除磷试验研究

研究了锁磷剂(Phoslock)吸附除磷的效果及动力学,当原水磷酸盐浓度为1 mg/L时(以P计),处理水中磷酸盐随Phoslock的投加量增加而减少,pH为9～10时除磷效果最佳;动力学试验表明,Phoslock除磷具有持续性和长效性;Phoslock对磷酸盐的吸附可较好拟合Langmuir等温线;解吸附试验表明,磷酸盐的吸附与解吸处于动态平衡,解吸的磷酸盐浓度较低,不会对处理效果造成显著影响。     

三种人工湿地填料对磷的吸附特性研究

采用等温吸附和吸附动力学实验,研究了三种人工湿地填料页岩、陶粒和砾石对磷的吸附特性。结果表明:Freundlich和Langmuir模型均能较好地拟合各填料对磷的吸附特征,各填料对磷的理论饱和吸附量大小依次为页岩(527.992 mg/kg)>陶粒(328.165 mg/kg)>砾石(129.729 mg/kg);各填料对磷的吸附过程分为快、中、慢3个阶段,三种填料对磷的吸附速率依次为页岩>陶粒>砾石;准二级动力学方程、双常数方程和Elovich方程均能较好地描述人工湿地填料对磷的吸附动力学特征,但从相关系数来看,准二级动力学方程的描述更为准确。     

河流泥沙吸附磷的研究现状与展望

输送水流泥沙和营养物质是河流的主要功能之一。大坝等水利工程拦截泥沙的同时,改变了河流营养物质的迁移和转化。从国内外近20 a泥沙吸附磷的相关研究文献可以看出:泥沙对磷的吸附与泥沙颗粒的理化性质、水体初始磷浓度、含沙量以及环境因子等相关,即颗粒越细,表面吸附位越多,更有利于磷的吸附;水体初始磷浓度越高,吸附量越多;含沙量越大,总吸附量越大,单位质量泥沙吸附量越少;泥沙吸附磷的机理模型主要有热力学模型和动力学模型两类,Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型在等温吸附中应用较广;二级动力学模型对泥沙吸附磷的全过程拟合程度更高;在河流生态系统中,泥沙吸附的磷以颗粒态磷的形式作为生物可利用磷的储备,间接影响水生生物的生长。颗粒态磷与水生生物的生长关系、吸附量与含沙量等多因子的动力学模型在今后有待进一步研究。     

覆铁石英砂对As的固化机理及影响因素

开展了覆铁石英砂(iron-oxide coated sand,IOCS)对水体中不同价态As的固化机理和影响因素的实验研究。结果表明:IOCS对As的吸附去除效率随IOCS表面Fe浓度的升高而增大,吸附量和固液分配系数均随反应时间的增加而增加,准二级反应模型能更好地描述As在IOCS表面的吸附行为。等温吸附实验结果表明:Freundlich的拟合效果较好,指数1/n随着IOCS表面铁浓度的增大而减小,说明经高浓度铁盐处理过的IOCS对于As具有更强的约束能力。此外,不同浓度的IOCS对As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)的吸附容量均随着反应温度的升高而升高,但温度对As(Ⅲ)的吸附效果的影响相对于As(Ⅴ)更显著。经各浓度铁盐处理过后的IOCS在不同pH值条件下吸附去除As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)的效果明显好于未经处理的砂质介质,但都呈现吸附量随pH的升高而下降的变化趋势。     

氧化铁改性石英砂用于游泳池砂缸滤料过滤试验研究

对新型砂缸滤料氧化铁改性石英砂滤料(Iron Oxide Coated Sand,IOCS)进行过滤和反冲洗试验,研究其对游泳池水主要污染物的去除效果及截污性能,并与传统砂缸滤料(选原始石英砂,Raw QuartzSand,RQS)的性能进行对比研究,探寻IOCS对污染物的过滤去除效果及其再生能力。试验结果表明:IOCS滤料较RQS滤料过滤去除游泳池水中污染物的效果更佳,过滤周期更长,截污除浊能力更强。采用气水反冲洗与NaOH助脱剂组合试验的反冲洗方法,可以有效再生过滤有机物后的IOCS滤料。     

附着生物膜的泥沙颗粒对磷的吸附特性研究

附着在泥沙表面的生物膜具有很强的吸附特性,对水环境中营养盐等物质的迁移转化具有重要的作用.本文对去除生物膜的泥沙和表面附着生物膜的泥沙分别进行了吸附营养盐磷的实验研究,对比了去除生物膜与附着生物膜的泥沙颗粒对磷的吸附能力,研究了附着生物膜的泥沙颗粒吸附磷的动力学及热力学特征.研究结果表明,去除生物膜的泥沙对磷的吸附性微小,而附着生物膜的泥沙颗粒对磷的吸附能力很强,在相同条件下附着生物膜的泥沙颗粒的吸附量比纯净泥沙吸附量高出1个数量级;同时附着生物膜的泥沙颗粒吸附磷的动力学特性符合准二级动力学模型,等温吸附特性符合Langmuir等温式,吸附速率和平衡吸附量随泥沙粒径减小而增大.     

含铁矿物吸附剂除磷机理研究及中试应用

研究了含铁矿物吸附剂吸附含磷废水的各项性能,通过静态试验得出此吸附剂的最佳吸附条件,并以此为依据进行了动态小试试验和中试试验。结果表明,含铁矿物吸附剂的吸附平衡时间为45h,吸附等温线较符合Freundlich方程,pH约为5时吸附量达到最大,除铁离子和铝离子外,水体中无机阴离子和阳离子对磷酸盐的吸附影响不大。用1mol/L的NaOH溶液对饱和吸附剂解吸再生,解吸率达到90%以上。在合适的填充体积和进水流速下,含铁矿物吸附剂连续吸附除磷可以达到良好的效果,中试试验装置连续运行了约105d,出水TP达到了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)(Ⅲ类湖、库)要求。     

黄河内蒙古段表层沉积物磷的吸附行为

为探明黄河内蒙古段表层沉积物对磷的吸附行为,模拟研究了内蒙古段6个采样点表层沉积物磷的动力学吸附和等温吸附行为,并分别运用动力学吸附模型、等温吸附模型对试验数据进行拟合,探究沉积物理化性质与磷最大吸附量的相关性。结果表明:沉积物磷的动力学吸附过程符合Lagergren准二级吸附动力学反应;沉积物磷的等温吸附过程用Langmuir等温吸附回归方程、Friendlich等温吸附回归方程均能较好地拟合,属于单分子层吸附;6个采样点吸附/解吸平衡浓度(EPC0)依次为0.114、0.089、0.140、0.098、0.065、0.082 mg/g,沉积物磷最大吸附量依次为0.246 0、0.109 6、0.049 5、0.189 9、0.284 9、0.033 0 mg/g。研究发现,在乌拉特前旗、老牛湾采样点,沉积物对磷吸附表现为"汇";乌海、临河、包头、呼市托县沉积物表现为水体中磷的"源",有向上覆水释放磷的潜力;内蒙古段6个采样点表层沉积物磷的最大吸附量与沉积物有机质含量呈正相关关系。     

北运河河岸湿地土壤对磷的吸附解吸特性分析

采集了北运河河岸湿地的土壤,测试了土壤的基本理化特性,在实验室内开展了不同温度和p H值条件下磷的吸附解吸实验,分别采用吸附动力学3种经验方程和交叉型Langmuir吸附等温方程对实验数据进行拟合,研究结果表明:(1)土壤对磷的吸附在12 h内基本达到平衡,随着温度升高,土壤对磷的吸附量相应变小;(2)准二级吸附动力学方程能很好地反映北运河河岸土壤对磷的吸附行为;(3)随着p H值在6~9范围内的增大,动态平衡磷浓度(EPC0)基本呈现升高的趋势。     

Arsenic removal from groundwater by a newly developed adsorbent.

A novel adsorbent, which had been developed for phosphate adsorption, was adopted for arsenic removal from groundwater. Adsorption isotherm, pH dependence of the isotherm and adsorption rate were studied by batch method. Furthermore, by using a granular adsorbent of 1.8 mm diameter which is commercially available, lab-scale experiments of continuous adsorption treatment of actual groundwater containing arsenic at 50 mg m(-3) were conducted to examine the performance of the adsorbent. A large amount of arsenic, i.e., 10 g As kg(-1), was adsorbed at pH 7.0 and 10 mg As m(-3) in equilibrium concentration. It was only a 5% higher amount compared to conventional activated alumina. However, twice the bed volume, i.e., total volume of effluent divided by empty column volume, was achieved till breakthrough by using this novel adsorbent. This may be because the pH decrease, which enlarges apparent adsorption capacity of the adsorbent, is caused by a self-pH decrease function of the adsorbent. The self-pH decrease function must be delivered by dissociation of Al (III) aquoion. The proton release was clearly observed in batch experiments.     

Phosphorus recovery as struvite from eutropic waters by XDA-7 resin

Phosphorus releases into aquatic environment and its subsequent contribution to eutrophication have resulted in a widespread global pollution issue. However, phosphorus is a non-renewable source. The potential supplies of phosphorus are decreasing worldwide. Therefore, removal and recovery of phosphorus from the eutropic waters is important, emergent and necessary. In this research, experiments for recovering phosphate from eutropic waters by anion exchange combined with struvite precipitation were conducted. The results indicated that the prepared XDA-7 resin was an effective adsorbent for phosphate. The adsorption isotherm of XDA-7 resin was found to be a modified Freundlich type. The maximum phosphate adsorption (20.9 mg/g) occurred in the pH range of 6.0-8.0. Phosphate adsorbed on the XDA-7 resin was effectively desorbed with 8% NaCl solution, and the resin was able to be regenerated with 3% NaClO and 4% NaOH solutions. Phosphate desorbed from the resin was recovered as magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite). The obtained struvite was analyzed by acid dissolution method, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The struvite precipitate was found to be 75.8% in purity, a high-value fertilizer.     

Dewatered alum sludge: a potential adsorbent for phosphorus removal.

Alum sludge refers to the by-product from the processing of drinking water in water treatment works. In this study, groups of batch experiments were designed to identify the characteristics of dewatered alum sludge for phosphorus adsorption. Air-dried alum sludge (moisture content 10.2%), which was collected from a water treatment works in Dublin, was subjected to artificial P-rich wastewater adsorption tests using KH2PO4 as a model P source. Adsorption behaviours were investigated as a function of amount and particle size of alum sludge, pH of solution and adsorption time. The results have shown that pH plays a major role not only in the adsorption process but also in the adsorption capacity. With regard to adsorption capacity, this study reveals the Langmuir adsorption isotherm being the best fit with experimental data (R2 = 0.98-0.99). The maximum adsorption capacities range from 0.7 to 3.5 mg-P/g when the pH of the synthetic P solution was varied from 9.0 to 4.3, accordingly. The outcome of this study indicated that alum sludge is suitable for use as an adsorbent for removal of phosphate from wastewater.     

Adsorption characteristics of methylene blue onto agricultural wastes lotus leaf in bath and column modes

The adsorption potential of lotus leaf to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution was investigated in batch and fixed-bed column experiments. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Koble-Corrigan isotherm models were employed to discuss the adsorption behavior. The results of analysis indicated that the equilibrium data were perfectly represented by Temkin isotherm and the Langmuir saturation adsorption capacity of lotus leaf was found to be 239.6 mg g(-1) at 303 K. In fixed-bed column experiments, the effects of flow rate, influent concentration and bed height on the breakthrough characteristics of adsorption were discussed. The Thomas and the bed-depth/service time (BDST) models were applied to the column experimental data to determine the characteristic parameters of the column adsorption. The two models were found to be suitable to describe the dynamic behavior of MB adsorbed onto the lotus leaf powder column.     

人工湿地填料除砷效率及影响因素试验研究

人工湿地是净化含砷水体的重要途径之一,而填料是决定人工湿地除砷效果的关键因素。通过填料如砾石、锰砂、沸石和陶粒的理化性质的测定,以及各种填料的吸附动力学、吸附等温线和吸附影响因素试验,研究了填料的除砷性能及影响因素。结果表明:4种填料均能在24 h内达到吸附平衡,一级动力学方程和二级动力学方程能很好地拟合其吸附过程;锰砂、陶粒、沸石和砾石最大吸附容量依次为36.62,25.39,11.96,7.04 mg/kg,Freundlich方程能较好地拟合填料的等温吸附过程;在0.25~0.50 mm范围内,粒径对锰砂和陶粒吸附砷影响不显著;溶液中氨氮浓度在0.50~2.50 mg/L范围内几乎不影响填料对砷的吸附;当砷初始浓度低于0.4 mg/L时,磷酸盐在0.25~0.50 mg/L范围内对填料吸附砷的影响不显著;砷初始浓度高于0.4 mg/L时,随着磷酸盐浓度从0.25 mg/L增加至0.50 mg/L时,陶粒对砷的最大吸附量降低了2.57 mg/kg,对锰砂的吸附量降低了1.85 mg/kg。     

Layered double hydroxide (LDH)-coated attapulgite for phosphate removal from aqueous solution

In this study, a composite adsorbent, layered double hydroxide (LDH)-coated attapulgite (LDH-AP), was synthesized and characterized. Its potential application for LDH stabilizer and phosphate (P) removal from aqueous solution was evaluated using the batch mode and continuous mode in a packed bed column. The batch experiments revealed that the data of P adsorption onto LDH-AP could be well described by the Freundlich equation, and the maximum adsorption capacity was estimated to be 6.9 mg/g. The column experiments were conducted in the tap water and the results indicated that the competing anions could slightly decrease phosphate removal. The saturated column was regenerated by 0.2 mol/L of NaOH and the regenerated column was examined for its reuse in phosphate removal. The results of this study suggested that attapulgite could be used as an applicable stabilizer of LDH and LDH-AP could be potentially used as a promising filtration medium for phosphate removal.     

Removal of Cr(VI) by magnetite nanoparticle.

Magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel method. The highly crystalline nature of the magnetite structure with diameter of around 10 nm was characterized with transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The surface area was determined to be 198 m2/g. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the adsorption kinetics and mechanism of Cr(VI) by these magnetite nanoparticles. The Cr(VI) uptake was mainly governed by physico-chemical adsorption. The adsorption process was found to be pH and temperature dependent. The adsorption data fit well with the Freundlich isotherm equation. The Freundlich constants were calculated at different temperatures. The adsorption capacity increased with rising temperature. Preliminary results indicate that magnetite nanoparticles may be used as an adsorbent for removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater.     

改性陶土颗粒吸附砷的实验研究

以赤玉土为骨料烧制陶土材料,经FeCl3溶液浸渍及热处理改性后制备成新型的改性陶土颗粒吸附剂,对其表面特征及除砷性能进行初步研究:BET测定得出该吸附剂比表面积为36.493m2/g,孔容量为0.070mL/g;SEM EDX显示吸附剂表面有大量铁、氧元素分布;对比该吸附剂和HCl溶液改性吸附剂表面的微观数码照片及3D影像图,表明该吸附剂表面存在大量铁氧化物;该吸附剂在中性pH范围内有良好吸附除砷能力,共存的氟离子、磷酸根离子对除砷效果有不同程度的竞争影响,碳酸根离子对除砷效果无显著影响;Freundlich等温线方程能较好地拟合As(V)的吸附过程(R2=0.9927),吸附平衡时的饱和吸附容量可达43.491mg/g。低成本高效的改性陶土颗粒应用于实际的砷吸附处理,具有较好的应用前景。     

Adsorptive performance of penta-bismuth hepta-oxide nitrate, Bi?O?NO?, for removal of methyl orange dye

The adsorption of methyl orange dye from aqueous solution onto penta-bismuth hepta-oxide nitrate, Bi(5)O(7)NO(3), synthesized by precipitation method, was studied in a batch adsorption system. The effects of operation parameters such as adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, pH and temperature were investigated. The adsorption equilibrium and mechanism of adsorption was evaluated by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm and different kinetic models, respectively. The results indicate that adsorption is highly dependent on all operation parameters. At optimum conditions, the adsorption capacity was found to be 18.9 mg/g. The adsorption data fits well with the Langmuir isotherm model indicating monolayer coverage of adsorbate molecules on the surface of Bi(5)O(7)NO(3). The kinetic studies show that the adsorption process is a second-order kinetic reaction. Although intra-particle diffusion limits the rate of adsorption, the multi-linearity plot of intra-particle model shows the importance of both film and intra-particle diffusion as the rate-limiting steps of the dye removal. Thermodynamic parameters show that the adsorption process is endothermic, spontaneous and favourable at high temperature.     

EXPERIMENTS ON SELF-PURIFICATION OF HEAVY METALPOLLUTANTS IN NATURAL RIVERS

1.INTRODUCTIONThemovementofwater,sedimentandpollutantsandtheinteractionamongtheminnaturalriversareverycomplicated.Movementofwater,sedimentandPOllutantsarerandom.ButfromastatisticalviewPOint,theirmovementfollowssomerules.Twokindsoftypicalcases,thatis,atributarywithheavymetalpollutantsjoiningamainstream,andanunPOllutedtributarywithmuchsedimententeringamainstreamcontaminatedbyheavymetals,arestudiedinthispaper.Besides,flowscenesinnaturalriversaredifferentindifferentseasons.InthenabPeriod,g…