Features of feeding behavior of students of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia

The feeding behavior of students of Peoples Friendship University of Russia from 55 countries (557 persons) was studied by questionary method. Most students (83%) recognized the changes in nutrition after admission to the university. A quarter of students noted the ill health. The adaptation to the new nutrition type of at 12% per a year of study. About third (31%) rated their nutrition as good, 39%--as satisfactory, 20%--unsatisfactory at the moment of research. 80% of students broke a diet. About half of students (51%) regularly miss a breakfast, 34% and 15%--miss a dinner and supper. More than 60% of students eat hot meals not oftener than once a day. Insufficient consumption of fish, eggs and bean by students also was noted in the course of research. Irrationality of the educational schedule and the high prices for foodstuffs are leading causes of breaking of nutrition according to students.     

Energy expenditure of workers at modern animal-breeding complexes

The energy expenditure of workers at modern cattle-breeding farm complexes was studied during their working time and during 24 h. It was found that during the working period the energy expenditure fluctuated from 9.2 to 25.9 kJ/min, while daily energy expenditure comprised 11.6-13.8 MJ.     

Energy expenditure and the actual nutrition of students in institutions of higher education

Twenty-four hours' energy expenditure, actual nutrition and incidence of excessive body weight were studied in 100 students (85 females and 15 males), aged 19-29. Twenty-four hours' energy expenditure in males comprised 2585.2 +/- 16.3 kcal, in females - 2434.5 +/- 7.9 kcal, calorific value was 2591.3 +/- 18.9 kcal and 2587.5 +/- 12.6 kcal, respectively. The diet of males consisted of 95.1 +/- 3.9 g protein (including 72.4 g animal protein), 122.9 +/- 8.1 g fats (including 9.7 +/- 0.9 g vegetable fats) and 276.2 +/- 7.4 g carbohydrates. The diet of females contained 93.3 +/- 2.1 g protein (including 63.8 +/- 2.7 g animal protein), 111.9 +/- 4.1 g fats (including 14.6 +/- 1.0 g vegetable fats) and 301.8 +/- 5.0 g carbohydrates. Deficiency of vitamin B, ascorbic acid, calcium and magnium (in females) was recorded in the diets of the students investigated. Their twenty-four hours' rations consisted of great amount of pastry and free animal fat, little bread (especially, brown bread), and lactic acid foods (with a low content of fat), vegetables and fruit. Excessive body weight was detected in 18% of the students.     

University students’ food preference and practice now and during childhood

The aim of the cross sectional survey is to investigate the link between food preference and practice in early adulthood and recollections of their childhood food preferences by their mother. Six hundred and eighty four undergraduate students whose mothers were primary caregivers from 4 colleges at the Selcuk University in Konya, Turkey were selected. Early food preferences, present food preferences, early eating practices, and present eating practices were measured.A positive relationship between early parental controls of food preferences and food practices in late adolescence was found in this research. Parents appear to influence students’ food preference and practice. Educators must focus on improving home food availability and parent support and modeling.     

学生课间餐食品研制

在继承和保持我国大多数地区以谷类为主的膳食结构的基础上 ,采取了动植物食品和多种粮食搭配及不同食物适当混合。提出以小麦粉、粳米、糯米、玉米面、黄豆面、赤豆等为主料 ,研试了七种学生课间餐主食 ,配以一定量的动物蛋白 (肉禽蛋制品 )及富含无机盐、维生素的果蔬汁饮料     

Energy expenditure in patients receiving parenteral feeding in the early postoperative period after surgical interventions on the large intestine

Indirect calorimetry was used to study the basal metabolism and energy expenditure at rest in 31 patients aged 20-80 years, on day 2 after surgery on the large intestine. It was found that the basal metabolism was increased by 13% in 64.5% of the patients (group 1) and decreased by the same value in the rest patients (group 2). The fluctuation range of energy expenditure in some patients of group 1 was from 1000 to 3400 kcal, in those of group 2, from 500 to 2000 kcal. The respiratory guotient in both groups was about 0.7. The direct measurement of energy expenditure at the early postoperational period would aid in proper rationing energy components in the total volume of the parenteral nutrition of operated on patients.     

Energy and food stuff requirements and actual nutrition of foreign students studying in the USSR

The actual nutrition of students of the Patrice Lumumba University of Peoples' Friendship, who had come to the USSR from different countries of the world, was investigated during their studies. Insufficient content of vegetable proteins and fats, Ca and vitamin C, as well as low carbohydrate level were detected in the food of students from all the continents, except for Asia. No significant difference was observed between the energy providing with food and its consumption by the students. The data obtained have been used for validation of the rational nutrition for foreign students studying in the USSR.     

Identification of wheat classes at different moisture levels using near-infrared hyperspectral images of bulk samples

Wheat classes at different moisture levels need to be identified to accurately segregate, properly dry, and safely store before processing. This paper introduces a new method using a near infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging system (960–1,700 nm) to identify five western Canadian wheat classes (Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS), Canada Western Extra Strong (CWES), Canada Western Red Winter (CWRW), Canada Western Soft White Spring (CWSWS), and Canada Western Hard White Spring (CWHWS)) and moisture levels, independent of each other. The objectives of this research also included identification of each wheat class at specific moisture levels of 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20%. Bulk samples of wheat were scanned in the 960–1,700 nm wavelength region at 10 nm intervals using an Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs) NIR camera. Spectral feature data sets were developed by calculating relative reflectance intensities of the scanned images. Principal components analysis was used to generate scores images and loadings plots. The NIR wavelengths in the region of 1,260–1,360 nm were important based on the loadings plot of first principal component. In statistical classification, the linear and quadratic discriminant analyses were used to classify wheat classes giving accuracies of 61–97 and 82–99%, respectively, independent of moisture contents. It was also found that the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) could classify moisture contents with classification accuracies of 89–91 and 91–99%, respectively, independent of wheat classes. Once wheat classes were identified, classification accuracies of 90–100 and 72–99% were observed using LDA and QDA, respectively, when identifying specific moisture levels. Spectral features at key wavelengths of 1,060, 1,090, 1,340, and 1,450 nm were ranked at top in classifying wheat classes with different moisture contents. This work shows that hyperspectral imaging techniques can be used for rapidly identifying the wheat classes even at varying moisture levels.     

Energy substrate efficiency during batch cultures of Geotrichum candidum

BACKGROUND: Metabolisation of carbon and nitrogen substrates is a key factor during the ripening process of white soft cheeses but has not previously been examined in terms of energy substrate efficiency. Such work could be useful to improve physiological knowledge concerning Geotrichum candidum, a yeast involved in the neutralisation of curd during ripening. Its behaviour was therefore examined during batch cultures on simple (glutamate) or complex (peptones) substrates as nitrogen and carbon sources and lactate as a second carbon source. RESULTS: In addition to their assimilation as carbon and nitrogen sources, G. candidum used peptides and amino acids as energy sources during growth in preference to lactate. Contrarily, during stationary state, lactate was preferred over peptides and amino acids for carbon dissimilation for energy supply, allowing the avoidance of ammonium production. Indeed, lactate dissimilation theoretically yields 15 adenosine triphosphates (ATPs), while only nine ATPs are theoretically yielded during the dissimilation of an amino acid such as glutamate. CONCLUSION: This behaviour can be considered as an energy‐saving response. Indeed, the use of peptides and amino acids as energy sources in addition to being used as carbon and nitrogen sources during G. candidum growth can be related to its deaminating activity and was in agreement with the better energy efficiency expected from utilisation of the same substrate as both carbon and energy source. Contrarily, the better efficiency of lactate dissimilation led to its use during stationary state instead of peptides and amino acids. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Energy expenditure of grazing cows and cows fed grass indoors as determined by the 13C bicarbonate dilution technique using an automatic blood sampling system

The objectives of the study were to assess the ¹³C bicarbonate dilution technique using an automatic blood sampling system and to use this technique to estimate energy expenditure (EE) based on the CO₂ production of 14 lactating Holstein cows on pasture or in a freestall barn. The effects of physical activity and eating behavior on EE were also assessed. Cows were exposed to each feeding system in a crossover design with two 14-d experimental periods, each consisting of an adaptation period and a 7-d data collection period. Cows either grazed on pasture or had ad libitum access, in the freestall barn, to grass cut daily from the same paddock. All cows were supplemented with a cereal-based concentrate. The EE of each cow was determined from 0700 to 1300 h on 1 d of each collection period. Blood samples for the ¹³C bicarbonate dilution technique were taken either manually in the barn or using an automatic blood sampling system on pasture. Eating pattern and physical activity were recorded from 0700 to 1300 h using a behavior recorder and an activity meter, respectively. Milk yield was recorded daily. Individual feed intake was estimated using the alkane double-indicator technique. Two preceding experiments confirmed that the sampling technique (manual or automatic) and the following storage of the blood samples (frozen directly after withdrawal or first cooled on ice and then frozen 6 h later) had no effect on ¹³CO₂ enrichment in the extracted blood CO₂ or on the subsequent calculation of CO₂ production. During the 6-h measurement period, the EE of cows on pasture was higher than that of cows in the freestall barn. Daily feed intake and milk production were not affected by the feeding treatment. Grazing cows spent more time walking and less time standing and lying than did cows fed indoors. Time spent eating was greater and time spent ruminating was lower for cows on pasture compared with grass-fed cows in the barn. In conclusion, the ¹³C bicarbonate dilution technique, combined with an automatic blood sampling system, is a suitable method to determine the EE of lactating dairy cows on pasture. Positive correlations between EE and walking and eating time indicate that the higher energy requirements of dairy cows on pasture may be at least partly caused by a higher level of physical activity. However, before specific recommendations about additional energy supply can be given, it must be determined whether EE measured over 6 h can be extrapolated to 24 h. Furthermore, the apparent inconsistency between EE, feed intake, and milk production needs to be resolved.