Changes of Cu electrode surface conditions and prebreakdown current characteristics caused by repetitive breakdowns in a vacuum

To clarify factors influencing the conditioning effect produced by repetitive breakdowns of a vacuum gap, changes of electrode surface conditions before and after 500 breakdowns caused by impulse voltage application were investigated. Changes of prebreakdown current characteristics were also investigated. The electrode material was copper. The electrode surfaces were analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS analysis revealed that the electrode surfaces were completely cleaned by repetitive breakdowns. Prebreakdown characteristics were classified into three patterns: (1) displacement current alone, (2) field emission current as well as displacement current, (3) explosive current increase. Patterns (1) and (4) were observed mainly in the early stage of repetitive breakdowns, while pattern (2) was found in the later stage. It has been concluded that the breakdown mechanism changes during conditioning by repetitive breakdowns. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 133(1): 11‐18, 2000     

Relation between breakdown voltage and prebreakdown current in vacuum gap

Two different surface treatments (mechanical polishing, thin film deposition) were performed on cathode surfaces, and the field emission currents from the cathodes were measured with a microchannel plate. In order to discuss the relationship between the breakdown voltage and prebreakdown current in the vacuum gap, the breakdown voltage was measured after field emission measurement. The V–I characteristics of the field emission and breakdown voltage were influenced by surface treatment, and the breakdown voltages of mechanical polished cathodes were lower than those of the thin film deposited cathodes. It was found that the probability of breakdown increased when the field emission current reached 10^–11 A. Atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements showed numerous protrusions on the cathode surface in the case of thin film deposition treatment, but we estimated by the finite element method that these protrusions make the field enhancement effect low. It was inferred that the breakdown voltage in vacuum gaps could be increased by the thin film deposition method. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 131(4): 11–18, 2000     

Effects of additives on prebreakdown phenomena in n-hexane

Prebreakdown phenomena in n-hexane are observed in detail for positive and negative polarities by using simultaneously a high speed schlieren technique and an LED current measuring system, when an impulse voltage (1.1/225 μs) is applied to a point-to-plane electrode gap. Furthermore, the effects of several additives on the streamer propagation are investigated. Especially the effects of electron-trapping additives on negative streamer propagation and of low ionization potential additives on the positive streamer propagation, are examined, as is a correlation between the shape and the propagation velocity of the streamers     

氧电极气体扩散层的研究

研究了不同含量PTFE对氧电极气体扩散层性能的影响;分别以丙三醇、Na2SO4、草酸铵、ZnO作为造孔剂,研究了不同造孔剂及含量对氧电极性能的影响;选用镍网做导电骨架,采取催化层/集流体/气体扩散层的排布方式,以纯铝为阳极,4 mol/L KOH溶液为电解液,将空气电极与铝阳极组装成电池,考察电池的性能,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)研究气体扩散层的表面形态。研究结果表明:当扩散层中PTFE的含量为60%,选用草酸铵为造孔剂,草酸铵与载体的质量比为3∶1时,电极内部的空气传导阻力小,整个氧电极的性能最佳。     

Optical prebreakdown warnings in insulating polymers

There is a need to better understand electrical ageing of solid insulating materials in dry environment and discharge-free conditions. Photons emitted by a stressed material give evidence of the generation of highly reactive molecular states that could control degradation reaction     

电极膜和电流密度对LiFePO4电化学性能的影响

通过X射线衍射光谱法(XRD)及正交实验方法考察电极膜中活性物质的颗粒大小、粘结剂含量、导电剂含量和充放电电流密度对LiFePO4电化学性能的影响.分析结果表明,采用正交实验方法获得LiFePO4电极膜的最佳组成为:粘结剂质量相对百分含量为5%,导电剂质量相对百分含量为20%,活性物质颗粒度小于0.038 mm.     

Effects of arc current and electrode size on electrode erosion in ac plasma torches

Heavy erosion of the electrode is a problem in using ac plasma torches. In a series of our studies, the effects of electrode stem size (diameter and length) and tip shape on the electrode erosion were clarified at a low current of 200 A. In this paper, on the basis of the 200-A data, in order to reduce the electrode erosion with the current increased, the effects of current and electrode size on electrode erosion were clarified experimentally and analytically between 100 and 550 A. The electrode used was of solid type and the material was tungsten containing 2 wt% of lanthanum oxide. The plasma gas was argon. Main results are as follows. (1) As the current increased, the electrode erosion increased linearly. In the case of thin electrodes (8 mm ø), between 450 and 550 A, the electrode tip was molten partially and the electrode erosion increased rapidly over 5 mg/h. However, for thick electrodes (13 mm ø), the electrode erosion did not increase rapidly. (2) The temperature distribution along the electrode axis was calculated. As a result, a good correlation was obtained between the calculated temperature of electrode tip and the measured electrode erosion. As the tip temperature decreased to 3000 K (cf. tungsten melting point: 3660 K), the electrode erosion decreased below 5 mg/h of the linearly increasing range.     

气体扩散电极的电流密度分布研究

为探究气体扩散电极中小孔电极电流密度与反应速度及传质的关系,用数值计算的方法,给出了氧电极不同反应速度下的小孔电极电流密度分布。首先根据相关参数,估算出反应的最大传质速度,而后给出了当反应速度大于,等于及小于最大传质速度时的电流密度分布。发现当反应速度等于及大于最大传质速度时,电流密度分布不变,且反应集中于三相交界线附近;当反应速度小于最大传质速度时,电流密度分布随反应速度的减小而改变。     

Breakdown and prebreakdown phenomena in liquids under positiveimpulse voltages

We examine the breakdown and prebreakdown behavior of two insulating liquids: benzyl-toluene and mineral oil in a nonuniform electric field at large distances (up to 20 cm) under a positive impulse voltage. We evaluate and compare the breakdown strengths of both liquids in these conditions as a function of interelectrode distance via Weibull type plots, a method commonly used when dealing with insulating gases and solids. The comparative behaviors of the liquids change greatly when the cumulative probability of breakdown is decreased from 100%. The second part of this study concerns streamer stopping lengths and the corresponding current and light emission signals     

气体扩散层对空气电极寿命的影响

以乙炔黑、60%PTFE乳液为原料,用辊压法制备空气电极的气体扩散层。研究了烧结与未烧结气体扩散层的性能参数及其对空气电极寿命的影响。用压汞分析法和SEM研究了气体扩散层的孔结构及形貌。结果表明:相对未烧结扩散层的空气电极,烧结扩散层的空气电极寿命更长,1 000 h寿命试验中无渗液现象,且性能较好。烧结提高了电极材料的疏水性和孔隙率。烧结后气体扩散层适宜的孔结构为:孔隙率约为70%,平均孔径约为70 nm。     

Dynamics of prebreakdown phenomena in a uniform field in water

For a breakdown time lag of 10^-7 to 10^-3, both slow subsonic and thin supersonic streamers were found to emanate from a point electrode in deionized water (σ=5×10^-5 S/m). The slow streamer-formed dendrite probably consists of gaseous microbubbles. Relaxation of the slow streamers was studied. The development of fast streamers resulted from kinetic phase transition in the liquid, with subsequent ionization of thin discharge channels. It was shown that heating of water and electrohydrodynamic flow do not affect the prebreakdown phenomena under these conditions. A model has been proposed of an anodic supersonic streamer which is generated by the plasma in the condensed medium     

气体扩散电极理论电流密度的研究

为了探究气体扩散电极的放电过程,基于三相交界线概念和带状电极放电实验数据,提出了一种理想电极模型,并推算出该理想模型的理论电流密度约为4500mA／cm^2。对目前技术水平实验输出电流密度和理论电流密度之间的差异进行了讨论,定性分析了缺相等主要影响因素。     

集流体改性对双电层电容器性能的影响

在有机电解液双电层电容器中,用铝箔作为集流体时,在铝箔的表面容易生成一层难导电的氧化膜,使得集流体和活性物质之间的接触电阻大大地增加,降低了电容器的整体性能.实验采用碱(NaOH)液蚀刻的方法,除去铝箔表面的氧化膜,然后在铝箔的表面沉积上一层易导电的金属锌膜来提高集流体的性能.实验结果表明,改性后的铝箔集流体可使得集流体和活性物质之间的接触电阻大大地降低,提高活性物质的利用率.当蚀刻后的铝箔在镀液中浸渍10 s时,铝箔与活性物质之间的接触电阻最小.经过集流体改性后的双电层电容器具有良好的电容性能和循环性能.     

Effects of chain length on prebreakdown phenomena in straight-chain saturated hydrocarbon liquids

Prebreakdown light emission, currents, and streamers in straight-chain saturated hydrocarbon liquids, n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, and n-decane, are investigated under nonuniform field conditions. The light inception voltage and the breakdown voltage increase with the chain length and the liquid's density. For a negative point, the breakdown voltage is much higher than the light inception voltage in all liquids but the difference decreases with the chain length. This voltage difference is not observed for a positive point except in n-pentane and n-hexane. The difference between the negative and positive breakdown voltages decreases with the chain length. Regarding the polarity effect, the negative breakdown voltage is much higher than the positive one in n-pentane, but there is no difference in n-decane. A negative density change streamer has a bushlike structure and propagates in stepped manner at an average speed between 70 and 160 m/s, while for a positive one, the structure is treelike having an average speed of a few kilometers per second. Only in n-pentane and in n-hexane, a slow positive bushlike streamer is observed whose average velocity is about 200 m/s, slightly faster than the negative bushlike one. © 1998 Scripta Technica. Electr Eng Jpn, 122(4): 8–16, 1998     

High field conduction and prebreakdown phenomena in dielectric liquids

The present paper is mainly devoted to phenomena occurring in point-plane electrode geometry, where breakdown is the result of the initiation and propagation of prebreakdown phenomena called "streamers". In this configuration, an investigative study of the streamer initiation processes, requiring very high electric field strengths (/spl sim/ MV/cm), and of propagation (requiring low electric field, /spl sim/ kV/cm) can easily be carried out for negative streamer development as well as for the positive case. From analysis of experimental results in pure liquids the physical processes connected with streamer initiation and propagation, particularly the electronic ones, are presented and discussed. Estimations of the main parameters of slower subsonic streamers and of the faster filamentary ones (such as field strength at the streamer tip, field inside the channel, charge density, etc.) have been obtained from qualitative considerations and compared to experimental data.     

Activity of moving metallic particles in prebreakdown state in GIS

The paper presents experimental results of measurements of prebreakdown activity, caused by free metallic particles in GIS, obtained using a phase resolved partial discharge (PRPD) analysis and acoustical measurements. The numerous parameters characterizing prebreakdown activity of particles were identified and analyzed. These included phase resolved distribution of charge, maximum charge, average charge per period, or per pulse, a balance of charge in positive and negative half-wave of voltage, pulse rate (number of pulses per period) for electrical and acoustic methods. The measurements were conducted in a compartment of real GIS, and Al as well as Cu particles of different shapes were investigated. The pressure varied from 150 to 550 kPa, however most measurements were taken at 450 kPa. A discharge model which takes into account the effect of a free metallic particle in GIS is presented     

直流输电接地极电流对不同结构变压器影响研究

利用PSCAD/EMTDC软件建立系统模型,仿真了直流接地极电流对组式、三相三柱式和三相五柱式等不同结构变压器的影响.仿真结果表明:组式变压器由于具有独立的磁通回路,磁阻小,受直流偏磁影响最大;三相三柱式变压器铁芯中无直流通道,磁阻大,受直流偏磁影响较小;而三相五柱式变压器虽有磁回路,但铁芯面积比单相变压器小,受直流偏磁影响介于前二者之间.