A multilayer transducer that contains piezoelectric layers

Formulas for the transfer functions and electric resistance for transducers that consist of an arbitrary number of active (piezoelectric) and passive layers are obtained. Parallel and series electrical connections of layers are considered. Formulas for reducing any active layer to a passive one are obtained. On the basis of the analysis of the obtained expressions and presented calculation results, recommendations for the practical use of the considered transducers are expounded. The obtained data allow the development of transducers with appreciably improved characteristics in comparison to the case where only one active element is used. The proposed new calculation method makes it possible to substantially simplify the determination of formulas for an arbitrary number of layers. The formulas for the main functions of a transducer concern multiple three-sided transducers, on one side of which certain conditions for their electrical connection are imposed. The transfer functions for the reception mode with respect to the voltage at the working surface of the transducer are obtained. The proposed calculation method can be also applied to other types of transducers.     

三角位移转换式压电直线电机

为了在保持电机精度的同时获得较大作动行程,提出了一种以叠层压电陶瓷作为激励振动源的压电直线电机。分析了电机的工作原理,推导了电机驱动足在工作时的运动轨迹。设计安装了电机样机,并对其定子进行了测试。最后,在两种激发条件下实验研究了电机的整机性能。结果表明:单组叠层压电陶瓷激励时,该样机定子驱动头在接触面法向和切向同时具有振动分量,并能够在阶跃和连续两种不同激励方式下实现单向大行程直线运动。以锯齿波激励时可实现步进运动,激励频率为20Hz时步距为0.1μm;以两路相位差π/2的正弦波激励时,可在1.5kHz到5.8kHz的激励频率区间输出稳定连续的直线运动,其运动速度随激励频率的升高而增大,在峰-峰值110V(50V偏置)的正弦电压激励下其推力可达4.8N。该电机具有高位置分辨率和宽频率响应,可以在两种工作模式下分别稳定地实现直线步进和大行程连续运行。     

A lead-free piezoelectric transformer in radial vibration modes

In this study, a disk-shaped piezoelectric transformer was fabricated using lead-free (K,Na)NbO(3)-based ceramics with high mechanical quality factor. The transformer can operate in the fundamental or the third radial vibration mode. The transformer is poled along the thickness direction. The top surface is covered by ring/dot silver electrodes separated by an annular gap which serve as the input and output parts of the transformer, respectively. The bottom surface, fully covered with a silver electrode, is grounded as a common electrode. The dimensions of the top ring/dot electrodes are designed such that the third radial vibration mode can be strongly excited. The electrical properties of the transformer with diameter of 34.2 mm and thickness of 1.9 mm were measured. For a temperature rise of 35 degrees C, the transformer has a maximum output power of 12 W. With the matching load, its maximum efficiency is >95%, and maximum voltage gains are 6.5 and 3.9 for the fundamental and the third radial vibration modes, respectively. It has potential to be used in power supply units and other electronic circuits.     

A study on the disk-shaped piezoelectric transformer with multiple outputs

In this study, a modified disk-shaped multiple-output piezoelectric transformer operated at the fundamental radial vibration mode has been presented. A derived equivalent circuit for the multioutput piezoelectric transformer was used to analyze the performance. Two piezoelectric transformers, a symmetrically electroded piezoelectric transformer with dual outputs and an asymmetrically electroded piezoelectric transformer with triple outputs, were fabricated with lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramics. The characteristics of the two piezoelectric transformers were investigated experimentally. The piezoelectric transformer with multiple outputs has potential to be used in power supply units and other electronic circuits.     

Enhanced magnetoelectric effect in heterostructure of magnetostrictive alloy bars and piezoelectric single-crystal transformer

We report an enhanced magnetoelectric (ME) effect in a heterostructure consisting of a long-type, longitudinally-longitudinally polarized 0.71Pb(Mg(1∕3)Nb(2∕3))O(3)-0.29PbTiO(3) (PMN-PT) piezoelectric single-crystal transformer with its input part sandwiched between two longitudinally magnetized Tb(0.3)Dy(0.7)Fe(1.92) (Terfenol-D) magnetostrictive alloy bars. The observed ME effect has two independent operational modes: namely, ME sensing mode and ME transduction mode. The ME sensing mode features a large ME voltage coefficient (α(V)) of ～0.32 V∕Oe over a flat frequency range of 1-50 kHz, while the ME transduction mode possesses two colossal resonance α(V) of 7.6 and 7.9 V∕Oe, corresponding to the first and second longitudinal resonances, at 56.2 and 127.9 kHz, respectively. This enhanced dual-mode ME effect not only enables the application potential of the heterostructure, but also advances the technology of power-free ME sensors and transducers.     

Lead-free acoustic emission sensors

Acoustic emission (AE) sensors have been fabricated using both soft- and hard-type lead-free (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-based ceramics. The acoustic and electromechanical properties of the ceramics have been determined using the resonance technique. The lead-free AE sensors were calibrated using a laser source and compared to a commercial sensor. A lead zirconate titanate (PZT) 5H ceramics AE sensor has also been fabricated and calibrated for comparison. It was found that the sensitivity of lead-free AE sensors is comparable to that of the lead-based PZT sensor. To evaluate the sensors for potential application, they have been used in the detection of AE in an impact test. The lead-free sensors can reproduce AE signals accurately without giving artifacts and have potential use in commercial AE systems.     

无铅焊锡的研究

在电子工业中，为消除铅的污染，探讨了各种替代Sn-Pb焊锡的无铅焊锡。     

Rosen-type Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 single crystal piezoelectric transformer

In this study, a Rosen-type Pb(Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3)-PbTiO(3) single crystal piezoelectric transformer is presented. First, we simulate the operation of this transformer using the finite element method and ANSYS. By adjusting the dimensions of the piezoelectric transformer, a maximum voltage step-up ratio of 138 can be obtained at a frequency of 33.8 kHz when the output part is open. Second, we fabricate a transformer with the size of 20 mm length, 4 mm width, and 1 mm thickness to examine the simulation results. It is found that this transformer exhibits a maximum voltage step-up ratio of 134 at 37 kHz, with the efficiency over 95% when driving a liquid crystal display backlight, which shows good consistency with the numerical simulation results. Besides, we investigate the electrical properties under different frequencies and load resistances. When the input voltage increases, a maximum output power of 1 W is obtained with the temperature rise less than 10 degrees C.     

无铅钎料的立法与发展

介绍了近几年无铅钎料的应用研究和发展情况以及与无铅钎料有关的立法。为国内电子材料行业无铅钎料的研究和发展提出建议。     

无铅铜基石墨复合材料性能研究

以化学镀方法制备的镀镍石墨粉取代铜基轴承材料中的铅,采用粉末冶金方法制备无铅铜基石墨复合材料,考察铜基石墨复合材料的界面结合、力学性能及其摩擦磨损特性。结果表明:化学镀方法在石墨表面形成的镀镍层能改善铜与石墨之间的界面结合,提高铜基石墨复合材料的力学性能;2%镀镍石墨无铅铜基复合材料的减摩、抗黏着性能及承载能力都优于典型铜铅材料。     

Cymbal型压电发电装置等效压电常数分析

压电发电工作于低频时所收集的能量与其等效压电常数和等效电压常数的乘积成正比。为了研究Cymbal型压电发电装置的等效压电常数,建立了Cymbal型压电发电装置的三维有限元分析模型,并分析得出了等效压电常数计算公式;详细地分析了Cymbal型发电装置中金属帽的材料和厚度、金属腔底端直径和顶端直径、金属腔高度、压电陶瓷片厚度等因素对等效压电常数的影响,并给出了等效压电常数的优化准则。试验结果表明,经优化后可获得的等效压电常数大约相当于压电陶瓷本身的60倍。     

无铅和有铅混装技术研究

提出了无铅、有铅过渡阶段的主要问题——无铅、有铅器件的兼容性和无铅器件、有铅焊料的兼容性问题，以及无铅、有铅混装的2种有效解决方法：1）无铅、有铅兼容性的回流温度测试曲线的优化，既满足无铅器件的焊接，又满足有铅器件的焊接；2）无铅、有铅植球转换，将无铅器件转换为有铅器件，并分别对2种方法进行了相关试验，验证了2种解决方法的可靠性。     

回流焊炉的无铅化对策探讨

从回流焊炉在无铅化中的地位、无铅工艺对回流焊炉的要求以及回流焊炉的无铅化对策等几方面进行探讨.研究表明:回流焊炉在无铅化工艺中,起着非常     

片式元件无铅手工焊工艺研究

分析了影响片式元件手工焊质量的各种因素,绘制了鱼骨图,并设计了无铅手工焊新工艺的正交试验方案,通过实践寻求工艺参数的最佳组合,并对最佳组合进行分析,验证其合理性。     

压电自感知微夹钳

研制了不需要外部附加微位移与微力传感器、采用自感知方法来获取压电微夹钳的钳指位移与夹持力的压电自感知微夹钳。根据压电陶瓷晶片在驱动电压与外力作用下发生变形会在其表面产生电荷的思想,提出了基于积分电荷的钳指位移与夹持力的自感知方法;基于Jan G.Smits的压电悬臂梁弯曲变形理论,给出了钳指位移与夹持力的自感知表达式,即用钳指上压电陶瓷晶片表面的电荷来表达钳指位移与夹持力。设计了获取晶片表面电荷的积分电路,给出了其平衡条件为晶片电容与其绝缘电阻之积同积分电容与反馈电阻之积相等。自感知验证实验结果表明:修正后在31.59μm最大钳指位移范围内的自感知位移最大偏差为0.78μm;在35.91mN最大钳指夹持力范围内的自感知夹持力的最大偏差为0.24mN。实验结果验证了所提自感知方法是有效的。     

压电驱动式双喷嘴挡板电液伺服阀

设计了一种利用压电双晶片驱动器代替传统双喷嘴电液伺服阀力矩马达驱动部分的新型电液伺服阀,以期改善现有该型阀的动、静态特性。通过试验得出,设计的压电双晶片驱动器输出位移为82.5 μm,全量程位移波动小于0.7 μm,谐振频率1.2 kHz,完全满足双喷嘴电液伺服阀对驱动器的要求。试验表明:基于此驱动器的电液伺服阀在频率低于100 Hz的范围内具有良好的线性度,克服了传统双喷嘴电液伺服阀在频宽和抗电磁干扰能力等方面的不足。     

Wedged multilayer Laue lens

A multilayer Laue lens (MLL) is an x-ray focusing optic fabricated from a multilayer structure consisting of thousands of layers of two different materials produced by thin-film deposition. The sequence of layer thicknesses is controlled to satisfy the Fresnel zone plate law and the multilayer is sectioned to form the optic. An improved MLL geometry can be created by growing each layer with an in-plane thickness gradient to form a wedge, so that every interface makes the correct angle with the incident beam for symmetric Bragg diffraction. The ultimate hard x-ray focusing performance of a wedged MLL has been predicted to be significantly better than that of a nonwedged MLL, giving subnanometer resolution with high efficiency. Here, we describe a method to deposit the multilayer structure needed for an ideal wedged MLL and report our initial deposition results to produce these structures.     

无铅焊锡微粉雾化量与性能的关系

对自行设计的超音速雾化实验制粉设备，进行了不同雾化合金质量的生产效率及不同雾化量的宏观形貌研究。结果表明，雾化设备的最大雾化合金质量为400g；大、小批量雾化的粉末在宏观方面几乎无差别。找出了无铅焊锡微粉工业生产设备要满足的基本条件。     

电力变压器纵差保护电流互感器接线方式的改进

通过对Yd11接线组别的三相电力变压器纵差保护进行研究，并根据电流之间的相位关系，提出电力变压器纵差保护电流互感器接线的改进方式。