酸预处理时间对鲢鱼皮明胶理化性质的影响

本文探究了酸预处理时间对鲢鱼皮明胶理化性质的影响。结果发现,当酸预处理时间从10 min增加到80 min,鲢鱼皮的结构变得疏松,在热水浸提中β肽链等胶原高分子组分易发生降解,提取的明胶其羟脯氨酸含量从61个残基下降到43个残基/1000个氨基酸。不管酸预处理时间多长,提取的鲢鱼皮明胶其等电点均在p H 9.2附近,但长时间的酸处理会使明胶的黏度、凝胶性能和成膜性能下降。当酸预处理时间为10 min时,制备的明胶凝胶强度、膜的抗拉伸强度和断裂延伸率分别为242.67 g、28.24 MPa和65.52%。根据圆二色光谱扫描的结果,发现酸预处理时间对明胶二级结构没有明显的影响,但酸预处理时间越长,提取的明胶在干燥过程中越不易复性形成三股螺旋结构,结果导致成膜性能下降。     

鱼皮明胶蛋白对淡水鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

为了高效利用丰富的淡水鱼资源,提高淡水鱼糜制品的品质,以淡水鱼糜为原料,利用罗非鱼皮提取明胶蛋白,探讨了添加鱼类明胶蛋白对淡水鱼糜凝胶形成性能的影响。结果表明,利用鱼皮提取的明胶中鲜味氨基酸占总氨基酸含量56.8%,表明鱼皮明胶具有一定的营养价值。将鱼皮明胶添加到鲢鱼鱼糜中,可以提高鱼糜凝胶的破断强度和保水性能,如当其添加量为鱼糜蛋白含量10%时,破断强度提高20%,失水率下降35%。根据鱼糜凝胶在各种蛋白质变性剂中的溶解性和溶解组分的SDS-PAGE分析结果,鱼皮明胶蛋白主要是通过离子键与鱼糜蛋白结合,进而提高鱼糜凝胶形成能。     

斑点叉尾鮰鱼皮明胶的制备

目的以斑点叉尾鮰鱼皮为原料,采用酸碱法制备鱼皮明胶;方法选用NaOH溶液和H2SO4溶液进行明胶的提取,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定斑点叉尾鮰鱼皮明胶最佳制备工艺;结果NaOH质量分数为0.3%,H2SO4质量分数为0.4%,处理时间均为120 min,提取温度45℃,提取时间6 h,此时,所得明胶的凝胶强度和黏度分别为672.2 g和9.46 mPa·s,明胶提取率为65.21%.     

大目金枪鱼皮胶原明胶化过程中酸碱浓度对明胶理化性质的影响

以大目金枪鱼皮为原料,考察了碱溶液浓度和酸溶液浓度对胶原明胶化的影响,研究表明,碱液质量分数为0.8%,酸溶液质量分数为2.0%时,明胶得率和凝胶强度均较优;傅里叶转换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)结果表明,碱处理打破了胶原原有的氢键平衡,使三螺旋结构松散;不同质量分数的酸处理使得胶原原有的结构被破坏,三螺旋结构有所展开,二级结构向无序化转变,这些变化使热提胶过程中亚基更易释放;明胶化胶原的电镜扫描结果显示,碱处理可以对胶原蛋白的结构造成轻微的降解,继续进行酸处理过后,明胶化胶原降解程度明显,逐渐成无规则卷曲状,比较各处理组明胶化胶原表面结构状态后发现,碱处理质量分数为0.8%和酸处理质量分数为2.0%时,胶原表观破坏更明显,与得率结果一致;明胶电泳分析表明,碱处理质量分数较低时,明胶中高分子组分含量较低,而小分子组分含量较高于其他组,随着碱处理质量分数增加,明胶中α链含量增大,碱浓度至2.3%时,明胶中β链含量增高因而α链含量相对降低,导致凝胶强度降低。酸处理组中,质量分数在0.5%~1.5%范围内,酸处理质量分数在1.5%时,明胶中高分子质量组分较多,此时明胶凝胶强度最大。当酸处理质量分数高于2.0%后,所得明胶中的小分子组分含量逐渐增大,在酸处理质量分数达到2.5%后,明胶电泳条带中小分子组分的含量明显增加,造成凝胶强度逐渐降低。     

安康鱼皮明胶的制备及性质研究

以安康鱼皮为原料,采用碱法(浸灰法)提取鱼皮明胶,通过正交试验法对安康鱼皮明胶的提取工艺进行优化,并分别对明胶黏度、色价、等电点、氨基酸组成进行了测定。结果表明,优选出鱼皮明胶最佳提取工艺为Ca(OH)2质量分数0.2%、料液比为1∶10、提取温度为10℃、浸灰时间7d,明胶的提取率为11.23%。     

山梨糖醇对兔皮明胶理化特性的影响

主要研究了不同质量浓度山梨糖醇的添加对明胶凝胶特性及结构的影响,结果表明,山梨糖醇的添加可以显著增加明胶凝胶强度,但当山梨糖醇质量浓度高于50 g/L时,体系凝胶强度开始呈现下降趋势;流变学和差式扫描量热分析结果均显示,山梨糖醇的添加可提高明胶的热稳定性,凝胶-溶胶转变温度显著升高。红外扫描结果表明,明胶与山梨糖醇之间主要通过氢键产生相互作用,山梨糖醇的添加促进了明胶分子结构的展开。圆二色谱结果说明山梨糖醇的存在使明胶分子链间交联点增加,恢复三螺旋结构的能力增强,且当山梨糖醇质量浓度为50 g/L时效果最明显,解释凝胶强度的变化原因。实际生产中,适量添加山梨糖醇可改善明胶的凝胶特性,扩大其应用范围。     

鱼皮明胶的超高压辅助提取工艺

为建立鱼皮明胶清洁生产工艺,对超高压辅助提取鱼皮明胶进行系统研究,考察超高压处理压力、超高压作用时间、提取温度、提取时间对凝胶强度和提取率的影响。结果表明,较优提取工艺为处理压力300MPa、超高压时间10min、提取温度50～60℃、提取时间4h,在此条件下明胶凝胶强度可达274g,得率可达75.03%,溶解温度和凝胶温度分别为23.6℃和16.4℃。     

鸡皮明胶的制备及性质研究

目的:以鸡皮为原料,制备一种新型明胶。方法:以酸法提取明胶并检测其性质,探讨了制备条件对鸡皮明胶的粘度、凝胶强度、透明度和色泽等方面影响。结果:其最适提胶条件为:pH4.7,提胶温度60℃,提胶时间3h,在此条件下明胶得率较高,色泽浅白,透明度高,其凝胶强度可达到258 Bloomg。结论:以鸡皮为原料可生产优质明胶,使鸡皮资源得到合理利用。     

不同提取温度对白鲢鱼皮明胶理化性质的影响

本实验以白鲢鱼皮为原料提取鱼皮明胶,考察不同提取温度（30、50、70、90、100 ℃）对鱼皮明胶得率和理化性质的影响。结果表明：不同温度条件下提取的鱼皮明胶的紫外吸收峰均在波长218 nm左右;明胶提取率在提取温度为90 ℃时最大,为（86.91±0.98）%;50 ℃条件下提取的鱼皮明胶的凝胶强度最大,为（896.75±117.03）g;聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱显示,30、50 ℃条件下提取的鱼皮明胶由α1、α2、β 3 条肽链组成,70、90、100 ℃条件下提取的鱼皮明胶由于明胶分子的热降解,电泳条带不明显;30、50、70、90、100 ℃条件下提取的鱼皮明胶的热变性温度分别为（97.88±2.65）、（108.66±0.43）、（106.48±3.33）、（100.27±2.37）、（99.56±0.37）℃;提取温度越高,明胶的G’’和G’值越小、流变性能越差。     

兔皮明胶提取工艺优化

以兔皮为原料,研究稀盐酸短时诱导兔皮制备明胶的工艺。以明胶提取率和凝胶强度为评价指标,对兔皮明胶制备工艺中的盐酸质量分数、盐酸处理时间、提胶pH值、提胶温度4 个因素进行了优化,在此基础上通过正交试验确定最佳工艺为盐酸质量分数1%、盐酸处理时间10 min、提胶温度65 ℃、提胶pH 4。在此工艺条件下明胶提取率高达（86.85±1.71）%,凝胶强度为（481.43±16.89）g。明胶基本性质符合GB 6783-2013《食品添加剂：明胶》要求。     

Influence of skin cleansing preparation acidity on skin surface properties

Two long-term trials were conducted each over eight weeks to compare the effect of the regular application of skin cleansing preparations of pH 5.5 and pH 8.5 and pH 5.5 and pH 7.0 respectively on the surface pH, roughness and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) of normal human forehead and forearm skin. Both trials were based on a cross-over design: five healthy volunteers started with a pH 5.5 preparation and switched to the other after four weeks, five additional volunteers used the preparations in the opposite order. While the skin surface pH was markedly lower in those individuals using the pH 5.5 preparation at each examination, as compared to those using the pH 8.5 or pH 7.0 preparation, no such difference could be established with respect to skin roughness and TEWL. Hence the skin irritancy of a cleansing preparation does not seem to be linked to its pH within the pH ranges tested.     

Quantification of the skin's topography by skin profilometry

A method of skin profilometry is presented. The data generated using this method are used to (a) uncover sources of variation in skin profilometry, (b) provide information regarding the choice of roughness parameters best suited for characterizing the skin's topography, and (c) determine if skin profilometry is a valuable tool for quantitatively assessing changes in the skin's surface pattern.
The data show the roughness parameter values to be dependent on the orientation of the tracings with regard to the major grooves and ridges present in the surface patterns. Large variabilities of roughness parameter values obtained for multiple scans within small areas of replicas are indicative of the nonhomogeneity of the skin's surface. The number of peaks, mean peak size, mean depth of roughness, depth of smoothness, and residual profile length appear to be the most utile roughness parameters for quantifying changes in the skin's topography. The ability of skin profilometry to detect subtle changes in the skin's surface pattern due to hydration indicates the method is a sensitive means of quantifying the skin's topography.
Quantification de la topographie de la pedu par la profilométrie de la pedu     

超声波对生皮的作用

研究了超声波对生皮的作用.试验选取了20kHz和40 kHz 2种频率的超声波,对猪皮和羊皮进行了研究.结果表明超声波作用于生皮,有助于生皮中的可溶性蛋白、脂肪及纤维间质的溶解去除,而不会导致胶原纤维的明显变化.     

In vitro cultured human skin cells as alternatives to animals for skin irritancy screening

In the last few years a lot of attention has been paid to the development of the in vitro models which would substitute for animals in cutaneous irritancy studies. These models explore either organ or explant cultures using freshly excised skin or serial cultures of isolated skin cells (epidermal keratinocytes or dermal fibroblasts). The organ or explant models are suitable only for short exposures of skin samples to the compounds tested and the use of it will always be restricted by the limited availability of fresh human skin. The model that uses submerged cultures of keratinocytes or fibroblasts permits the production of a large number of cells, and permits large scale toxicity screening tests with many substances, that can be applied in a broad concentration range. Since the stratum corneum is absent in conventional (submerged) keratinocyte culture systems, this model is mainly suited for testing of water soluble compounds and it is less suitable for poorly soluble compounds and for topical products consisting of complex formulations which are made of active ingredients and their vehicles. This shortcoming can be overcome by using ‘organotypic cultures’in which keratinocytes are grown at the air-liquid interface on a suitable dermal substrate. Under these conditions, the culture forms a multilayered epidermis showing an overall structure which resembles that of a native epidermis. The presence of a coherent stratum corneum layer in these cultures permits the application of potential irritants at concentrations and in formulations as applied in vivo. For the evaluation of toxicity a number of tests have already been developed: assessment of cell viability, changes in cell morphology, modulation of cell proliferation and differentiation, monitoring of membrane damage, the measurements of the uptake or incorporation of radioactive precursors, establishment of the modulation of cell metabolism, determination of the release of inflammatory mediators, etc. All these in vitro techniques are still in a state of validation as far as their predictive value for in vivo skin irritancy is concerned.     

Study of surfactant-skin interactions by skin impedance measurements

The stratum corneum (SC) plays a very critical physiological role as skin barrier in regulating water loss through the skin and protects the body from a wide range of physical and chemical exogenous insults. Surfactant-containing formulations can induce skin damage and irritation owing to surfactant absorption and penetration. It is generally accepted that reduction in skin barrier properties occurs only after surfactants have penetrated/permeated into the skin barrier. To mitigate the harshness of surfactant-based cleansing products, penetration/permeation of surfactants should be reduced. Skin impedance measurements have been taken in vitro on porcine skin using vertical Franz diffusion cells to investigate the impact of surfactants, temperature and pH on skin barrier integrity. These skin impedance results demonstrate excellent correlation with other published methods for assessing skin damage and irritation from different surfactant chemistry, concentration, pH, time of exposure and temperature. This study demonstrates that skin impedance can be utilized as a routine approach to screen surfactant-containing formulations for their propensity to compromise the skin barrier and hence likely lead to skin irritation.     

Progressive evaluation of skin irritancy of cosmetics using human volunteers

Cosmetics and toiletries should not elicit adverse reactions in use. Neither should they cause unacceptable effects if mis-used. Reliable prediction of these product attributes can be achieved by subjecting human volunteers to typical product exposure and to grossly exaggerated exposure. However, to ensure that volunteers do not sustain harmful effects there needs to be a cautiously progressive programme of testing.
There must be adequate data on record to support exposure of human skin to the test material. The first contact with human skin should be in a small area, for short duration, and be very closely observed. When the effects are well within acceptable limits the exposure can be extended. As information accumulates, the application procedure can evolve towards simulation of the intended use of the product under controlled conditions, and eventual free use in consumer tests; and also towards exaggerated use to evaluate potential irritancy, using exaggerated frequency of use, exaggerated product concentration, or occlusive cover to promote skin penetration and enhance irritancy.
Skin reactions under exaggerated exposure conditions do not necessarily mean that a product would be unacceptable under normal use conditions or when misused predictably. Therefore, appropriate standard products must be included in tests to provide relevant comparison when significant skin reaction does occur.
Data will be presented to demonstrate progressive evaluation of irritancy of cosmetics and toiletries, based on expert assessment of visible skin reactions and on analysis of spontaneous and prompted comments about subjective effects, and including appropriate attention to the ethical requirements for tests involving human volunteers.     

银狐皮毛被及皮板组织构造的研究(续)

用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了国产人工饲养银狐的毛被和皮板组织构造 ,测定了毛的长度、细度、密度、毛的鳞片高度和皮板厚度。提供了毛和皮板组织学图片 15幅