Fabrication of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed oil nanoemulsions using different emulsifiers

In this study, the quality of spiral cold press chia seed oil was evaluated and four types of O/W chia seed oil nanoemlusion systems were prepared, including chia seed oil nanoemulsion stabilized with Tween 80 and Span 80 by spontaneous emulsification and microfluidization, sodium caseinate by microfluidization, and sucrose monopalmitate by microfluidization. All these optimized samples exhibited good storage stability for at least two weeks when stored at 4 °C or ambient temperature. The nanoemulsion stabilized with sodium caseinate was labeling friendly, and enough energy‐input facilitated the achievement of small particle size around 160 nm. The chia seed oil nanoemulsion fabricated with sucrose monopalmitate could get best transparency with smallest droplet diameter (around 47 nm). Chia seed oil nanoemulsion stabilized with Tween 80 and Span 80, as one model case diluted 500× into water system, had constant transparency after fortnight's storage.

Practical applications

Consumers are increasingly aware of nutrition as well as sensory properties of food products. Chia seed oil is a good source of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, yet difficult to be added directly into water‐based liquid food or beverages. The information given in this work might be useful for designing O/W chia seed oil nanoemulsion delivery system, facilitating the further application of chia seed oil in beverages and functional food industry which required only slightly turbid or even transparent appearance.     

奇亚籽蛋白及其活性肽的研究进展

奇亚籽富含优质蛋白质,且包含8种必需氨基酸。奇亚籽蛋白具有乳化、发泡等许多优良的功能性质,其制备的活性肽具有抗氧化、抗高血压等生物性能。本文综述了近年来国内外有关奇亚籽蛋白的氨基酸组成、提取分离工艺、功能性质、生物活性肽的制备及其生理功能方面的研究,并对奇亚籽蛋白在未来的发展方向以及在食品领域的开发应用作出了展望。     

一种新型油料作物——奇亚籽北大核心CSCD

为了更好地开发、利用奇亚籽资源,主要从奇亚籽的生物学性状、物候学特性及生长习性、种植分布及育种情况、营养成分、奇亚籽油的脂肪酸组成及活性物质,以及其在食品、保健品和化妆品行业中的应用研究进展进行综述。奇亚籽具有丰富的营养成分及富含不饱和脂肪酸的特性,作为一种新型食品原料和新型油料作物,其在食品、保健品等行业具有广阔的发展前景。     

奇亚籽胶的功能性质及其在食品中的应用研究进展

奇亚籽在食品和医疗领域已有很长的应用历史.作为奇亚籽副产物,奇亚籽胶具有特殊的理化性质和多样化的结构构象.奇亚籽胶作为食品工业应用的一个新型资源,可以改善产品的营养价值,调整食品系统的粘度、稳定性和质构.本文就奇亚籽胶的提取和干燥方式、主要营养价值和功能性质及其在肉制品、烘焙制品、乳制品和食品保鲜与包装等领域的应用进行...     

Short communication: Chia seed extract enhances physiochemical and antioxidant properties of yogurt

Yogurt is a healthy dairy food fermented by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Because consumers demand healthier and more nutritious yogurt, numerous substances have been used to supplement yogurt. Chia seed has been reported to contain abundant phenolic compounds, dietary fiber, and n-3 fatty acids and therefore is a potential functional food additive. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of chia seed extracts on the physicochemical and bioactive properties of set-type yogurt. Yogurt was fortified with chia seed water extract (CSWE) or chia seed ethanol extract (CSEE) at 0.05 or 0.1% (vol/vol). Results showed that supplementation with CSWE or CSEE significantly accelerated the fermentation rate and growth of LAB. Both CSWE and CSEE improved the viscosity, syneresis, and water-holding capacity of yogurt. The radical scavenging activity of yogurt was increased with both extracts, and the 0.1% CSEE yogurt exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, 0.1% CSEE yogurt significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced production of hydrogen peroxide in human colon cells. Addition of chia seed extract improves the growth of LAB, the physiochemical properties, and the health-beneficial effects of set-type yogurt.     

Chia Seed as a Source of Oil, Polysaccharide, and Protein

Chia seed, Salvia polystachya, was analyzed as a source of oil, polysaccharide, and protein for possible use by the food industry. Seeds were found to contain 30% oil of which more than 90% was composed of triglycerides. The fatty acid composition of the oil was found to consist mostly of C16:0, C18:0, C18:2 and C18:3. The protein content of chia seed was found to be 23.4%. A very viscous polysaccharide was isolated from the seeds. Acid hydrolysis followed by gas liquid chromatographic analysis demonstrated that xylose and arabinose were the major constituents of the polysaccharide. Seeds were found to contain niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin at a concentration of 83, 2 and 14 μg/g seed, respectively. Spectrochemical analysis showed the presence of eleven elements with calcium, potassium, and phosphorus being the most prominent. The percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, the concentration of protein and the viscosity of the polysaccharide in chia seeds would indicate that further research should be conducted to investigate possible food uses for these seeds.     

奇亚籽油的研究进展

奇亚籽油含有丰富的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs),其中亚麻酸含量达60%以上,被认为是ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸的良好来源,具有抗增殖和促凋亡作用、免疫刺激剂作用、体外抗氧化和抗高血压作用以及调节血脂和肝酶等功效,食用奇亚籽油对于维持正常的生理和脑功能具有重要的意义。从奇亚籽油的提取方法及脂肪酸组成、理化性质和生物活性等方面,综述了近年来国内外有关奇亚籽油的研究报道,旨在为奇亚籽油的开发利用提供参考,并对其今后的研究重点进行展望。     

Nanoliposomal encapsulation of chia oil for sustained delivery of α-linolenic acid

Chia oil is a popular source of ω-3 fatty acids, typically α-linolenic acid. This study reports the encapsulation of chia oil in nanoliposome to protect ω-3 fatty acids and to obtain a sustained release of chia oil during digestion. Nanoliposomal encapsulation was carried out using solvent evaporation, followed by sonication. The encapsulation process was conducted using different lipid contents, with different concentrations of soy phosphatidylcholine (S), Tween 80 (T) and volumes of the aqueous phase. The maximum encapsulation efficiency was found to be 88.31%, and the average particle size was 49.25 nm; a moderate repulsion among the particles was observed. Differential scanning calorimetry study revealed enhanced thermal stability of chia oil in nanoliposomes. A negligible release (3.39%) of encapsulated chia oil was observed in the simulated gastric fluid, and a 74.72% sustained release was recorded in the simulated intestinal fluid. This formulation can be a suitable supplement of ω-3 fatty acids for food and therapeutic applications.     

奇亚籽皮多糖对冰淇淋乳化稳定性及品质的影响

考察不同质量浓度（0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 mg/mL）的奇亚籽皮多糖作为乳化稳定剂在冰淇淋产品中的应用,通过对冰淇淋浆料稳定性和冰淇淋膨胀率、融化率、质构、气泡分布及结构特性等指标的测定,考察不同质量浓度奇亚籽皮多糖对冰淇淋品质的影响规律。结果表明：随着奇亚籽皮多糖质量浓度的增加,冰淇淋浆料的稳定性及冰淇淋的膨胀率、质构特性（弹性、黏附性、咀嚼性）提高,融化率和硬度降低,冰淇淋中气泡分布更加均匀,气泡直径均一,数量增多。添加奇亚籽皮多糖可提高冰淇淋浆料的表观黏度,冰淇淋浆料均表现出假塑性非牛顿流体。与空白冰淇淋样品对比,添加0.5 mg/mL质量浓度的奇亚籽皮多糖冰淇淋,其各性质测定结果略有改善,但质量浓度大于1.5 mg/mL时,可显著提高冰淇淋抗融性及稳定性,降低其硬度,改善其微观结构,气泡分布更均匀,使冰淇淋组织更加光滑。相较于空白冰淇淋样品,奇亚籽皮多糖的添加对冰淇淋的品质特性、结构特性及稳定性方面均有显著改善作用,为奇亚籽皮多糖应用于冰淇淋食品生产提供一定科学依据。     

奇亚籽油的健康功效

奇亚籽是一种我国批准的新食品原料,因其含有极为丰富的多不饱和脂肪酸而受到保健食品市场的关注。奇亚籽油是以奇亚籽为原料开发的油脂产品,在全球各个国家均有生产和销售。现有研究证明,奇亚籽油具有预防心脑血管疾病、改善糖尿病、抑制肥胖等保健功效,是一种值得深入开发的油脂产品。对奇亚籽的种植及营养进行概述,主要从脂肪酸角度讨论了奇亚籽油的健康功效及原理与机制,旨在为以后关于奇亚籽油的研究提供方向及指导。     

Physical properties,chemical characterization and fatty acid composition of Mexican chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds

Chia seeds were utilized by Aztecs as food and for medicinal purposes. Nowadays, this crop is gaining importance in many countries, due to its nutritional attributes. Some physical properties and chemical characteristics of chia seeds from four different regions of Mexico were evaluated and compared. Seed size distribution was not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the region, with similar values of seed length (2.03–2.10 mm), width (1.27–1.32 mm), thickness (0.77–0.81 mm) and surface area (4.95–5.42 mm²). Bulk density (662–741 kg m^?3), geometry and granulometric distribution were also determined. Origin of tested seeds significantly (P < 0.05) influenced their composition; all seeds had high contents of protein (18.5–22.3%), fat (21.5–32.7%) and fibre (20.1–36.1%). Chia seeds ratio between omega‐3 and omega‐6 fatty acids was 3:1 for the studied regions; seeds from Chiapas and Michoacán had the highest proportion of ω‐6 and ω‐3 fatty acids. The studied seeds contained phenolic compounds in the range of 0.53–0.71 mg GAE g^?1.     

Applications of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) in food products

BackgroundThe outstanding nutritional and technological properties lead to innovative applications of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) in food products.Scope and approachThe aim of this contribution is to give an overview of the various food application approaches for chia. The nutritional and technological properties of chia as well as its technological and innovative utilization are presented. Examples for the various applications in food products are given in five main topics: baked goods, dairy products, meat and fish products, gluten-free products and other products such as functional food, hydrocolloid and thickener.Key findings and conclusionsBesides the nutritional benefits of chia incorporation in food products the technological effects are emphasized very often. Summarized in five main topics, most authors conclude that chia is a valuable food ingredient for functional food development. The application of chia in baked goods for example is beneficial not only to improve the nutritional value but acting as hydrocolloid or substitute egg, fat or gluten. The increase of oil stability and applications as food thickener in novel food applications are of high importance too. As different chia fractions give various options for applications the utilization of chia for further food products will increase significantly in the future.     

奇亚籽活性成分、生理作用及其开发利用研究进展

奇亚籽(Chia Seed)可食用历史悠久,近年来开始被国内关注和利用。奇亚籽的活性成分主要包括脂肪酸类、酚酸黄酮类、蛋白质、膳食纤维、维生素及矿物质类,具有抗氧化、调节血脂、调节血压、调节血糖、降低肌酸激酶活性、抗炎消毒等生理作用。随着人们保健意识的增强以及对营养食品的追求,奇亚籽逐渐成为食品研究领域的热点。目前大多将奇亚籽作为添加剂直接添加到食品中,而没有深入的开发新产品;在防癌、调节三高等疾病上具有较好的效果,但研发出的新产品不多,相关研究还有待深入。本文对奇亚籽的活性成分、生理作用以及其在食品、保健品和化妆品行业中的应用研究进展进行综述,以期为奇亚籽相关研究及开发利用提供参考。     

Evaluation of performance of dough and bread incorporating chia (Salvia hispanica L.)

As a result of the opinion given by the European Food Safety Authority about the safety of chia seed (Salvia hispanica L) and whole ground chia seed as food ingredients, they may be placed on the market in the European Community as novel food ingredients to be used in bread products. The objective of the present investigation was to develop new cereal-based products with increased nutritional quality by using chia and ground chia seeds (whole chia flour, semi-defatted chia flour and low-fat chia flour) in order to evaluate its potential as a bread-making ingredient. The samples with chia addition significantly increased the levels of proteins, lipids, ash and dietary fibre in the final product compared to the control sample. Breads with seeds or ground seeds showed similar technological quality to the control bread, except for the increase in specific bread volume, decrease in crumb firmness and change in crumb colour. Sensory analysis showed that the inclusion of chia increased overall acceptability by consumers. The thermal properties of the starch did not alter substantially with the inclusion of chia. However, the incorporation of chia inhibited the kinetics of amylopectin retrogradation during storage, which would be directly related to the delay in bread staling.     

奇亚籽油微胶囊的制备及表征

为提高奇亚籽油的稳定性,对其进行微胶囊化。以包埋率为评价指标对冷冻干燥制备奇亚籽油微胶囊的工艺进行优化,利用激光粒度仪、扫描电镜、红外光谱仪和差示扫描量热仪(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)等表征微胶囊性状。结果表明,微胶囊的最佳制备工艺为:壁材比(酪蛋白酸钠∶D-乳糖-水合物)1.1∶1(质量比)、固形物浓度31.32%、壁芯比2.34∶1(质量比),包埋率达到90.65%。所得微胶囊产品含有芯材、壁材的特征峰,表明形成奇亚籽油微胶囊的包埋结构。制得的奇亚籽油微胶囊呈不规则的几何形状和紧凑的结构,大小均匀,流动性较好,粉末表面光滑,黏度小,稳定性良好,可满足一般食品加工条件,为奇亚籽油微胶囊在食品工业中的应用提供参考。     

Chia Seed (Salvia hispanica L.) as a Source of Proteins and Bioactive Peptides with Health Benefits: A Review

The consumption of chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) has increased in recent years due its high content of omega‐3 fatty acids and dietary fiber. This seed also has a high concentration of proteins and essential amino acids, becoming a promising source of bioactive peptides. The objective of this review was to identify the composition and the beneficial effects of chia seeds (S. hispanica L.), their proteins, peptides, and their potential impact on human health. The UniProt database was used to identify the chia proteins and their amino acid sequences. The BIOPEP database was used to analyze the peptides's bioactive potential. A total of 20 proteins were cataloged in chia seed, 12 of those were involved in the regular metabolic processes of the plant cells. However, eight proteins were specifically related to production and storage of plant lipids, thus explaining the high concentration of lipids in chia seeds (around 30%), especially omega‐3 fatty acids (around 20%). The analyses of amino acid sequences showed peptides with bioactive potential, including dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV inhibitors, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, and antioxidant capacity. These results correlated with the main health benefits of whole chia seed in humans such as antioxidant capacity, and hypotensive, hypoglycemic, and anticholesterolemic effects. Such relation can be associated with chia protein and peptide compositions and therefore needs further investigation in vitro and in vivo.     

Seed coat mucilages: Structural,functional/bioactive properties,and genetic information

Seed coat mucilages are mainly polysaccharides covering the outer layer of the seeds to facilitate seed hydration and germination, thereby improving seedling emergence and reducing seedling mortality. Four types of polysaccharides are found in mucilages including xylan, pectin, glucomannan, and cellulose. Recently, mucilages from flaxseed, yellow mustard seed, chia seed, and so on, have been used extensively in the areas of food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics contributing to stability, texture, and appearance. This review, for the first time, addresses the similarities and differences in physicochemical properties, molecular structure, and functional/bioactive properties of mucilages among different sources; highlights their structure and function relationships; and systematically summarizes the related genetic information, aiming with the intent to explore the potential functions thereby extending their future industrial applications.     

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Seed and its Potential Food Applications: A Review

Kenaf belongs to the family Malvaceae noted for their economic and horticultural importance. Kenaf seed is a valuable component of kenaf plant. For several years, it has been primarily used as a cordage crop and secondarily as a livestock feed. The potential for using kenaf seeds as a source of food‐based products has not been fully exploited. Consumers are becoming more interested in naturally healthy plant‐based food products. Kenaf seed, the future crop with a rich source of essential nutrients and an excellent source of phytocompounds, might serve suitable roles in the production of value‐added plant‐based foods. At present kenaf seed and its value‐added components have not been effectively utilized for both their nutritional and functional properties as either ingredient or major constituent of food products. This review focuses on the possible food applications of kenaf seed and its value‐added components based on their nutritional composition and functional properties available in literature, with the purpose of providing an overview on the possible food applications of this underutilized seed. The review focuses on a brief introduction on kenaf plant, nutritional function, lipids and proteins composition and food applications of the seed. The review elaborately discusses the seed in terms of; bioactive components, antioxidants enrichment of wheat bread, antimicrobial agents, as edible flour, as edible oil and a source of protein in food system. The review closes with discussion on other possible food applications of kenaf seed. The need for food scientists and technologists to exploit this natural agricultural product as a value‐added food ingredient is of great significance and is emphasized.     

The role of rabbit meat as functional food

Increasing consumer knowledge of the link between diet and health has raised the awareness and demand for functional food ingredients. Meat and its derivatives may be considered functional foods to the extent that they contain numerous compounds thought to be functional. This review will attempt to outline the excellent nutritional and dietetic properties of rabbit meat and offer an overview of the studies performed on the strategies adopted to improve the functional value of rabbit meat. Dietary manipulation has been seen to be very effective in increasing the levels of essential FA, EPA, DHA, CLA, branched chain FA, vitamin E, and selenium in rabbit meat. Dietary fortification with vitamin E or natural products such as oregano essential oil, chia seed oil, and Spirulina platensis microalga seem promising in improving the oxidative stability of rabbit meat while also adding functional ingredients.     

In vitro digestion of whole chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.): Nutrient bioaccessibility,structural and functional changes

Dietary chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) has significant health-related benefits due to its high nutrient contents. However, few studies reported the fate of whole seeds in the gastrointestinal tract. Herein, we explored the digestive characteristics in terms of hydrolysis of nutrients, structural and functional properties with a static in vitro digestion method. After gastrointestinal digestion, the digestibility of lipid and protein was 0.46% and 11.38%, respectively. The release rates of tryptophan, tyrosine and lysine were greater than 20%, whereas the glutamic acid and aspartic acid were less than 5%. The microscopic results (optical microscopy (OM), laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) demonstrated that the seeds remained intact, and the mucilage adhered tightly to the seed coat during digestion. The water holding capacity and oil holding capacity of seeds accounted for 6.37 and 3.28 g/g after intestinal digestion, which were significantly lower than gastric digestion endpoints (P < 0.05). And there were no significant differences in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of G-Mucilage and I-Mucilage. In general, preprocessing before being consumed is necessary for chia seeds to take full advantage of rich polyunsaturated fatty acids and proteins.