Effects of alternating current interference on cathodic protection potential and its effectiveness for corrosion protection of pipelines

In this work, the effect of alternating current (AC) interference on cathodic protection (CP) potential on a X65 steel in a near-neutral pH bicarbonate solution was investigated, and the CP performance under AC was evaluated by weight-loss measurements. The CP potential applied on the steel cannot be maintained in the presence of AC interference. The shift of the CP potential depends on the applied CP level and AC current density. No matter if the direct current potential of the steel is shifted negatively or positively upon application of AC, the steel suffers from increased corrosion. The AC decreases the effectiveness of CP for corrosion protection. The CP standard at ?0.850?V (copper sulphate electrode) that does not consider the AC interference is not appropriate for AC corrosion protection.     

Electrochemical behavior of corroded and protected construction steel in cement extract

The corrosion behavior of corroded, cathodically protected and control (reference) construction steel, previously embedded in concrete, was studied in cement extract (pH 12.6, considered as concrete pore water), using cyclic voltammetry (CVA) and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP). The necessity for this investigation occurred from the previously observed and commented discrepancies in the recorded corrosion parameters for corroded and protected steel in embedded conditions 1 . Therefore this study aimed to evaluate how the “naturally” formed in concrete product layers (after 460 days) will influence the electrochemical behavior of the steel in cement extract. The PDP measurements reveal the lowest corrosion resistance to be for the previously corroded steel samples, for which the most active corrosion potential (?0.7 V SCE) and the highest anodic current in the potential region 0 to 0.6 V (SCE) were recorded. The CVA tests support the results from PDP and correlate the properties of the naturally formed layers with the recorded peak current densities and peak potentials with cycling. For all specimens, except the corroded ones, the peak potential initially shifts anodically, which denotes for a high corrosion resistance in the former and low corrosion resistance in the latter case. For the control and protected specimens, the passive current in the potential region of 0 to 0.6 V (SCE) remains almost unchanged with cycling, i.e. the protective properties of the initial layers remain unchanged. Thickening of the film with cycling does not influence the corrosion resistance of the previously formed layers. For the protected specimens, however, a tendency to reach a steady state and change of peak currents' height only were observed, without a pronounced shift to more anodic values. An increase in the peak current only, not accompanied by anodic shift of the peak potential, suggests that the layers in the cathodically protected specimens are more homogeneous and compact. Overall it can be stated that in cement extract, the product layer with lowest corrosion resistance is the one on the surface of the corroded steel reinforcement. The product layers in the protected specimens (although similar to control conditions) are with the highest corrosion resistance.     

TEM and ToF-SIMS studies on the corrosion behavior of vanadium and chromium containing WC-Co hard metals in alkaline solutions

The corrosion behavior of hard metals with VC and Cr₃C₂ grain growth inhibitors was investigated in alkaline solutions by electrochemical methods. The two inhibitors have opposite effects on the corrosion behavior: Cr₃C₂ significantly improves the corrosion behavior, whereas VC-containing alloys show a poor resistance. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses of the distributions of Cr and V in the composite material, as well as in the surface layers formed during corrosion were employed to clarify the influence of these elements on the corrosion behavior. The measurements showed that VC is precipitated mostly along the WC/binder interface after the liquid-phase sintering process, while Cr₃C₂ is almost homogeneously dissolved in the binder. As VC is chemically instable in alkaline solutions, it completely dissolves out of the binder. In accordance with this observation no V was found in the corrosion product layer on the surface. As WC is more noble than Co, galvanic coupling between the two phases reinforces the Co dissolution, while the WC-phase is protected cathodically. Contrary to VC, chromium is stable in alkaline environments and forms a passivating Cr₂O₃ layer. Enrichment of Cr in the corrosion product layers was detected by TEM and ToF-SIMS. Due to surface passivation by Cr₂O₃, galvanic coupling effects between Co and WC play a much less important role in the corrosion process of the composite material.     

Effects of alternating current on corrosion of a coated pipeline steel in a chloride-containing carbonate/bicarbonate solution

In this work, the alternating current (AC)-induced corrosion of a coated pipeline steel was studied in a chloride-containing, concentrated carbonate/bicarbonate solution, which simulated the trapped high pH electrolyte under coating, by potentiodynamic polarization measurements, immersion tests and surface characterization technique. It was found that an application of AC resulted in a negative shift of corrosion potential of the steel, caused an oscillation of anodic current density, and degraded the steel passivity developed in the solution. With the increase of AC current density, the corrosion rate of the steel increased. At a low AC current density, a uniform corrosion occurred, while at a high AC current density, pitting corrosion occurred extensively on the steel electrode surface. At individual applied AC, there was a higher electrochemical dissolution activity of the coated steel electrode containing a 1 mm defect than that of the electrode containing a 10 mm defect.     

Perturbation method analysis of AC-induced corrosion

A nonlinear model for corrosion of metals subjected to alternating voltage (AV) induced corrosion that includes the elements corresponding to the polarization resistance, the double layer capacitance and the solution resistance is developed. The results show that corrosion of materials under AC conditions is greatly enhanced by the peak potential and by an increase in the ratio of the anodic-to-cathodic Tafel slope. The AC-induced corrosion rate: (i) decreases with the frequency of the applied signal and with an increase in the DC corrosion potential, (ii) is independent of the DC corrosion rate, and (iii) increases with the peak potentials of the AV signal.     

A study on cathodic protection against crevice corrosion in dilute NaCl solutions

Potential and current distributions in a cathodically protected crevice between a simulated coating and segmented mild steel electrodes were measured in dilute NaCl solutions. The distributions became more uniform with time due to an increase in solution conductivity and depletion of dissolved oxygen in the crevice. Generally, a negative shift of control potential and an increase in initial solution conductivity and crevice thickness resulted in a higher polarization level on the steel. However, if the control potential is too negative, the polarization level may be lower than that under a suitable control potential because of hydrogen evolution. On the basis of these results, a mechanism of cathodic protection against crevice corrosion in high-resistivity environments was proposed.     

用电化学阻抗技术研究阴极保护

介绍电化学阻抗谱（ＥＩＳ）在研究阴极保护方面的应用，根据受有极保护金属的阻抗特征，可以确定实际保护率达到极大的最佳阴极保护保护电位，ＥＩＳ可以用于监测土壤和混凝土钢结构受阴极保护时的腐蚀情况，海水中阴极保护时形成的钙质沉积层的保护性能可由ＥＩＳ的参数来反映。ＥＩＳ变化趋势可还以反映Ａｌ－Ｚｎ－Ｉｎ合金牺牲阳极沿晶界的择优溶解。     

Influence of AC interference to corrosion of Q235 carbon steel

Abstract

The alternating current (AC) has a strong influence on the corrosion of carbon steel Q235 in soil. AC corrosion^1–3 was investigated by morphology observation, weight loss analysis and electrochemical measurement. The results of morphology observation and weight loss analysis showed that AC increased the corrosion rate and the influence was weakened when a protective layer was built up. The electrochemical tests confirmed that in the presence of AC, the corrosion potential shifted toward the negative direction and the exchange current density increased.^4–9     

埋地管道直流干扰腐蚀研究Ⅱ—地表电位梯度检测

地表电位梯度指标容易检测,但根据现有标准难以获得管道杂散干扰腐蚀的有用信息.本文采用新的方法测量电位梯度,并根据测量数据,解析出二种电流成分:地表干扰电流和流入(出)管道的电流;后者和实际杂散干扰腐蚀有良好相关,电流流出管道的位置代表阴极保护管道的腐蚀活性点.     

Mechanistic aspect of near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines under cathodic polarization

This paper investigates mechanistically stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of an X70 pipeline steel that is under cathodic protection (CP) in a near-neutral pH solution. It was found that there is a critical potential range, i.e., ?730 and ?920 mV_SCE, where the steel is in a non-equilibrium electrochemical state, and anodic dissolution (AD) reaction may occur when the steel is polarized cathodically. When the applied potential is more positive than this range, SCC is AD-based; while the applied potential is more negative, SCC of pipelines is under hydrogen embrittlement (HE) mechanism. When the polarization potential is within the range, SCC of the steel is under the combined effect of AD and HE. Therefore, AD may still occur on pipeline steel that is under CP with the potential within this critical range, contributing to the cracking process.     

Effect of temperature on copper corrosion in high-level nuclear waste environment

The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of copper in simulated high-level nuclear waste environment was systematically studied. Electrochemical methods, including electrochemical impendence spectra, Mott–Schottky technology, cyclic polarization, and potentiostatic polarization, were employed to characterize the corrosion behavior of copper at different temperatures. Stereoscopic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the surface morphology, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis was used to identify the composition of the passive film. The experimental results show that corrosion resistance of the passive film does not blindly decrease with the increase of temperature but increases at 60 °C owing to a compact outer layer; there is a potential for pitting corrosion, which decreases as the temperature increases. The main product of copper in an anaerobic aqueous sulfide solution is Cu₂S but the content of CuS increases at higher temperatures. The whole passivation range shows p-type semiconductor characteristics and the magnitude of the acceptor density is 10²³ cm^?3, which increases with increasing temperature.     

Effect of alternating current on cathodic protection on pipelines

In this work, the effects of alternating current (AC) on the performance of cathodic protection (CP) and the CP potential readings were investigated on a 16Mn pipeline steel in a simulated soil solution. The presence of AC interference decreases the CP effectiveness to protect the steel from corrosion. Only when CP potential is sufficiently negative, the steel is under a complete protection even when the AC current density is 400 A/m². Moreover, the AC would shift CP potential from the designed value. The effect of AC on the CP performance depends on the cathodic potential applied on the steel.     

Electrochemical behavior of microbiologically influenced corrosion on Fe3Al in marine environment

In this article, microbiologically influenced corrosion behavior of Fe₃Al intermetallic compound in microorganism culture medium has been investigated by using weight loss methods, electrochemical techniques, and electron microscopy. Polarization curves showed that a sharp electrical current peak caused by surface pitting could be observed after Fe₃Al electrodes were immersed in culture medium for 15 days when the polarization potential was about -790 mV vs SCE. Based on the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the equivalent circuit parameters of the associated system, the corrosion products were found to exhibit a two-layer structured feature and the microorganisms could induce pitting and erosion corrosion of the inner layer. In addition, the passivating film of the inner layer was absolutely destroyed by microbial metabolic products.     

交流电频率对X80管线钢在酸性土壤模拟溶液中腐蚀行为的影响

通过电化学测试、浸泡实验和表面分析技术研究了交流电频率(50~400 Hz)对X80钢在鹰潭酸性土壤模拟溶液中腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,随交流电频率的增加,X80钢的腐蚀速率逐渐减小,腐蚀程度减弱。交流电作用下X80钢生成的腐蚀产物疏松、裂纹多,对基体的保护性很差。X80钢的腐蚀电位偏移量随交流电频率的增大而减小。随交流电频率的增大,阴、阳极极化曲线的振荡幅度逐渐减弱。交流电的施加不仅使阴、阳极的电流密度增大,还使阴极反应由混合控制逐渐向活化控制转变。     

The beneficial secondary effects of conventional and pulse cathodic protection for reinforced concrete,evidenced by X‐ray and microscopic analysis of the steel surface and the steel/cement paste interface

The present study reports on the investigation of conventional and pulse cathodic protection (CP), in terms of steel surface analysis and investigation of the product layers at the steel/cement paste interface, after a long term (460 days) of conditioning and monitoring. The techniques used were: X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX). Wet chemical analysis was used as supportive evidence for ion concentrations in the vicinity of the steel re‐bars. Generally, CP promotes beneficial secondary effects i.e. enhanced OH^? concentration and reduced Cl^? concentration near the steel surface. Cathodic polarization also results in additional deposition of portlandite, which stabilizes the protective properties of the product layer on the steel surface. Consequently, the fundamental mechanisms, underlying the efficiency of CP techniques in reinforced concrete, are strongly related to beneficial secondary effects of CP, affecting the morphology and transformations of these product layers. Since the experimental evidences to support the aforementioned beneficial effects are rather limited, this study investigates the morphology and composition of the “naturally” formed steel surface layers, along with the properties of the steel/cement paste interface, on corroding and protected steel reinforcement (in comparison to reference, non‐corroding, non‐protected conditions) after 460 days of conditioning. For the corroding specimens, the formation and substantial deposition of voluminous corrosion products, with low adherence to the steel surface is relevant (low protective ability), whereas in the protected specimens, a compact and adherent product layer of more stable high valent iron oxides, or calcium substituted such, was observed. To this end, the present work provides the experimental evidence for the fundamental mechanisms, related to the otherwise recognized positive secondary effects of CP in reinforced concrete.     

高压输电耐张线夹用铝在中性溶液中的交流腐蚀行为

目的研究高压输电耐张线夹用铝在0.1 mol/L的中性Na2SO4溶液中的交流腐蚀行为。方法在耐张线夹端部截取块状腐蚀试样并包覆、打磨、清洗,利用自制设备测量试样在交变电流腐蚀作用下的Tafel曲线、交流阻抗谱和腐蚀速率,采用扫描电子显微镜分析微观腐蚀形貌,采用X射线衍射仪、能谱仪和X射线光电子能谱仪对腐蚀区元素及物相进行分析。结果交变电流密度为0~40 A/m2时,Tafel曲线负向移动;50 A/m2时,发生逆转,曲线正向移动;随交变电流密度增加,交流阻抗谱Nyquist图由单弧逐渐变为双弧,出现Warburg阻抗,Bode-Phaze图由单峰逐渐变为双峰;表面出现较多的点蚀坑和层状脱落痕迹;腐蚀产物为Al(OH)3和Al2O3。结论交变电流作用下试样的腐蚀倾向加深,腐蚀表面具有较多的空洞,垂直腐蚀和平行腐蚀交替进行,呈现层状脱落方式向基体演进,腐蚀产物与一般铝腐蚀产物相同,均为Al(OH)3和Al2O3,腐蚀速率在交变电流密度低于50 A/m2时相对较低,高于50 A/m2时大幅提高。     

埋地管道交流干扰与阴极保护相互作用研究进展

系统地综述了交流干扰对阴保电位、阴保电流密度、牺牲阳极电位、牺牲阳极消耗速率、牺牲阳极效率等参数的影响,同时阐述了交流干扰下阴保评价准则及交流腐蚀机理的最新研究成果。最后指出了目前研究存在的主要问题,展望了该研究领域的发展趋势。     

Effect of cathodic protection on corrosion of pipeline steel under disbonded coating

In this work, a test rig was developed to study the effect of cathodic protection (CP) on corrosion of X70 pipeline steel in the crevice area under disbonded coating through the measurements of local potential, solution pH and dissolved oxygen concentration. Results demonstrated that, in the early stage of corrosion of steel, CP cannot reach the crevice bottom to protect steel from corrosion due to the geometrical limitation. Corrosion of steel occurs preferentially inside crevice due to a separation of anodic and cathodic reaction with the depletion of dissolved oxygen in the crevice solution. The main role of CP in mitigation of sequential corrosion of steel in crevice under disbonded coating is to enhance the local solution alkalinity. With the increase of distance from the open holiday, a high cathodic polarization is required to achieve appropriate CP level at crevice bottom. A potential difference always exists between the open holiday area and inside crevice, reducing the CP effectiveness.     

The modification effect of different compounds for protection of magnesium against corrosion

A protective layers were prepared on a magnesium electrode by treatment in different solutions and times after modification in 0.15 M HCl for 20 seconds. The corrosion of magnesium coated protective layer with different compounds was studied by using potential-time, current-potential curves and AC impedance spectra. The coatings morphology depends on the treating bath compositions and immersion times. The protective efficiencies of the surface layers were calculated by using corrosion rates obtained by extrapolation of Tafel zones of current-potential curves to the corrosion potential and by using Stern-Geary equation with polarization resistance from impedance spectra.     

磷化处理对无铬钝化热镀锌板耐蚀性能的影响

研究了磷化处理工艺对无铬钝化热镀锌板耐腐蚀性能和表面形貌的影响。采用扫描电镜对其表面形貌进行分析，同时与未经过磷化处理的钝化板表面形貌进行对比；采用电化学阳极极化曲线方法和电化学阻抗法对磷化处理后钝化板的耐腐蚀性能进行了研究。在钝化板膜重为0.8 g/m²的情况下，经磷化处理的钝化板表面钝化膜完好，没有发现锈蚀或钝化膜剥落现象；经磷化处理的钝化板自腐蚀电位和阳极电流密度不变，阴极电流密度和自腐蚀电流密度有所提高；Nyquist图的高频部分在磷化处理前为容抗弧，磷化处理后出现具有Warburg阻抗的直线，说明磷化处理后钝化膜表面出现扩散过程。 研究表明，钝化板经过磷化处理后表面未形成磷化膜，耐腐蚀性能仍来自原钝化膜，经磷化处理的钝化板的耐腐蚀性能有所降低。因此，现有常规的磷化处理并没有增加钝化板的耐腐蚀性能，如果有需要提高钝化板耐腐蚀性能的要求，必须针对无铬钝化板研制专用的磷化液和磷化工艺。