A Simple Treatment of the Relation between Diffuse and Specular Density

A formula is developed from elementary diffraction theory for the intensity and distribution of the diffused light from a developed photographic emulsion layer, and calculations are given of the resulting relation between diffuse and specular densities, The experimental results show that the theory gives a useful general picture of the behaviour of developed emulsion layers. The uneven surface of the layer, however, has a marked effect on measurements of specular density, and so of the Callier coefficient.     

聚苯乙烯/纳米金刚石复合微球的制备及性能测定

以纳米金刚石为乳化剂,BPO为引发剂,利用Pickering效应成功合成得到了聚苯乙烯/纳米金刚石复合微球.XRD、TDA-DTA、TEM、BET以及FT-IR分别进行了结构表征.研究结果表明,在聚苯乙烯/纳米金刚石复合微球中,纳米金刚石晶体为立方相,聚苯乙烯为无定形态,颗粒径粒大约为40～70nm,分散较好,比较面积达到230m2/g,该复合材料具有良好热稳定性.进一步的力学系性能测定表明,随着聚苯乙烯/纳米金刚石复合微球添加应用,聚苯乙烯的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率性能得到了明显地改善,但弯曲强度性能有所下降.     

Full characterization of holographic reflection gratings recorded on BB640 emulsions

A complete characterization of unslanted holographic reflection gratings with high diffraction efficiency recorded on ultrafine grain emulsion BB640 has been achieved. By use of a wavelength-dependent absorption coefficient, the diffraction efficiency, the replay wavelength, and the spectral bandwidth of each recording has been obtained. Corresponding index modulation, absorption, and effective thickness have been obtained with high accuracy by fitting the experimental data with Kogelnik's theory.     

Bending of simply-supported,antisymmetrically laminated rectangular plate under transverse loading

The deformation of antisymmetric angle-ply laminated plate under transverse loading is analysed using the bending theory of laminated plate presented by Ren.^1,2 By expanding the load in a double Fourier series, a closed-form solution is obtained for special types of simply-supported boundary condition. The results are compared with similar results from the classical laminated plate theory and Mindlin theory. This shows that the theory presented by Ren is suitable not only for cylindrical bending but also for general bending problems.     

On the theory of the johann focusing spectrometer

The focusing of a spherical X-ray beam according to the Johann scheme is considered based on the dynamic theory of Bragg’s diffraction in a thick crystal. With an allowance for the aberration of a diffracted beam, the beam intensity in the focal region can be described by one of the two analytical expressions, depending on the model selected for the crystal surface bending. The spectral characteristics of the Johann focusing spectrometer are considered in comparison to the existing theory of such spectrometers.     

Internal reflections in bleached reflection holograms

Bleached reflection holograms produced by two plane waves in Agfa 8E56 photographic emulsion and recorded in an index-matching liquid tank at 514 nm are studied. Replay at 514 nm is both in the tank and in air, boundary reflections giving rise to multiple-output beams in the latter case. The intensities in the various output beams are measured as a function of the angle of incidence of the input beam. A simple theory based on two-wave grating diffraction and the Fresnel boundary coefficients is formulated and shown to agree with good approximation with the observed intensities of all significant output beams.     

A single variable shear deformable nonlocal theory for transversely loaded micro- and nano-scale rectangular beams

In this paper, a simple single variable shear deformable nonlocal theory for bending of micro- and nano-scale rectangular beams is presented. To incorporate small size effects, the theory uses Eringen’s nonlocal differential constitutive relations. The theory has only one fourth-order governing differential equation involving a single unknown variable. The governing equation and the expressions for the bending moment and shear force of the present theory are strikingly similar to those of nonlocal Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory (EBT) formulated based on Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity theory. The theory assumes that the axial and lateral displacements have bending and shear components such that the bending components do not contribute towards shear force, and the shear components do not contribute towards bending moment. Also, the chosen displacement functions of the theory give rise to a realistic parabolic transverse shear stress distribution across the beam cross-section. Efficacy of the proposed theory is demonstrated through bending of simply supported, cantilever and clamped-clamped micro- and nano-scale beams of rectangular cross-section. The numerical results obtained by using the present theory are compared with those predicted by other nonlocal first-order and higher-order shear deformation beam theories. The results obtained are quite accurate.     

低能量导爆索弯曲传爆特性相关研究

利用非线性动力分析软件LS-DYNA3D,对低能量导爆索弯曲条件下的传爆进行了数值模拟和实验研究。结果显示在截面相同情况下,无论是爆轰波波阵面压力还是爆速在经过圆弧段弯曲后,都相应地产生损失,相比直线传爆数据发生下降。对于弧形弯曲,相当于爆轰波经过连续的不变的小拐角绕射,这种情况下的爆速低于直线传播的爆速。     

磨削表面损伤对RBSiC弯曲强度的影响

借助X射线衍射方法测量了反应烧结碳化硅(RBSiC)材料的磨削表面的残余应力状态,并根据断裂力学评价了磨削引入的裂纹尺寸,分析了RBSiC的弯曲强度受磨削引入裂纹和残余应力的影响.研究表明,由于磨削过程中与磨削方向有关的机械载荷占主导作用,使磨削后的表面残余应力具有方向依赖性.砂轮轴向进给从0.90μm/s增加到1.35μm/s,磨削表面的残余压应力数值降低,计算得到的磨削引入的裂纹尺寸增大,导致强度下降.     

A new high-sensitivity X-ray diffraction technique for determining local deformations of a crystal surface using “bending interference fringes”

A new high-sensitivity X-ray diffraction technique for studying local surface deformations caused by crystal defects is described. The method is based on analysis of the shape of “bending interference fringes” (BIFs) in the Bragg geometry of X-ray diffraction. The obtained results show that the BIF method allows one to qualitatively assess very weak local deformations of a crystal surface with local bending radii of crystallographic planes from several dozen to several hundred meters.     

Edge effects of uniformly loaded cross-ply composite laminates

Interlaminar stresses resulting from bending of rectangular cross-ply composite laminates are determined using a layer wise laminate theory. Two types of laminates are considered. First a fully simply supported laminate subjected to bi-directional bending is analyzed. The results obtained from this theory are compared with those of the published three-dimensional elasticity solutions to verify the validity and accuracy of the present theory. Then laminates with two edges simply supported and the other two edges free are examined. The results indicate the presence of significant interlaminar stresses near the free edges.     

一种新型双金属复合板弯曲矫直模型

因为传统的连续弯曲辊式矫直理论创建在单一金属反复连续弯曲变形的基础上,所以将该理论应用于双金属复合板连续弯曲矫直时,精度不高且无法保证双金属复合板的矫后平直度。为完善板材矫直力论,分析了双金属复合板矫直弯曲变形时的特点,提出了分层算法,并将模型计算数据与矫直实验数据进行了对比。结果表明:提出的方法可以在不同金属变形层上采用不同的计算方法和材料模型,比较适应于求解双金属复合板的辊式矫直问题;模型计算矫直力误差不大于5.73%。所得结论表明基于分层算法的数学模型在计算双金属复合板时具有良好的效果。      

高阶剪切变形板理论下FG-GRC板的屈曲和弯曲分析

基于三阶剪切变形板理论(TSDPT)和正弦剪切变形板理论(SSDPT),研究了功能梯度石墨烯增强复合材料(FG-GRC)板的屈曲和弯曲行为,并通过与一阶剪切变形板理论(FSDPT)计算结果的比较,分析了TSDPT、SSDPT与FSDPT在FG-GRC板屈曲和弯曲力学行为研究过程中的差异。材料的有效杨氏模量通过修正的Halpin-Tsai微观力学模型估算,有效泊松比通过混合律确定。利用最小势能原理推导出了包含五个未知量的控制方程,并获得了简支FG-GRC矩形板弯曲挠度和临界屈曲载荷Navier形式的解析解。数值结果表明：与TSDPT和SSDPT相比,FSDPT明显高估了FG-X型FG-GRC板的临界屈曲载荷而明显低估了其弯曲挠度,且略微低估了FG-O型FG-GRC板的临界屈曲载荷而略微高估了其弯曲挠度,而UD型和FG-A型FG-GRC板在三种理论下的计算结果几乎完全一致;TSDPT和SSDPT在计算FG-GRC板的弯曲挠度和临界屈曲载荷时结果十分相近;当板的总层数NL小于10层～15层时,弯曲载荷比率和临界屈曲载荷比率的变化非常显著,当总层数NL超过10层～15层时,弯曲载荷比率和临界屈...     

The critical distance theory for fatigue analysis of notched aluminium specimens subjected to repeated bending

This paper provides new insights in the use of the critical distance method for fatigue analysis of notched aluminium components subjected to constant amplitude bending loading. A straightforward test setup was developed to load test samples with different stress concentrations in repeated bending at high test frequency. The mean values of the local endurable stress amplitudes are determined with the staircase method and the Dixon and Mood theory using a minimum amount of test samples. The critical distance is determined using these fatigue limits and the corresponding stress gradients determined by means of finite element analysis. The results indicate a unique critical distance of 0.22 mm for fatigue crack initiation. Consequently, the critical distance theory can be successfully applied for fatigue analysis of notched specimens or engineering components of aluminium EN AW 7075 T7351 with geometrical features of various size and shape subjected to fluctuating loading in bending.     

Interaction mechanism of cement and asphalt emulsion in asphalt emulsion mixtures

The interaction characteristics of cement asphalt composite mastic (CAM) and performance properties of cement asphalt emulsion mixtures (CAEM) were evaluated in this work using chemical and mechanical test methods to investigate the effect of the presence of cement on asphalt emulsion mixtures (AEM). The chemical composition of the CAM was obtained through use of X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) as a means to describe the interactions between the cement and asphalt in the composite materials. Test results demonstrated that cement can hydrate with the water phase of the asphalt emulsion. Asphalt droplets can simultaneously enclose cement particles and delay the hydration reaction process of cement. The interaction mechanism of cement particles or hydration products and residual asphalt is a physical compound process. The influence of these findings on asphalt emulsion mixture design and performance properties was assessed using varying mix design components and conducting laboratory-based mechanical test methods for rutting resistance and moisture susceptibility. Mix design components varied including added water content, emulsion content, and cement dosage levels. The optimum fluids content was determined based on the dry indirect tensile strength. It was found that the cement content significantly impacts the optimum fluids content for both added water and emulsion. Furthermore, the presence of cement improves the dry tensile strength, rutting resistance, and moisture susceptibility. Based on microstructural analysis of CAM and CAEM, the mechanism by which cement improves the performance of AEM is attributed to the ability of hydration products to increase both the stiffness of the asphalt binder and the adhesion at the mastic–aggregate interface. In practical applications, this study recommends a mix design method for cement-modified asphalt emulsion mixes (CAEM) based on selection of optimum cement and emulsion contents using indirect tensile strength and verification of the design through evaluation of the moisture susceptibility and rutting resistance of the CAEM mix. Threshold values of CAEM mix mechanical properties to determine the quality of the design are proposed.     

Fixation-free bleached silver halide transmission holograms recorded on Slavich PFG-01 red sensitive plates

Abstract

Bleaching is one of the most widely used techniques in the production of phase holograms of high quality on photographic emulsion, particularly in rehalogenating techniques without a fixation step. These techniques were very well understood when Agfa 8E75 HD emulsion was used for the recording. Production of Agfa material for applications to holography ceased in 1997, so these techniques must be optimized for the silver halide materials which are currently available. In this paper we present experimental results for fixation-free rehalogenating bleached holograms derived from the Slavich PFG-01 emulsion, a red-sensitive fine-grained emulsion from the Slavich Company. The influence of the potassium bromide concentration in the bleach solution on the final quality of the holograms is studied. The concentrations of the different components of the bleach solution are adjusted to obtain the highest values of the diffraction efficiency. A comparative study is also made with bleached holograms recorded on Agfa 8E75 HD plates. We will show that high diffraction efficiencies can be obtained when fixation-free rehalogenating bleached holograms are recorded on Slavich PFG-01 plates.     

酚醛树脂乳液的合成及在摩擦材料中的应用

:讨论了乳化剂用量对酚醛树脂乳液性能的影响 ,通过干燥工艺的研究和摩擦材料性能的比较表明 ,酚醛树脂乳液用于湿式摩擦材料是可行的     

用初始函数法和虚拟载荷法解复合材料叠层板弯曲问题

本文将初始函数法应用到叠层情况并提出了一个虚拟载荷法来计算叠层结构把分析问题推进了一步.通过实例表明,这种方法有较好的精度和使用前景.      

Rosin (colophony) holograms sensitized with ammonium dichromate

We report a photosensitive emulsion by mixing ammonium dichromate with rosin resin diluted in isopropyl alcohol. This material can be easily elaborated. A phase grating in this material was recorded using an argon-ion laser at λ = 457 nm, shows a moderate diffraction efficiency. This material is capable of a high resolution when we record some diffraction gratings, observing the order of 2000 l/mm (grooves). A characteristic of the developed process is its simplicity that it takes approximately 25 s. It describes a hypothesis with respect to some mechanisms of photosensitivity in emulsions.     

The Mass and Distribution of Photolytic Silver in the Solarization Region

The mass and distribution of photolytic silver in the solarization region of a chlorobromide, halide-exchange emulsion has been determined by using radiochemical and autoradiographic techniques in conjunction with latent-image bleaches.

For this particular emulsion, in the region where developed density decreases with increasing exposure, the mass of surface silver also decreases whilst internal silver increases. This is a direct demonstration of the rehalogenation theory of solarization.

The behaviour of surface latent image towards bleaching solutions, as determined by non-solvent surface development, indicates that although the number of latent-image centres, taken over the emulsion as a whole, decreases with increasing exposure, the average size of the remaining centres continues to increase.