重频高压ns脉冲电源关断保护电路的设计及应用

由于重频ns脉冲电介质击穿试验中持续时间过长的大幅值短路电流会对设备造成损害,因此设计了一种用于高压ns脉冲电源的关断保护电路。试验时根据电流的变化来判断击穿的发生并作为触发信号,关断保护电路将示波器的触发反馈信号转换成脉冲控制信号来实现击穿后电源的自动关停。将所设计的电路用于重频ns脉冲PTFE击穿试验中,验证了电路的有效性。利用该关断保护电路和示波器组成的测量系统测量了重频高压ns脉冲条件下PTFE击穿的电压电流波形和重频耐受时间,测得重频耐受时间204ms。结果表明该测量系统误差为22μs,可以满足40kHz重复频率以下的ns脉冲固体击穿试验的要求。     

常压下重频纳秒脉冲气体放电试验研究

气体介质在重频(PRF)纳秒脉冲作用下的绝缘特性是高重频脉冲功率技术研发的基础。采用SPG200重频纳秒脉冲电源，通过测量常压空气介质间隙(5、10、15、20mm)，在不同重复频率(1、10、100、500、1000Hz)、不同电压幅值(60、80、100kV)作用下的击穿电压、电流、击穿延时及耐受时间，研究了空气的绝缘特性。结果显示重频脉冲常压下空气的击穿场强比单次脉冲时低得多；随击穿场强的增大，击穿时延、重频耐受时间均有减小的趋势，高PRF时减小趋缓。低PRF下的放电发展过程与单次时的放电发展过程差别不大，而与高PRF下的不同。最后对纳秒脉冲下击穿时延及放电机理等进行了一些讨论。     

脉冲电压下击穿时延分析

为方便有效地测量击穿时延,结合纳秒脉冲绝缘试验所得电压、电流波形,比较了几种测量方法的差异,研究结果表明,用击穿电流波形读取击穿时延最为有效和简便,由测量的击穿时延可判断击穿的特征与趋势。     

基于吹气开关的重复频率纳秒脉冲源的研究

为可靠驱动重复频率纳秒脉冲放电,研究设计了一款基于吹气开关的重复频率纳秒脉冲电源,可输出幅值可变,脉宽数十至数百纳秒的准方波脉冲。在本研究的实验条件下,输出脉冲的最高有效工作频率可超过1.5k Hz。该电源采用脉冲形成线原理产生高电压纳秒脉冲,开关采用同轴结构的吹气式自击穿气体开关,风机吹气用于加快气体开关的绝缘恢复速度,进而提高气体开关的极限工作频率。实验结果表明:在不加吹气风机时,气体开关绝缘恢复情况较差,存在多次低电压击穿过程,故脉冲形成线越短,纳秒脉冲电源的有效工作频率极限越低;使用吹气风机后,开关的多次低电压击穿现象在一定程度上被抑制,纳秒脉冲电源的有效工作频率极限随脉冲形成线长度的缩短而增大;且风机风速越快,气体开关绝缘恢复越好,纳秒脉冲电源的有效工作频率越高。最后用此重复频率纳秒脉冲电源成功驱动了平行板结构的介质阻挡放电模块。     

用于放电等离子体的重频固态纳秒脉冲电源

为提高放电功率、产生大面积等离子体,设计了一种高重复频率纳秒脉冲电源,其基本原理是采用高压截断法产生高压脉冲.选用通断速度较快的碳化硅(SiC)金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)产生纳秒级截断,进而可以大幅提高输出脉冲的重复频率;使用8个串联的MOSFET同步工作,以提高输出电压幅值.测试结果表明,该电源输出脉冲的电压幅值可达10 kV,脉冲上升沿约为12 ns,半高宽约为750 ns.负载为5 kΩ无感电阻时,连续运行重复频率可达100 kHz,爆发模式下重复频率可达1 MHz.电源带载能力较强,未击穿时输出电压脉冲波形基本不随电极负载发生改变.该电源可长期稳定工作,产生较大面积等离子体,满足了高重复频率纳秒脉冲放电的需求.     

纳秒级高压脉冲下绝缘击穿特性的研究

研究了液体和固体绝缘材料的击穿特性 ,通过蓖麻油、变压器油、聚酯薄膜、聚酰亚胺薄膜的击穿实验的波形处理和分析 ,说明了击穿电压与脉冲陡度、脉冲宽度和作用时间的相互关系 ,相对于直流、慢过程条件下绝缘击穿特性 ,纳秒级快脉冲下绝缘材料的击穿场强会大幅提高 ,其击穿场强随脉冲缩短而提高 ,但作用减小。给出了一些具体的绝缘材料击穿值     

基于H桥-MPC电路的高压脉冲发生器设计

针对强电磁脉冲用于工业及生活污水有机物降解研究,设计并研制了采用H桥式逆变电路和磁脉冲压缩(MPC)电路为核心结构的小型高重复频率高压脉冲发生器.该装置输出电压脉冲为双指数电压波,脉宽为纳秒到微秒级别可调,上升前沿时间为纳秒级,脉冲峰值为0～20 kV,脉冲重复频率为0～300 Hz.采用H桥电路结构,初级储能电容可直接连接充电电源,省去缓冲电路.绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)在零电流和零电压条件下关断,关断损耗非常小.经实验证实电压和电流上升时间及脉冲宽度都为百纳秒级,电压峰值可接近20 kV.所设计电源很好的满足了污水放电有机物质降解的研究及应用,此外还可以推广到其他研究及工业应用领域,如气体放电等离子体研宄等.这里的研究对高压脉冲发生器的设计、研制及应用具有一定的指导意义.     

微秒和纳秒脉冲激励下甲烷DBD电学特性研究

利用等离子体技术可以裂解甲烷,产生C2烃和氢气等具有更高价值的物质。对等离子体放电参数优化以提高甲烷等离子体转化效率具有重要意义。文中基于同轴DBD反应装置,在自主研制的微秒和纳秒脉冲电源的激励下,改变电源参数和气体流速,研究了甲烷裂解过程中不同参数下初始击穿电压的变化规律、放电图像、Lissajous图形以及单脉冲内的能量和功率,为甲烷转化提供参考。实验结果表明,两台电源作用下气体初始击穿电压均随脉冲重复频率的增加而下降,但纳秒源作用时该趋势更明显;放电强度均随脉冲重复频率增加而加强,相同参数下,微秒源作用时放电更强;施加电压一定时,不同脉冲重复频率以及不同气体流速下Lissajous图形形状几乎一致,微秒源作用时的图形更接近典型的平行四边形;气体流速和脉冲重复频率相同时,两台电源单脉冲内放电能量与所加电压几乎成直线关系变化,气体流速和施加电压相同时,单脉冲内放电能量几乎不受脉冲重复频率的影响,但是纳秒源可以得到更高的瞬时功率。实验表明,脉冲电源可以作用于DBD反应器用于转化甲烷,纳秒源作用时系统的效率比微秒源更高。     

纳秒脉冲下变压器油绝缘的击穿与闪络特性

纳秒脉冲下变压器油的绝缘特性是脉冲功率技术领域的关键问题之一。为此,利用NPC-120D型高压纳秒脉冲电源对该特性进行了实验研究,分别获得了1 mm间隙下变压器油的击穿和有机玻璃沿面闪络的实验数据。并采用等离子体射流对有机玻璃进行表面改性,比较了改性前后有机玻璃的沿面闪络电压。结果表明:在上升沿40 ns,脉宽100 ns的高压纳秒脉冲电源作用下,变压器油中1 mm击穿电压为120 kV,当加入绝缘介质有机玻璃后,在85 kV电压条件下发生了沿面闪络;利用等离子体射流处理后的有机玻璃在变压器油中的闪络电压显著提高,达到了120 kV。     

用于激励固体绝缘缺陷的SOS型高压重频纳秒脉冲电源的研制

为了对固体缺陷材料进行局部放电检测,文中研制了一台基于半导体断路开关(semiconductoropening switch)的高压重频纳秒脉冲电源,作为激发固体绝缘缺陷在重频下产生局部放电的激励源。纳秒脉冲电源由初级谐振充电单元、磁脉冲压缩单元和半导体断路开关(SOS)三部分构成。介绍了纳秒脉冲电源各部分的设计,给出了纳秒脉冲电源的调试波形。调试结果符合设计要求,在620Ω电阻负载上产生幅值30 kV、前沿30 ns,半高宽110 ns的脉冲电压波形。纳秒脉冲电源连续运行重复频率1 kHz,间隙工作重复频率最大10 kHz。搭建局部放电检测平台,纳秒脉冲电源成功用于试品的局部放电检测,重频下试品放电重复性好。     

Breakdown Phenomena in Nitrogen Due to Repetitive Nanosecond-pulses

Nanosecond-pulse breakdown indicates special characteristics depending on the pulse rise-time and duration. Based on a repetitive nanosecond-pulse generator, breakdown phenomena of parallel-plane gaps in nitrogen were investigated with single pulse and repetitive bursts under different gap conditions. The relationships between applied voltage, pulse repetition frequency, breakdown time lag, repetitive pulse stress time and the number of applied pulses are presented. The curves regarding E-field strength, breakdown time lag and gas pressure are also obtained. The experimental results show that breakdown characteristics with repetitive nanosecond-pulses are different from that with single pulse. Repetitive nanosecond-pulse breakdown is concerned with the accumulation effect that is attributed to residual ions and metastable species survived from previous pulses. In addition, a modified empirical formula about E-field strength, breakdown time lag and gas density is given for the breakdown data.     

纳秒脉冲气体放电机理研究现状

针对脉冲功率技术一基础研究领域即ns脉冲下电介质击穿机理 ,详析了几种放电机理假说 (包括经典流注机理、电子崩链模型、逃逸电子模型、气体开关模型等 ) ,指出重频ns脉冲下气体放电试验及机理值得研究。     

纳秒脉冲下SF6气体放电特性

随着电力系统电压等级的提高,特快速暂态过电压(very fast transient overvoltage,VFTO)对气体绝缘变电站(gas insulated switchgear,GIS)的安全稳定运行产生了越来越严重的威胁,为了提高设备运行的安全稳定性,促进设备小型化,需要深入分析VFTO下SF6气体的绝缘特性。因而该文利用基于半导体断路开关(SOS)的ns脉冲源SPG 200N的输出电压模拟VFTO波形的快速上升过程,黄铜板-板电极模拟GIS内的均匀场,研究了ns脉冲下SF6气体的放电特性,得到了重频耐受时间、施加脉冲个数等与重复频率的关系。实验结果表明,重频耐受时间随着脉冲重复频率的提高而降低,但击穿前所施加的ns脉冲个数与重复频率的关系比较复杂。随着气压的升高,临界击穿场强与气压的比值E/p有所下降,但在该文研究范围内其值仍高于理想状态下稳态电压对应的单位气压下临界值88.5kV/(mm.MPa)。获得的SF6放电特性为进一步明确VFTO下SF6气体的放电机理提供了实验依据。     

Evaluation of breakdown characteristics of gas insulated switchgears for non-standard lightning impulse waveforms - analysis and generation circuit of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms in actual field

To lower the insulation specifications (specifically, the lightning impulse withstand voltage) of a gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and thus cut the equipment cost while maintaining the high reliability of its insulation performance, it is necessary to define in an organized way the insulation characteristics for non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms that represent actual surge waveforms in the field and compare them with the characteristics for the standard lightning impulse waveform quantitatively. In this paper, first, lightning surge waveforms and disconnector switching surge waveforms at UHV, 500 kV, and 275 kV substations were analyzed and five non-standard lightning surge waveforms with basic frequencies of 0.6 to 5.0 MHz were identified. Next, high-voltage circuits that generate these non-standard lightning surge waveforms were designed and constituted using EMTP (electro magnetic transients program) based on a circuit with a gap, inductors, and resistors connected in series and resistors and capacitors connected in parallel. Further, circuits were actually constructed, to obtain voltage waveforms approximately equal to those designed. Finally, the dielectric breakdown voltage-time characteristics were measured under several different conditions for the quasi-uniform SF₆ gas gap that represents an insulation element of a GIS. As a result, it was found that, in the tested range, the dielectric breakdown values for non-standard lightning impulse waveforms were higher than for the standard lightning impulse waveform by 6% to 32%     

高压纳秒脉冲气体放电试验研究进展

按时间顺序综述了纳秒脉冲下气体放电的试验研究结果,简述了几种纳秒脉冲下放电机理假说,并总结了相关的经验公式。目前,重频纳秒脉冲下气体放电的试验研究有较多空白,有必要开展此项研究。     

Evaluation of Breakdown Characteristics of Gas Insulated Switchgears for Non-Standard Lightning Impulse Waveforms - Breakdown Characteristics for Non-Standard Lightning Impulse Waveforms Associated with Lightning Surges

To lower the insulation specifications (specifically, the lightning impulse withstand voltage) of a gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and thus cut the equipment cost while maintaining the high reliability of its insulation performance, it is necessary to define in an organized way the insulation characteristics for non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms that represent actual surge waveforms in the field and compare them with the characteristics for the standard lightning impulse waveform quantitatively. In the preceding paper, lightning surge waveforms and disconnector switching surge waveforms at UHV, 500 kV, and 275 kV substations were analyzed and five to six non-standard lightning surge waveforms with basic frequencies of 0.6 to 5.0 MHz were identified. In this paper, the dielectric breakdown voltage - time characteristics were measured under several different conditions mainly for the quasi-uniform SF₆ gas gaps that represent an insulation element of a GIS toward four kinds of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms associated with lightning surges. As a result, in the tested range, the dielectric breakdown values for nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms were higher than for the standard lightning impulse waveform by 3% to 32%.     

Evaluation of breakdown characteristics of gas insulated switchgears for non-standard lightning impulse waveforms - method for converting non-standard lightning impulse waveforms into standard lightning impulse waveforms -

To lower the lightning impulse withstand voltage of gas insulated switchgear (GIS) while maintaining the high reliability of its insulation performance, it is important to define in an organized way the insulation characteristics for non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms that represent actual surge waveforms in the field and compare them with the characteristics for the standard lightning impulse waveform quantitatively. In the preceding researches, lightning surge waveforms and disconnector switching surge waveforms at UHV, 500 kV, and 275 kV substations were analyzed and five to six kinds of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms with basic frequencies of 0.6 to 5.0 MHz were identified. Then, the dielectric breakdown voltage ? time characteristics were measured under several different conditions on the quasi-uniform SF6 gas gaps and partly the coneshaped insulating spacers that represent insulation elements of GIS for six kinds of nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms. In this paper, the resultant breakdown voltages were evaluated in terms of the overvoltage duration, which led to their formulation in a unified way. On the basis of these insulation characteristics and their unified formulation, the paper investigated a method for converting non-standard lightning impulse waveforms into standard lightning impulse waveforms with equivalent stress for the insulation. When the constructed algorithm was applied to five examples of representative two type waveforms in the lightning surge time region, they were converted into standard lightning impulse waveforms with crest values reduced by 20% to 34%, suggesting potentiality for reduction of lightning impulse insulation specifications of GIS.     

螺旋针-环结构等离子体射流放电过程分析

为降低气体的击穿和维持电压,设计一种螺旋针-环电极结构的等离子体射流装置,研究不同电压下的放电电压、电流波形。研究表明,氦气等离子体射流放电可以分为电晕放电、介质阻挡放电和射流放电三个阶段,并且可以通过放电电压、电流波形的特征进行区分。分析可知,射流管管径较大时,采用螺旋针状内电极结构可以减小电极间的平均气体间隙距离,从而降低气体的击穿和维持电压,使放电更加容易进行;电压反向过程中残留电荷使得合成电场得到加强,气体将"提前"发生放电;由于电极结构的不对称,气体在正半周期更容易发生放电,放电产生的电流脉冲数目更多,电流值更大;随着外加电压增大至14k V,放电最终过渡到丝状放电状态。     

Impulse partial discharge and breakdown characteristics of rod-plane gaps in N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures

Impulse partial discharge (PD) and breakdown (BD) characteristics of rod-plane gaps in N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures were investigated for different gap geometry, gas pressure and SF/sub 6/ gas content. Experimental results revealed that the 50% probability breakdown voltage increased with gas pressure, which agreed with the theoretical values with consideration of discharge time lag for impulse voltage application. For the calculation of discharge inception voltage, the volume-time theory was successfully applied to the N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixture. Furthermore, impulse PD light emission image was observed together with PD current pulse and light intensity waveforms. The long discharge with stepwise propagation and double-peak PD pulses could be observed, which corresponded to the streamer/leader transition leading to breakdown.