基于InSb磁敏电阻器的脉冲涡流信号处理方法研究

脉冲涡流检测方法是涡流检测技术的一个新兴分支。分析了InSb磁敏电阻器作为脉冲涡流检测元件的工作原理。应用InSb磁敏电阻器的涡流探头检测金属裂纹特征的信息提取方法。对采集的信号首先通过同步累加法处理后再经多项式拟合、小波变换实现对信号的滤波与平滑,最终选用小波变换提取裂纹的特征。实验表明:采用InSb磁敏电阻器作为脉冲涡流检测敏感元件,具有较高的裂纹灵敏度,且可以较好地反映裂纹的深度。     

一种用于钢球表面缺陷检测的电涡流传感器研究

电涡流检测法可以非接触性地检测钢球表面和亚表面缺陷,检测信号与激励频率裂纹的深度以及被测钢球的电磁特性有关。由于干扰信号的串入,所以应对涡流探头的输出信号进行处理。在处理的过程中引入相敏检波法,对输出信号进行正交分解和坐标旋转,从而将干扰信号变换到X轴方向,避免对缺陷信号的干扰。实验证明该传感器检测效果良好。     

应用脉冲涡流检测金属表面裂纹的研究

脉冲涡流检测方法是涡流检测技术的一个新兴分支,有着广泛的应用前景。介绍了应用脉冲涡流检测技术于检测金属表面裂纹。实验结果表明:经综合考虑了裂纹深度、材质对测量结果的影响之后,发现裂纹深度和涡流信号幅值峰值之间有着密切的关联。借此可以初步量化地判断裂纹的深度。     

小波变换在脉冲涡流检测信号中的应用

脉冲涡流检测方法是涡流检测技术的一个新兴分支.通过实验装置采集了含有噪声的缺陷信号.介绍了小波去噪的基本原理,研究了脉冲涡流检测信号中的去噪问题,采用小波系数去噪对脉冲涡流检测信号进行了处理.实验结果表明:采用小波系数去噪的方法可使缺陷信号的信噪比得到显著的提高.     

基于神经网络的机车车轮故障诊断

针对现有机车车轮超声检测系统无法准确区分其故障类型,探讨了一种基于小波包变换与BP神经网络相结合的方法来识别基于超声检测机车车轮的故障类型。该方法对机车车轮的超声检测的回波信号进行小波包分解,并提取了频谱能量特征值,由此构造不同类型机车车轮内部伤损对应的特征向量,然后利用改进的BP神经网络算法训练随机抽取的样本空间,并对测试样本数据进行了识别验证。通过实验验证了该方法能够快速准确地识别出机车车轮不同类型的故障对应的超声检测信号。     

基于全频带小波能量相对熵的脉冲涡流感应信号辨识

脉冲涡流检测是一种新兴的无损检测技术,检测方便、成本低、安全性好,适用于对各种材料缺陷进行在线检测。然而,脉冲涡流感应信号强度微弱、识别困难,必须采用比较有效的信号处理方法对信号进行处理。为了提高脉冲涡流检测系统的精度和正确率,在详细分析了脉冲涡流感应信号特性后,提出了一种基于全频带小波能量相对熵的脉冲涡流感应信号辨识方法。对几种典型脉冲涡流感应信号的采样数据进行多尺度小波分解,并单支重构各尺度小波系数。利用小波变换对局部信号特征的放大作用以及小波相对熵对信号之间差异的辨识优势,计算各尺度小波能量占所有小波系数能量的权重系数,及原始信号在各频带下的小波能量相对熵,然后根据小波能量相对熵对脉冲涡流感应信号的类别进行信号辨识。理论分析和试验表明,该方法能够有效消除干扰,提高无损检测的精度和正确率。     

飞机轮毂裂纹检测涡流探头的设计与实现

为了实现对飞机轮毂根部疲劳裂纹的无损检测,设计了一种放置式线圈探头,该探头由1个检测线圈和1个参考线圈组成,利用电桥电路实现对微弱裂纹信号的差动放大检出。信号调理电路采用正交锁相放大对输出进行正交分解,得到包含信号幅值和相位信息的两路直流分量作为裂纹检测的特征量。根据数值仿真得出的结论指导实际探头的设计,对轮毂试件的检测结果表明:该探头能够很好地实现轮毂根部具有一定曲度的表面上小裂纹的检测,且灵敏度高。     

快速小波算法在机车信号检测中的应用

在我国机车控制信号中大量采用移频键控信号（FSK）来传送各种机车速度控制信息。因此,快速准确地检测FSK信号对机车快速安全运行有着十分重要的现实意义。小波分析是分析非稳定信号的一种非常有效的方法,而Mallat快速小波算法使得小波分析的实际应用成为可能。首先研究了机车FSK信号的特征,提出了基于Mallat和FFT相结合的FSK信号实时处理方法,该方法在TMS320C5409组成的信号处理系统上仿真实现。给出了实际采集信号的处理结果,结果表明该方法是实时处理机车信号的一种有效方法。     

金属厚壁结构中深裂纹的重构方法研究

为了提高涡流方法检测厚壁结构中深裂纹的检测精度,使用三维涡流程序对涡流信号进行了仿真,通过分析传感器布置方案对检测信号及噪声的影响,提出了基于反面涡流检测信号的深裂纹重构策略,并开发了相应的逆问题反演程序,对重构策略的可行性进行了验证.数值仿真结果表明,所提出的基于反面涡流检测信号的深裂纹重构策略,可有效提高厚壁结构中深裂纹的重构精度,并可用于工程实践.     

基于电涡流传感器的金属材料表面形貌三维可视化检测

针对金属材料表面形貌检测问题,论文设计制作了一种高空间分辨力的电涡流传感器,可实现金属管道内壁复杂表面形貌及裂纹的高分辨检测。论文采用ANSYS有限元分析软件对传感器进行了仿真分析,验证了传感器对金属材料表面形貌变化的高空间分辨检测能力。论文同时对该种传感器性能进行了实验测试。实验结果表明,相比传统的电涡流传感器,本文设计的传感器对裂纹、对金属材料表面形貌变化具有更高的检测分辨力。最后,论文采用三维可视化技术,将传感器对金属板表面形貌的扫描检测数据转化成三维图像,可直观地显示出被测金属板表面形貌变化及裂纹位置。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).