Bioactive Components and Antioxidant Capacity of Fruits from Nine Sorbus Genotypes

In this study, biochemical profile of fruits of 9 Sorbus genotypes was analyzed. The content of total sugars ranged from 69.7 g/kg (‘Titan’) to 217.5 g/kg (Sorbus torminalis) and total organic acids from 17.7 g/kg (‘Businka’) to 40.2 g/kg (S. torminalis). The highest content of total anthocyanins had ‘Burka’ (871 mg/kg FW) and ‘Businka’ (856 mg/kg FW). Quercetin derivatives represented more than 95% of total flavonols. ‘Alaja krupnaja’ had 3.5‐ to 29‐fold higher rutin content than other analyzed genotypes. S. torminalis fruits had the greatest diversity of isorhamnetin and kaempferol derivatives. Chlorogenic acid was the major hydroxycinnamic acid and its share was 33% to 73% of total analyzed hydoxycinnamic acid derivatives. The richest in chlorogenic acid were ‘Krasavica’ and ‘Alaja krupnaja’ fruits. Cultivar ‘Businka’ had the highest content of epicatechin (40.7 mg/kg) and neochlorogenic acid (1061 mg/kg). Different procyanidin oligomers were detected among flavanols in Sorbus fruits. The highest content of total flavanols was measured in ‘Alaja Krupnaja’ fruits. Cultivars ‘Krasavica’ (84.5 mg/kg) and ‘Burka’ (85.1 mg/kg) had 1.2‐ to 6.9‐fold higher amount of total carotenoids. ‘Businka’ was highlighted as the richest in total tannin and phenolic contents (3768 mg GAE/kg) and consequently, it had the highest antioxidant activity (57.6 mM TE/kg FW). Being abundant in polyphenolics, some extracts of Sorbus genotypes, for example, ‘Businka,’ ‘Burka,’ and ‘Alaja krupnaja’ could serve as valuable resource of bioactive compounds to food and pharmaceutical industries.     

Processed Tart Cherry Products—Comparative Phytochemical Content,in vitro Antioxidant Capacity and in vitro Anti‐inflammatory Activity

Abstract: Processing of fruits and vegetables affects their phytochemical and nutrient content. Tart cherries are commercially promoted to possess antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity. However, processing affects their phytochemical content and may affect their related health benefits. The current study compares the in vitro antioxidant capacity and anti‐inflammatory cyclooxygenase activity of processed tart cherry (Prunus cerasus) products—cherry juice concentrate, individually quick‐frozen cherries, canned cherries, and dried cherries. Cherry products were analyzed for total anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin content and profile. On a per serving basis, total anthocyanins were highest in frozen cherries and total proanthocyanidins were highest in juice concentrate. Total phenolics were highest in juice concentrate. Juice concentrate had the highest oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and peroxynitrite radical averting capacity (NORAC). Dried cherries had the highest hydroxyl radical averting capacity (HORAC) and superoxide radical averting capacity (SORAC). Processed tart cherry products compared very favorably to the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture‐reported ORAC of other fresh and processed fruits. Inhibition of in vitro inflammatory COX‐1 activity was greatest in juice concentrate. In summary, all processed tart cherry products possessed antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity, but processing differentially affected phytochemical content and in vitro bioactivity. On a per serving basis, juice concentrate was superior to other tart cherry products. Practical Application: Processing of fruits and vegetables affects their chemical and nutrient content and perhaps their related health benefits. Comparative studies are valuable to ascertain the effects of processing on fruit and vegetable chemical content and bioactivity. Here we present tart cherries as a model for this type of detailed comparison.     

樱桃籽中抗氧化物质的超声提取工艺及其抗氧化活性

以DPPH自由基清除法检测提取物的抗氧化能力,采用Box-Behnken试验设计结合响应面分析法确定超声提取樱桃籽中抗氧化物质的最佳工艺条件.结果表明,超声提取樱桃籽清除DPPH自由基物质的优化工艺条件为超声功率500W、液料体积质量比30 mL/g、乙醇体积分数40％、提取温度50℃、提取时间5 min.在最佳提取条件下提取的原液,其总黄酮质量分数为(11.13±0.48) mg/g,具有较强的还原能力和显著的清除DPPH及羟基自由基的能力.     

樱桃叶黄酮的体外抗氧化活性

考察樱桃叶黄酮的体外抗氧化活性,为樱桃叶黄酮在医药、食品方面的应用提供理论依据。从樱桃叶中提取黄酮,体外检测樱桃叶黄酮对羟自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)的清除作用,以及对H2O2诱发小鼠红细胞氧化溶血和肝脂质过氧化反应的抑制作用。结果显示,樱桃叶黄酮对·OH和O2-·具有清除作用,且呈现质量浓度依赖性,30μg/mL的黄酮溶液对·OH和O2-·的清除率分别达到85.67%和72.45%,并且对·OH的清除能力优于维生素C;樱桃叶黄酮对肝匀浆脂质过氧化反应和过氧化氢(H2O2)诱发红细胞氧化溶血具有抑制作用,当终质量浓度为30μg/mL时,抑制率分别为79.82%和75.54%。表明樱桃叶黄酮具有质量浓度依赖性的体外抗氧化活性。     

黑小麦粉的抗氧化成分及活性

黑小麦是一类具有特殊营养品质的优质小麦,该试验选用两种特色黑小麦16W16和运黑14207为研究对象,对黑小麦全麦粉、面粉和麸皮的抗氧化活性成分和抗氧化能力进行分析研究。结果表明：两种黑小麦中的花色苷,多酚和黄酮含量均高于对照小麦。16W16全麦粉中多酚、黄酮和花色苷含量分别是3.73 mg GAE/g、2.45 mg RE/g和111.33 mg/kg,铁离子还原能力是2.34 mg TE/g,对DPPH和?OH自由基清除率分别是48.18%和42.46%。黑小麦16W16粗麸中抗氧化成分含量最高,抗氧化活性最强,其花色苷,多酚和黄酮含量分别是672.31 mg/kg、6.77 mg GAE/g和6.67 mg RE/g,铁离子还原能力是5.73 mg TE/g,对DPPH和?OH自由基清除率分别是97.00%和88.30%。黑小麦运黑14207中的多酚、黄酮和花色苷含量和抗氧化活性均显著低于16W16,高于普通对照小麦永良4号。分析黑小麦中抗氧化成分含量发现,即黑小麦中的抗氧化活性物质主要分布在麸皮中。综合分析,相比于普通小麦,黑小麦的抗氧化成分含量高,抗氧化能力强,是用于开发功能性食品和保健食品的良好材料。     

微波法提取菠萝皮中抗氧化活性物质的研究

本实验研究了菠萝皮中总酚、总黄酮的微波提取工艺和不同产地菠萝皮中总酚、总黄酮含量以及提取液抗氧化能力。结果表明:最佳提取工艺条件是微波提取时间160s、微波功率450W、料液比1:40;产于海南、广东、广西三地的菠萝皮中总酚含量分别为979.0、898.1、839.6mg/100g;总黄酮含量分别为882.7、642.4、588.7mg/100g。产于广东、广西、海南的菠萝皮提取液都有较好的抗氧化功能,它们的提取液对DPPH·的清除率分别为87.6%、79.8%、81.6%比对·OH的清除效果更好。     

不同品种大豆中的生物活性成分及其抗氧化活性的比较分析

本文以华南地区广泛种植的十种大豆作为研究对象,大豆制粉后测定了其总酚、总黄酮、异黄酮含量及抗氧化活性(DPPH、FRAP、ORAC),并对生物活性成分含量与抗氧化活性之间进行相关性分析。研究结果表明大豆基因型显著影响其生物活性物质含量及抗氧化活性:品种间的总酚含量为3.18~4.47 mg GAE/g,其中品种HC5与HC6具有最高和最低含量;总黄酮含量为0.27~0.39 mg CE/g,其中HC3与HC2具有最高和最低含量;总异黄酮含量为720.24~1285.47μg/g,其中HX3和HC6具有最高和最低含量;对于DPPH和FRAP值,HX1和GXD2分别具有最高和最低值,而品种HX5与HX9的ORAC值分别最高与最低。DPPH、FRAP与TPC、TFC之间存在正相关性,而ORAC与异黄酮含量之间显著负相关。综合比较发现HC5、HX1、HX9等具有较丰富的生物活性物质,而HX1、HX5等的抗氧化活性相对较好,是生产优质大豆食品的原料。     

5 种不同果色樱桃番茄品种果实挥发性物质及品质特性分析

利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术分别测定5 个不同果色樱桃番茄品种新鲜果实挥发性物质成分和含量,并对其品质特性及主要挥发性成分特征进行分析与探讨。结果表明：5 个樱桃番茄品种成熟果实中共检测到81 种挥发性物质,主要成分为酮类、醛类、酯类和醇类。共有成分14 种,其含量在品种间存在差异,其中香叶基丙酮和法尼基丙酮含量品种间差异最大。品质指标中番茄红素和抗坏血酸含量品种间差异最大。红、粉、紫色品种富含番茄红素,而黄色和绿色品种富含抗坏血酸。挥发物质之间以及挥发物质与其他品质指标之间存在一定的相关性,挥发性物质与非挥发性物质共同构成樱桃番茄独特的风味。     

红豆越橘不同溶剂萃取物组成及抗氧化相关性

以矮丛红豆越橘为研究对象,用体积分数95%乙醇提取后,分别用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇进行萃取,评价乙醇粗提取物和不同溶剂萃取物中总酚、总黄酮、总花色苷、齐墩果酸含量及体外抗氧化能力(1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基、2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐自由基(2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate),ABTS~+·)清除能力)。红豆越橘粗提取物及不同溶剂萃取物均具有一定的抗氧化活性,其中乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取物的抗氧化活性较强,乙酸乙酯萃取物具有最好的DPPH自由基清除能力(半抑制浓度(50%inhibitory concentration,IC_(50))为0.27 mg/m L)与ABTS+·清除能力(IC_(50)为0.05 mg/m L)。不同溶剂萃取物的抗氧化活性与总黄酮和总酚的含量具有较强的相关性。     

东北野生蓝莓花色苷组分分析及其抗氧化性比较

本文以东北地区的野生蓝莓为原料,比较了三种不同产地野生蓝莓间的基本组分和抗氧化活性。利用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器-质谱(HPLC-DAD-MS)法对三种蓝莓花色苷的分析可知,东北地区野生蓝莓中含有花色苷14~16种,以单糖苷配基为主,酰基化率低。含有除天竺葵素以外的5种常见花青素结构类型,且以飞燕草素衍生物、牵牛花素衍生物和锦葵素衍生物所占比例较高,分别占比34.89~42.21%、25.96~32.95%、22.77~31.17%。其中,黑龙江野生蓝莓的可溶性固形物含量较低,且可滴定酸含量较高,其风味较酸不宜鲜食;吉林野生蓝莓的可溶性固形物含量最高,适宜作为加工品种,且其总酚含量、总花色苷含量最高,具有最高的DPPH·清除率、·O2-清除率和铁还原力等抗氧化活性,此结果可能与其糖苷配基单糖种类多且酰基化率低有关。     

咖啡果壳多酚的提取及抗氧化和抗炎特性

咖啡果壳是咖啡生产中的主要副产品,富含多酚类物质,然而目前人们对其开发利用有限。作者以咖啡果壳为原料,对其富含的多酚进行提取纯化和表征,研究其抗氧化活性,并通过建立脂多糖（lipopolysacchride,LPS）诱导的Caco-2细胞炎症模型来探究多酚的抗炎作用。结果显示,LX-17大孔树脂的纯化效果优良,纯化的咖啡果壳多酚主要成分为3,4-二羟基苯甲酸（15.78 μg/mg）,绿原酸（37.85 μg/mg）和生物碱咖啡因（55.82 μg/mg）;抗氧化测定显示提取的多酚具有良好的抗氧化活性,对DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基和羟基自由基都具有极强的清除能力;在细胞炎症模型中,5~200 μg/mL的纯化多酚均能抑制LPS诱导的细胞炎症因子的表达（IL-6、IL-10、IL-1β、TNF-α）,为咖啡果壳多酚的提取纯化和综合利用提供了理论基础。     

玛瑙樱桃与早美樱桃营养成分比较研究

为探究中国樱桃品种玛瑙樱桃与大樱桃品种美早樱桃营养成分之间的差异,对其含水量、核肉比、脂肪、总糖、可溶性糖、总酸、氨基酸、微量元素、黄酮种类及含量、脂肪酸种类及含量等指标进行检测比较。结果表明:玛瑙樱桃的含水量、核肉比、脂肪、总糖、可溶性糖含量高于美早樱桃,美早樱桃的总酸含量高于玛瑙樱桃;玛瑙樱桃和美早樱桃中水解氨基酸含量分别为17.725、18.796 mg/g;玛瑙樱桃的铁含量约为美早樱桃的6倍;两种樱桃中总黄酮的含量分别为37.88%、39.18%,其中美早樱桃中矢车菊素3-O葡萄糖苷含量为玛瑙樱桃的2.43倍;玛瑙樱桃和美早樱桃中脂肪含量分别为0.51%、0.47%,两种樱桃中辛酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸含量较高。玛瑙樱桃酸甜适中,出汁率高,适合用于樱桃饮料等产品加工;美早樱桃黄酮类化合物含量高,具有较高的保健作用。     

不同品种石榴花色苷、总多酚含量及抗氧化活性比较研究

石榴中含有丰富的花色苷和多酚类物质,具有良好的抗氧化活性。以5个石榴品种(大叶天红蛋、大红酸、净皮甜、御石榴和喀什红子酸石榴)为实验材料,分析其总花色苷、总多酚含量,并用DPPH、FRAP、ABTS、螯合亚铁离子法测定抗氧化活性,比较不同石榴品种总花色苷、总多酚含量及抗氧化活性。结果表明:不同石榴品种总花色苷含量范围为3.54～13.89mg/100g,总多酚含量范围为38.89～68.28mg/100g;清除DPPH自由基范围为24.30%～45.73%;FRAP法测得的还原力范围为0.38～0.78;清除ABTS+.能力范围为58.02%～83.40%;螯合亚铁离子能力范围为14.73%～70.60%。相对而言,喀什红子酸石榴抗氧化活性较好,其次为御石榴。     

Optimization of extraction conditions of total phenolics, antioxidant activities, and anthocyanin of oregano, thyme, terebinth, and pomegranate

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the total phenolic extracts and antioxidant activity and anthocyanins of varieties of the investigated plants. These plants include oregano, thyme, terebinth, and pomegranate. The optimum extraction conditions including temperature and solvent of the extraction process itself were investigated. Total phenolic and anthocyanin extracts were examined according to Folin-Ciocalteu assay and Rabino and Mancinelli method, respectively. The effect of different extracting solvents and temperatures on extracts of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins were studied. Plant samples were evaluated for their antioxidant chemical activity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazl assay, to determine their potential as a source of natural antioxidant. Results showed that all tested plants exhibited appreciable amounts of phenolic compounds. The methanolic extract (60 °C) of sour pomegranate peel contained the highest phenolic extract (4952.4 mg/100 g of dry weight). Terebinth green seed had the lowest phenolic extract (599.4 mg/100 g of dry weight). Anthocyanins ranged between 3.5 (terebinth red seed) and 0.2 mg/100 g of dry material (thyme). Significant effect of different extracting solvents and temperatures on total phenolics and anthocyanin extracts were found. The methanol and 60 °C of extraction conditions found to be the best for extracting phenolic compounds. The distilled water and 60 °C extraction conditions found to be the best for extracting anthocyanin.     

藜麦粉营养成分及抗氧化活性研究

以不同藜麦品种的原粮粉与脱皮粉为实验材料,对其主要营养成分、总酚、总黄酮含量及抗氧化活性进行测定。结果表明,不同藜麦品种的营养成分存在一定差异。3种原粮粉的粗蛋白、总淀粉含量显著低于脱皮粉,灰分含量显著高于脱皮粉(P0.05);原粮粉与脱皮粉的之间粗脂肪、粗纤维含量没有明显差异。原粮粉中总酚、总黄酮及皂甙含量均高于脱皮粉,格尔木原粮粉的总酚(1.70 mg GRE/g)、总黄酮(2.08 mg RE/g)及皂甙(10.38 mg OAE/g)含量最高,海藜脱皮粉的总酚(1.13 mg GRE/g)、总黄酮(0.76 mg RE/g)及皂甙(6.55 mg OAE/g)含量最低。不同品种间脱皮粉及原粮粉的抗氧化活性存在显著差异(P0.05),藜麦原粮粉提取物的总抗氧化能力、DPPH·清除能力、ABTS~+·清除能力、铁离子还原力(FRAP)均显著高于脱皮粉(P0.05)。     

Influence of Aging Process on the Bioactive Components and Antioxidant Activity of Ginseng (Panax ginseng L.)

The effects of aging process on the ginsenosides and antioxidant activity of ginseng was investigated. Fresh ginseng roots were aged in oven at 70 or 80 °C for 7, 14, 21, or 28 d. Their ginsenosides, phenolics, and antioxidant activity were analyzed. Ginseng aged at 80 °C for 14 d exhibited the highest amounts of total saponins and phenolics. It also showed markedly higher free radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and ferrous ion chelating ability than the other aged ginsengs. The ginsenosides Rb₁, Rb₃, Rg₃, Re, Rg₁, and Rg₂ were generated during aging. The Rg₂ was the most abundant ginsenoside in aged ginseng, with samples treated at 80 °C for 14 d having the highest amount. These findings provide the first evidence that aging, particularly at 80 °C for 14 d, could increase the bioactive compounds, indicating that this heating process may be useful in enhancing the biological activity of ginseng.     

Physicochemical Characteristics,Antioxidant Activity,Organic Acid and Sugar Contents of 12 Sweet Cherry (Prunus Avium L.) Cultivars Grown in Turkey

Physical characteristics, antioxidant activity and chemical constituents of 12 cultivars (Prunus avium L.) of sweet cherry (Belge, Bing, Dalbasti, Durona di Cesena, Lambert, Merton Late, Starks Gold, Summit, Sweetheart, Van, Vista, and 0–900 Ziraat) were investigated. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed among tested cultivars for pH, total soluble solid, hardness, color parameters, antioxidant activities and pomological measurements (P < 0.05). The color parameters were important tools for the determination of fruit maturity and anthocyanin contents. Belge cultivar showed the highest levels of total phenolic and anthocyanin, while Starks Gold contained the lowest level of anthocyanins. The darker cultivars, measured by ABTS^+?, DPPH^? and FRAP, exhibited higher antioxidant activities than the lighter ones. Bing (42.78 g/kg) and Sweetheart (40.53 g/kg) cultivars contained higher levels of malic acid, which was the most intense organic acid in sweet cherries. Four different sugars were observed in the samples and their concentrations ordered as glucose > fructose >> sucrose > xylose. Sugar alcohol in the cherries was represented by sorbitol (more than 90%) and its concentration varied between 13.93 and 27.12 g/kg. As a result significant differences were observed among the physical properties and chemical constituents of the cherry cultivars.     

野生桃金娘主要抗氧化成分及其抗氧化能力

本实验研究了野生桃金娘（Rhodomyrtus tomentosa）的抗氧化能力、总多酚含量、总黄酮含量、抗坏血酸含量和花青素类成分。采用超高效液相串联光电二极管阵列（photo-diode array,PDA）检测器和离子肼质谱法（ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to photo-diode array and ion-trap mass spectrometry,UPLC-PDAIT-MS）鉴定花青素类化合物,通过高通量的自由基清除方法测定抗氧化能力。结果表明：野生桃金娘具有较高的抗氧化能力。每克桃金娘的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除能力相当于67.2 μmol的抗坏血酸和28.5 μmol没食子酸;过氧化氢自由基清除能力（PSC单位）相当于23.2 μmol的抗坏血酸和14.3 μmol没食子酸;2,2’-联氮双（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐（2,2’-azinobis（3-ethylbenzothi azoline-6-sulfonic acid） ammonium salt,ABTS）自由基（ABTS+·）清除能力相当于30.4 μmol的抗坏血酸和7.8 μmol没食子酸;对三价铁的还原能力相当于28.7 μmol的抗坏血酸和3.1 μmol没食子酸。野生桃金娘的总多酚含量和总黄酮含量分别是4 976 mg 没食子酸/100 g（以干质量计）和49.7 mg儿茶酚/100 g（以干质量计）,总抗坏血酸含量是9 mg/100 g（以鲜质量计）。总花青素含量相当于414 mg矢车菊素/100 g（以干质量计）,共有飞燕草素3-O-葡萄糖苷等7 种花青素类化合物被鉴别出来。     

不同品种甜樱桃中不同形态酚酸的比较及其抗氧化性分析

为研究不同品种对甜樱桃酚酸类物质及其抗氧化性的影响,本文采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)对5个不同品种甜樱桃,包括彩虹、艳阳、萨米脱、23-51和瓦列里中的游离型、游离酯型和结合型酚酸进行了测定和分析。结果表明,不同樱桃品种间酚酸含量差异较大,5个樱桃品种酚酸总量在115.96~704.94 mg/kg FW之间。其中瓦列里中酚酸总量最高,其次是萨米脱和23-51,艳阳和彩虹中酚酸总量最低。对于三种不同形态酚酸,游离型和游离酯型酚酸含量较高,而结合型酚酸含量较低。不同品种樱桃中的游离型酚酸以新绿原酸为主,可占游离型酚酸总量的90%以上;游离酯型酚酸和结合型酚酸均以咖啡酸含量最高,可占各自形态酚酸总量的50%以上。不同品种中瓦列里樱桃酚酸提取液的DPPH自由基清除能力和FRAP均最高,抗氧化性指标的测定结果与酚酸类物质含量呈现较高的一致性。偏最小二乘判别分析表明,新绿原酸和咖啡酸是区分五个樱桃品种贡献最大的物质(VIP得分>1),且这两个物质均在瓦列里中含量最高。甜樱桃酚酸含量与品种有关,并与其抗氧化特性相一致。     

响应面法优化樱桃籽清除DPPH自由基物质的提取工艺

优化樱桃籽抗氧化物质的提取工艺。以DPPH 自由基清除法检测提取物的抗氧化能力,考察3个变量(乙醇体积分数、提取温度和提取时间)对樱桃籽清除DPPH自由基的影响,并通过响应面分析法确定樱桃籽抗氧化物质提取的最佳工艺条件。结果表明：最佳工艺条件为液料比20:1(mL/g)、乙醇溶液体积分数33%、提取温度60℃、提取时间31min。在最佳提取条件下,DPPH 自由基实际清除率达到92.58%,与理论预测值非常接近,说明采用响应面法优化樱桃籽抗氧化物质的提取工艺可行。