羽毛降解的反应条件研究

采用酸解﹑碱水解﹑氧化还原等方法对羽毛进行溶解,通过奥氏黏度仪,分光光度仪等方式测定不同反应条件下水解后的分子量、收率和蛋白质的浓度, 优化出了相对分子量大,蛋白含量高的条件:CH3CH2ONH2-NaOH﹑反应温度90℃、反应时间2h.减轻了分子量和收率之间的矛盾.     

CaO、NaOH对铬革屑水解效果的对比

以制革废弃物铬革屑为原料系统研究了CaO、NaOH水解革屑过程中碱用量、水解温度、水解时间、固液比对水解效果的影响,并通过水解率、水解度、特性粘数、铬含量等指标对水解产物进行表征,研究不同碱水解革屑的规律和差异。研究发现,两种碱水解铬革屑的过程相似,实验条件对水解收率的影响主次顺序为:碱用量温度时间液比;氧化钙水解革屑最高水解收率工艺条件为:氧化钙用量8%、水解温度90℃、液比为10、水解时间5 h,收率达到73%;氢氧化钠水解革屑最高水解收率工艺条件为:氢氧化钠用量10%、水解温度80℃、液比为6、水解时间3 h,收率为86%;氢氧化钠水解铬革屑的水解率较高,所得水解液分子量较小,但氧化钙水解革屑的脱铬率较高。     

利用废革屑制备不同分子量肽-Zn螯合物的工艺探究

本文主要通过不同用量的碱对废革屑进行水解,制备不同分子量的多肽1、多肽2、多肽3,利用GPC测定3种多肽分子量,并将多肽和Zn(CH3COO)2进行螯合反应来制备多肽-Zn金属螯合物。设计单因素实验,考察了pH、反应温度、反应时间、多肽-Zn质量比等因素对螯合反应的影响。确定了Zn(CH3COO)2与多肽螯合的最佳条件。多肽1的最佳螯合条件:多肽-Zn比为7∶1,反应时间60 min,反应温度为60℃,pH为8,最佳条件下的螯合率为66.83%;多肽2的最佳螯合条件:多肽-Zn比为7∶1,反应时间60 min,反应温度为60℃,pH为8,最佳条件下的螯合率为75.33%;多肽3的最佳螯合条件:多肽-Zn比为6∶1,反应时间60 min,反应温度为60℃,pH为7,最佳条件下的螯合率为82.56%;最后,对多肽-Zn螯合物进行红外光谱分析表征,结果表明Zn离子成功螯合到多肽上,得到Zn肽螯合物。     

提高取代蒽醌收率的合成工艺研究

以苯酐和取代苯为原料,经过乙酰化、水解及环合反应,合成了2-氯蒽醌和2-氨基蒽醌,并对影响收率的工艺条件进行了研究。实验表明:采用优化反应条件,所得产品总收率在82％以上(以苯酐计)。     

木瓜蛋白酶制备草鱼鳞胶原肽的工艺优化及产物特性分析

以草鱼鱼鳞为对象,研究木瓜蛋白酶酶解条件对鱼鳞蛋白酶解产物水解度和氮收率的影响,以获得较高氮收率及水解度的鱼鳞胶原肽。结果表明,水解温度、起始pH值、底物浓度和加酶量对木瓜蛋白酶水解产物的水解度和氮收率都有显著影响(p<0.05);木瓜蛋白酶在底物浓度为5%、起始pH值为5.0、加酶量为3000 U/g蛋白、水解温度为60℃条件下水解鱼鳞120 min,鱼鳞水解产物的水解度和氮收率都较好,其水解度为12.68%、氮收率为89.42%;且水解产物在酸性、中性及碱性条件下的溶解性均在97%以上,分子量呈连续分布,主要分布在200～ 5000 u之间。     

碱性蛋白酶水解螺旋1藻蛋白质的研究

利用碱性蛋白酶对螺旋2藻蛋白进行水争,用正交方法选择最适温度、酶与底物比（E/S）、pH值等反应条件,以蛋白质收率为衡量指标,优化出最佳水解工艺条件,并研究水解时间对水解效果的影响。     

胰蛋白酶水解玉米胚芽蛋白的研究

研究了胰蛋白酶对玉米胚芽蛋白的水解作用,分析了酶浓度、pH、反应温度、底物浓度等因素对水解度的影响。结果表明:最佳水解条件为酶与底物比2%、温度40℃、pH8.0、底物浓度8%。在此条件下水解4 h,水解度可达10.4%。高效凝胶过滤色谱(HPSEC)分析酶解产物分子量分布发现,酶解产物的分子量主要集中在200~4 000 Da。     

微波条件下蕉藕粉酸水解制备葡萄糖的研究

采用微波辐射与盐酸催化相结合对蕉藕粉进行水解制备葡萄糖,探讨了微波功率、辐射时间、反应温度、酸浓度和无机盐等条件对蕉藕粉水解的影响。结果表明,蕉藕粉在微波功率800W,温度95℃,盐酸浓度为0.1moL/L的条件下,7min葡萄糖的收率为95.01%;添加BaCl2时葡萄糖的收率为100.04%。     

白鲢鱼骨蛋白酶水解工艺研究

以白鲢鱼骨蛋白为对象,研究Alcalase、Flavorzyme两种蛋白酶的适宜水解条件,并采用正交试验对Alcalase与Flavorzyme分步水解白鲢鱼骨蛋白的工艺进行了优化。结果表明:Alcalase、Flavorzyme的适宜反应温度分别为55和50℃,适宜反应pH值分别为7.5和6.0。分步酶水解的适宜条件是在料液比1:4(W/V),起始pH8.0时,用1500U/g、PrAlcalase于55℃水解2h后,再用1500U/g、PrFlavorzyme水解2h,水解度达30.05%,氮收率达79.80%;比单独用Alcalase或Flavorzyme水解时,鱼骨蛋白的水解度分别提高了10.05%和10.07%,氮收率分别提高了4.54%和12.54%。     

碱法水解羽毛蛋白的工艺条件研究

利用亚硫酸氢钠溶液对羽毛进行预处理，采用氢氧化钠溶液水解羽毛制得可溶性羽毛蛋白。考察了预处理剂的用量、碱液浓度、液固比、水解时间、水解温度等因素对羽毛水解所得可溶性蛋白收率的影响。得到水解最佳条件：ω（亚硫酸氢钠）：ω（羽毛粉）=30：100、ω（氢氧化钠）=0．4％水溶液、ω（氢氧化钠溶液）：ω（羽毛粉）。15：1、反应温度90℃、反应时间2h。在此条件下制得的可溶性羽毛蛋白的收率达65．7％。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the