组合式液固分布器中预分布器结构优化

介绍了一种用于液固循环流化床换热器中的组合式固液分布器。利用体积容积法、U形管压差计和刻度尺研究了固液预分布器的结构形式在不同表观液速和液体黏度下对各管束中的固含率、下管箱静压降及床层高度的影响。采用标准差函数进一步衡量了管束间固含率的均匀程度。实验结果表明,双层挡板式预分布器在较低的下管箱静压降和床层高度下能将固体颗粒均匀地分布到各换热管束中。     

气液固循环流化床颗粒分布板实验研究

设计了用于气液固三相循环流化床换热器的固体颗粒分布板。采用功能强大的CCD图像采集分析系统,获得颗粒的分布和运动规律,考察了安装高度、运行参数等对分布板颗粒分布性能的影响。研究表明,分布板的安装高度、液体和气体流量、颗粒体积分数等对颗粒的速度和固含率分布有较大影响,得到了使固体颗粒在管束中分布效果较好的设计参数,以指导工程应用。     

液固分布器的数值模拟和结构优化

流化床内液固两相流的均布问题一直是制约流化床发展的难点。本文采用颗粒动力学双流体模型来描述液固两相流,应用CFD方法模拟了二维液固流化床换热器下管箱中的流场流动特性,并用模拟手段优化了下管箱中液固分布器的结构参数。模拟结果与试验值吻合较好,模拟结果表明：在V型挡板角度小于滑落角的挡板型式下,多孔板的开孔率在35%左右,开孔直径大小在12mm左右时,下管箱中固含率的不均匀度最小,这种结构参数下液固分布器的分布效果最好。     

液固循环流化床换热器中固体颗粒分布

利用CCD图像测量与数据处理系统对多管液固循环流化床换热器中的两相流动特性进行了研究。探讨了下管箱中的分布板结构对固体粒子的体积分数分布、固体粒子的速度分布,以及液固两相流压降的影响。实验结果表明:在循环流化床换热器进口段安装适当结构的多孔板分布器,即多孔板的面积小于床层截面积,且床中心处的遮挡面积大于边缘处的遮挡面积,可以有效地提高固相速度的均匀程度,在较高流速下,能较好地改善固体颗粒在管束中的不均匀分布。     

新型液固循环床提升管颗粒速度径向分布的实验研究

新型液-固循环流化床与常规液-固循环流化床的区别在于提升管底部入口结构和顶部出口结构的不同.实验装置为φ80×8000 mm有机玻璃床,新结构可在较高表观液速和较高颗粒循环速率下操作.利用光纤速度测量仪测量床内颗粒速度径向分布,得到了颗粒速度径向分布规律.通过对实验结果分析发现,新型循环流化床颗粒速度径向分布与较高的表观液速和颗粒循环速率以及由此引发的较大的边壁效应密切相关.     

高密度液固循环流化床流动特性研究及数值模拟

在φ80 mm×8000 mm的液固循环流化床提升管中,利用实心玻璃珠和常温水,采用实验和数值模拟相结合的方法对高密度液固循环流化床的流动特性进行了考察。实验发现,高密度液固提升管中,颗粒固含率和颗粒速度径向分布均为抛物线分布,轴向平均固含率分布总体上为下浓上稀的波动形式分布,颗粒在提升管中的流动表现出加速-减速-再加速直至充分发展的过程。这种分布特征与较高颗粒浓度、较高表观液速和颗粒循环速率及喷管式液体分布器的影响有关。液固提升管中固体颗粒的停留时间分布曲线均为尖而窄、较对称且没有明显拖尾的单峰分布,这表明颗粒基本是以弥散颗粒形式存在,颗粒停留时间分布较为均匀。通过将数值模拟结果与实验结果进行比较发现,模拟值与实验值吻合较好,说明所建立的数学模型较为合理,进一步通过数值模拟实验对颗粒密度和颗粒粒径对流动特性的影响规律进行了考察。     

喷嘴对液固外循环流化床内颗粒循环特性的影响

液固外循环流化床换热器可以用来蒸发浓缩单基药提取硝化棉的提取液.设计了实现液固外循环流化床内颗粒正常循环的关键部件喷嘴,构建了以喷嘴作颗粒循环装置的液固外循环流化床换热器,研究了喷嘴的结构参数及操作参数对起始循环流体流量、全床压降、负压和最大颗粒循环流量等的影响.结果表明,喷嘴的口径比及安装位置对提高颗粒循环效果均存在一个最佳值,为外循环流化床换热器的设计计算提供了依据.     

Kenics静态混合器在水平液固循环流化床中的研究

为了解决水平液固循环流化床中颗粒分布不均匀问题,在内径29 mm、长4 m的水平有机玻璃管流化床内放入Kenics静态混合器,采用CCD图像测量与数据处理系统考察静态混合器的结构、个数、安装位置对液固二相流中颗粒分布的影响;同时,利用U型管压差计考察不同条件下静态混合器的压降。实验结果表明:Kenics静态混合器能明显地改善管内颗粒分布情况;单个扭率Y=3.5的Kenics静态混合器压降最小;2个扭率Y=3.5的Kenics静态混合器间距为40 mm时对颗粒分布影响长度是最长的。     

Kenics static mixer in liquid-solid horizontal circulating fluidized bed

为了解决水平液固循环流化床中颗粒分布不均匀问题,在内径29mm、长4m的水平有机玻璃管流化床内放入Kenics静态混合器,采用CCD图像测量与数据处理系统考察静态混合器的结构、个数、安装位置对液固二相流中颗粒分布的影响；同时,利用U型管压差计考察不同条件下静态混合器的压降.实验结果表明:Kenics静态混合器能明显地改善管内颗粒分布情况；单个扭率Y=3.5的Kenics静态混合器压降最小；2个扭率Y=3.5的Kenics静态混合器间距为40mm时对颗粒分布影响长度是最长的.     

液固外循环流化床换热器主压降的实验研究

以喷嘴为颗粒循环装置的液固外循环流化床换热器为研究对象,考察颗粒直径、口径比、喷嘴安装位置、颗粒初始加入量及流体黏度对主压降的影响,得出了稳定操作情况下,液固外循环流化床换热器主压降与上述因素之间的经验关联式,计算值与实验值吻合较好,为外循环流化床换热器的设计计算提供依据。     

An L9 orthogonal design methodology to study the impact of operating parameters on particulate emission and related characteristics during pulse-jet filtration process

This study embodies experimental characterization of emitted particulate and filtration performance under varied situation in a pulse-jet cleaning process. Tests were conducted under simulated condition in a filtration apparatus consisting four bags. The effect of four different factors such as fabric punch density, baffle plate height, air to cloth ratio and cycle time have been investigated on the key parameters; emission, pressure drop along with PM_2.5 and average particle diameter of emitted particulate matter in a pulse-jet filtration process. Experimental investigation based on L₉-orthogonal design shows that emission is reduced with the increases in punch density and pulse cycle time; but it increases up to a certain extent with the increase in air to cloth ratio. However baffle plate height has no effect on the emission. On the other hand pressure drop across the tube sheet increases with the material consolidation, air to cloth ratio and pulse cycle time; but the above parameter first decrease with the increase in baffle plate height. PM_2.5 (based on the number distribution) is found to be mainly affected by the baffle plate height and cycle time; as it first increases and then decrease with the increase in baffle plate height but it shows reverse trend with the increase in cycle time. Average particle diameter based on number volume is found to be mainly affected by the baffle plate height and cycle time. With the increase in time of filtration, both emission and pressure drop tend to increase without affecting PM_2.5 and average particle diameter based on number volume.     

两相均流板对弯管中气固两相运动分布特征的影响

针对燃煤电厂烟气污染物脱除设备入口弯管内气固两相分布不均的问题提出一种新型两相均流板,采用CFD数值模拟首先对比分析了安装两相均流板与常规导流装置的均流效果,之后详细研究了新型两相均流板对弯管水平出口管道中气流速度、颗粒质量分布规律的影响以及板型及板间夹角对两相均流板均流效果的影响,并结合Design-Expert响应面法获得两相均流板的最优结构,将最优结构应用于工业性实验中,最后将计算结果与工业性实验数据进行了比较。结果表明:弯管内安装两相均流板较安装导流板/三角翼挡板气固两相均流效果更优,既可以使气固两相均匀分布又可以有效降低系统的压阻;随板间夹角的增大,管内的气流速度分布以及颗粒的质量浓度分布呈阶段性变化,而管内的压降则随板间夹角增大而增大;最佳两相均流板结构为夹角为75.49°的直板型两相均流板。模拟与实验结果吻合较好,利用提出的数值模拟方法可以详细真实地模拟计算大型及具有复杂内部结构的除尘器入口弯管中气固两相流动。     

Effect of operating parameters inside circulating fluidized bed reactor riser with ring baffles using CFD simulation and experimental design analysis

The effect of the operating parameters on the system hydrodynamics and mixing inside two circulating fluidized bed reactor (CFBR) risers with different ring baffle configurations were investigated using computational fluid dynamics simulations and a 2⁴ factorial experimental design analysis. The operating parameters varied were the gas inlet velocity, and the mass flux, diameter and density of the solid particles, while the response variables were the standard deviation of the solid volume fraction (SVF) in the radial direction (SDSVF-RD) and the average SVF (ASVF). The results from the two CFBR risers with different ring baffle configurations showed a similar trend. The operating parameters that significantly affected the ASVF in both modified CFBR risers were the inlet gas velocity and solid particle mass flux, while those that significantly affected the SDSVF-RD were the inlet gas velocity and the inlet gas velocity–solid particle diameter–solid particle density interaction. For these systems, the lowest and highest ASVF was approximately 0.07 and 0.20, respectively, while the lowest and highest SDSVF-RD was 0.01 and 0.04, respectively. The low variability of the solid particle distribution and the high solid particle concentration will be suitable for chemical reactions. All the obtained results could be explained in terms of the system hydrodynamics. Finally, regression models to predict the mean solid particle concentration and variability of solid particle distribution in the system were obtained.     

多孔挡板流化床气泡行为的研究

本文在内径为(?)120mm 的多孔挡板流化床中,用光导纤维法和电容法测定了 Al(OH)_3粉、铜粉和 FCC 三种不同物料体系的气泡频率和气泡速度,对操作条件和挡板参数对气泡行为的影响作了研究和分析。结果表明,在一定的气速下,挡板的开孔率、孔径和板间距(级间高径比小于3)对气泡频率和气泡速度的影响较小;对属 B 类的 Al(OH)_3粉和铜粉物料,气速对气泡频率的影响可以忽略,而对属 A 类的 FCC 物料,气泡频率随气速的增大而增大。     

除雾器内雾滴运动特性与除雾效率

利用流体动力学计算方法对湿法脱硫折流板除雾器内气液两相流动进行数值模拟.分析了除雾器叶片间距、板型及流速对不同粒径雾滴的分级除雾效率和总除雾效率的影响,获得了不同粒径雾滴的运动和捕集规律.研究结果表明,粒径小于10 μm的雾滴去除效率随流速增加呈现不规律的波动,随板间距增加而下降的趋势不明显,不受叶片形状变化影响;粒径大于16.3 μm的雾滴去除效率随流速增加而增大,随板间距增加而显著下降;在板间距为38 mm时,梯形板除雾效率大于三角形板,在板间距较小的情况下两种板型的性能相差不大;流速小于3 m·s^-1时,粒径小于20 μm的雾滴的去除对气流均匀性要求较高,气流扰动增加利于小雾滴的碰撞聚并;流速高于3 m·s^-1时,气流扰动增强增加了小雾滴运动的随机性,不利于小雾滴的碰撞聚并.     

混合澄清槽澄清室内流场特性测量

混合澄清槽被广泛应用于稀土溶剂萃取过程,在澄清室内的分相过程是非常重要的环节。采用粒子图像测速技术对澄清室内速度流场进行了测量,比较了不同操作参数下,主要包括混合室搅拌转速、油水两相体积分数以及不同挡板设计对澄清室内流场结构的影响。搅拌转速作为能耗输入,与澄清室内速度矢量大小呈正相关关系;增加油相后,对澄清室内流场结构影响不大,但会使得流动方向发生变化,且使得湍动增加。挡板设计是强化澄清室分相性能的重要途径,对不同挡板组合的澄清室设计进行了测量分析,对挡板形状(Ⅴ形与矩形)、挡板数量与安置位置的影响进行了比较,并采用电导率仪获得澄清室水相出口处溶解性总固体浓度,表征油相夹带情况,对不同挡板设计进行了比较和优化。     

Characteristics of multistage column crystallizer for gas-liquid reactive crystallization of calcium carbonate

Crystallization of calcium carbonate using a gas (CO₂)-liquid (Ca(OH)₂) reaction was conducted using a three-stage column crystallizer. In this study, the staging effect of the multistage column crystallizer and the effect of the operating parameters on the particle size distribution were experimentally and theoretically investigated. From an economic viewpoint, the multistage column crystallizer has been developed to replace a cascade of MSMPR crystallizers, which requires a large installation area and high operating cost because some crystallizers are connected in a series. In the multistage column crystallizer, a narrower particle size distribution was obtained compared to that obtained in the standard column crystallizer. The theoretical approach to predict the particle size distribution is based on the population balance equation which takes account of the back flow into the crystallizer. The calculation results of particle size distribution fairly coincide with the experimental results, which indicates the particle size distribution in the multistage column crystallizer can be roughly predicted by this theoretical model.     

Enhanced mixing in double-cone blenders

Experiments were conducted comparing mixing performance in a conventional double-cone blender and in a double-cone blender that was modified by means of a stationary deflector plate in order to enhance axial particle flow. Mixing performance was assessed qualitatively using a transparent mixing vessel to visualize particle mixing patterns and determine the state of homogeneity at the mixture's surface during the entire experiment. Mixing performance was also examined quantitatively by repeatedly vacuuming several layers of beads, taking a digital image of the bed after vacuuming, and using image analysis to subdivide the images into samples and determine the composition of each sample. The effect of operating conditions (rotation rate, vessel fill percentage and total number of revolutions) was examined. Mixing was quantified in terms of the standard deviation of the concentration of a tracer. The evolution of the process was accurately described by a single-parameter model that characterized axial mixing as a first order process with a characteristic rate constant. For double-cone mixers of standard design, under all operating conditions, slow flow of particles through a vertical plane of symmetry at the center of the vessel caused poor mixing performance. Insertion of a deflector plate inclined relative to this plane was very effective in enhancing mixing. The effect of the deflector was to create a convective axial flow across the center of the mixer, increasing the mixing rate by a factor of 25:1.     

CFD study on the radial distribution of coolants in the inlet section of rod-baffle-multi-tubular reactor

CFD method was employed to investigate the radial distribution of coolants in the inlet section of rod baffle multi-tubular reactor. It was found that the reactor had poor distribution of coolants. In view of this problem, the detailed structures of incident channel, shape of baffle ring and distance between tube plate and the first rod baffle were discussed to study their effect on the radial distribution. The simulation results showed that incident channels 0^#, 1^#, 3^#, 5^# and 6^# could improve radial distribution of coolants significantly, and the effect of incident channels 2^# and 4^# was relatively limited. The zigzag baffle ring was proved to prevent short pass near the shell wall. In addition, the radial distribution of coolants was also improved with distance between tube plate and the first rod baffle increasing from 85 mm to 242mm. The simulation results can provide guidance for designing multi-tubular reactor with rod baffles.